Chapter 14The Great War/WWI
1914 - 1918
Lesson 1 – World War I Begins
Causes of the War •__________________•Alliances•___________________•Nationalism
MILITARISM • Aggressive preparation for ___________•Most countries had started a _____________
•Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in _______________________
• By 1914, all European great powers had large standing armies, except _________________
ALLIANCES • Dual Alliance (1870) – Germany &
___________________ • Formed by _________________________________• Believed that France wanted revenge for the ____________________________ War • He wanted to isolate France
• Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, & _____
• Triple Entente (1907) – ______________, Great Britain, & _______________________• Britain not forced to fight with France or Russia, but promised NOT to fight _______________________________
Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace• 1888- Kaiser ___________ becomes German
ruler•forces ____________________ to resign
• 1890 – German Foreign policy changes •German/Russian alliance _________________•Russia becomes allies w/ _______________•Kaiser Wilhelm II strengthen German __________•which alarms Britain
IMPERIALISM • Competition for colonies ________________
• Creates mistrust among European nations
• Ethnic groups who had become European territories wanted ______________________•________________ groups in the Balkans•Minorities in Austro-Hungarian Empire•_____________ in the British Empire
The Rise of Nationalism • Extreme ___________/devotion for one’s country•Can unify a group of people in an area •Can cause ___________________ b/t nations
• Leads to competition among Europeans•Competition for markets & ____________ (imperialism)•Territorial disputes
• Nationalism in the _______________ leads many groups to demand their own independent nations
OUTBREAK OF WAR – ANNEXATION
• Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s
• One of the new nations, ________________ which is made up largely of Slavs• Wanted all Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula to join __________________• ____________________ supported their independence
• 1908 -Austria-Hungary annexes ______________region – ___________________ & Herzegovina
• ______________ outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands
• Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine them
OUTBREAK OF WAR – ASSASSINATION • Austro-Hungarian royal heir to the throne,
Archduke ______________________ & his wife __________ were killed in their car on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, ___________________
• _____________________, 19 yrs. old Bosnian Serb. •member of the secret society “The ______________”• Terrorist organization • wanted _____________ to be free from Austria-Hungary & become a part of a Serbian kingdom
DECLARATION OF WAR! • Immediately _________wanted to declare war on Serbia,
but was afraid _________________ would come to Serbia’s aid• A-H enlisted the help of their ally, _____________ who gave A-H
their full support
• July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 29, 1914 - ____________ (Serbia’s ally) comes to their aid & completes a _________ mobilization of ________________ against A-H & Germany• Mobilization was considered an __________________________• Germany gave Russia __________________ to halt mobilization
against • Russia ______________________ Germany
• August 1, 1914 – _______________ declared war on Russia
The Conflict Broadens• August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on ____________• ________________ Plan – devised by German General Alfred von
Schlieffen• Called for a _____________________ war with France & Russia• Small action against Russia• Most of German army would conduct a rapid invasion of ________________• After France defeated _________________ army would focus on ____________• Problem – plan involved going through neutral Belgium
• Aug. 4, 1914 – _________ declared war against Germany • Due to violating Belgium’s neutrality
• ALL GREAT POWERS ARE NOW AT WAR!!!! • THE GREAT WAR HAS BEGUN!!!
Lesson 2 –World War I
The Western Front • heavy battle zone in northern _____________
resulted in a _____________________• ______________________ Plan didn’t work
• _____________troops were halted outside of ___________ at the First Battle of ______________ (Sept. 6-10, 1914)• Germany forced to retreat after 4 days of fighting
• Both sides engaged in ____________ warfare that started at the _______________ to the border of Switzerland • Troops in this position/location for ________ years!
The Eastern Front• Russia starts invading ____________________ Germany• Russia defeated at the…• Battle of Tannenberg – Aug. 30, 1914 • Battle of Masurian Lakes on Sept. 15, 1914
• Russia no longer a threat to ___________________
• _______ defeated by the _______________ in Galicia & thrown out of Serbia • Germany came to help A-H & pushed the Russians back into Russia • Russian casualties reached 2.5 million captured, wounded, &
killed
• ___________ betrayed their allies (A-H & Germany) by attacking A-H in May 1915• Joined Triple Entente & alliance name changed to the Allied
Powers/___________
• _____________________ joined the Triple Alliance in Sept. 1915
Nations Take Sides & Names•________________– Germany & Austrian-Hungary• Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire also join later
•_________________ (Allies) – Britain, France, & Russia• _________, _____________, & Italy joined later• Italy originally a part of the Triple Alliance
War in the Trenches • Conflict descends into trench warfare to protect themselves from __________________•__________________, concrete machine-gun nest, & heavy ______________ protected trenches
•Battles result in many deaths & _______ land gains
•Space between trenches “__________________”
•Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, & unsanitary
• Battle of _________________…•Germans launched attack against ____________•Each side lost more than ____________ PEOPLE! •Germans only gained __________ miles
• Battle of _______________ …•______________ forces attack Germans•By end of battle each side lost more than _________________ troops•British only gained about ______ miles
War in the Air • 1915, First time in history ____________ had been
used in war• First used to _____________ the enemy•Next started to attack ground targets like _________________
• Last came plane vs plane attacks in the air…•At first pilots shot ________ guns/___________ at each other • _________________ guns were then mounted on the nose of the plane
• __________________ were giant airships designed by the __________________ to bomb London & eastern England• Filled with ______________ gas & blew up when shot by enemies• Did very little damage• Scared people more than anything else
New weapons …• _______________ Gas • Introduced by __________________, but used by both sides• Caused blindness, blisters, & death
• __________________ Gun• Fires ammunition ___________________________• Wiped out waves of attackers at once
• _______________________• Could cross many types of terrain• Introduced by _____________________
• ________________________• Introduced by the ____________________ – U-Boat • Primary weapon – the torpedo
The Gallipoli Campaign• Allies move to capture Ottoman’s Dardanelles Strait in February 1915 to capture the capital of ___________________________•Hope was to defeat Ottoman Empire, ally of Central Powers
•GOAL: Wants to open a ______________ through region to _______________
•Effort ends in costly _________________ defeat
Battles in Africa & Asia• Allies take control of ____________ holdings in Asia and __________________
• _____________ and ___________ use their colonial _________ to help in the war effort
The Zimmerman Note…• ________________ foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote letter to the German _____________________ to the U.S. on Jan. 16, 1917 • the _______________ intercepted it & sent it to the U.S. • ____________________ released letter on March 1, 1917
to the press
• Letter stated that if _____________ joined the _______________________with Germany they would help Mexico get back their land from the __________ (TX, NM, AZ)
• U.S. declares war against ______________ on April 2, 1917, joining Allies
Entry of the United States • In beginning, the U.S. vowed to remain ____________________
in European affairs
• Problem–both G.B. & Germany set up ____________________ in the Atlantic & North Sea. • The United States trades goods with ________________
• Germany wants to control Atlantic Ocean by stopping supplies to G.B. •Uses __________________ submarine warfare•Ships near Britain sunk without __________________
•1915, Germany sinks ___________ & angers U.S.• British passenger ship & 100 Americans on board
• Sept. 1915, Germany agrees to stop attacking ________________ & ___________________ ships
• Jan. 1917, Renews unrestricted submarine warfare in hopes to starve _______________ of supplies
• Attacks 3 _______________ ships
• U.S. declares war against Germany on April 2,1917, joining _______________
Governments Wage Total War• WWI becomes _____________ – nations devote all
resources & people to war, affects all lives of citizens
• Countries ____________ tens of millions of young men
• Governments take control of ___________________ to produce _____________ goods
• Nations turn to ___________________ – limiting purchases of war-related goods
• ________________________ – one-sided information to build morale, support for war
Women & the War• At home, thousands of women fill jobs
previously held by men
• Many women also experience the war by working as _____________________
Lesson 3 – The Russian Revolution
Russia Withdraws• Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar
_______________ to step down from throne in 1917
• Nov. 1917 - Communist leader, ______________ took control of Russia’s gov’t
• By 1917, __________ million Russians were either killed, wounded, or taken as POW’s
• Russia signs treaty with ________________ in March 1918 & pulls out of war
Background to Revolution
• Russians defeated by ______________ in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905
• Russia is militarily and _________________ unprepared for war•Undeveloped industry• ______ million soldiers killed between 1914-1916•Czar Nicholas II insisted on personally leading the ____________________ w/ little experience
Grigory Rasputin• A known _________________, Grigory Rasputin, began
to influence the czar’s wife, ____________________________
• With Nicholas off at the _____________ it was rumored that Rasputin was making all of the ________________________ in Russia.
• _______________________ aristocrats who supported the Czar _________________________ Rasputin in December 1916, but it was too late to save the monarchy
Revolts• The rise of the price of _____________ led to rioting in
_________________________ (formerly St. Petersburg)
• March 8 1917 – 10,000 ____________ marched through the city demanding “_________________________”
• March 12 1917 – The ________________ (legislative body) established the provisional government, consisting of ______________________ representatives
• March 15, 1917 – Czar Nicholas II steps down ending ________ year Romanov Dynasty
• Provisional Government led by Aleksandr __________________ decided to stay in the war.
• Local councils led by workers called “soviets” challenged the gov’t
Lenin and the Bolsheviks• The Bolsheviks began as a small faction of a
_____________ party called the Russian Social ____________________
• Led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov – aka V.I. ____________
• The party became dedicated to ______________ revolution• April 1917 – German military leaders shipped Lenin back to Russia in the hopes
that he would create unrest in the country
• Lenin believed the Bolsheviks should ______________ to gain the support of soldiers, workers and peasants.
• Bolshevik slogans:• “_______________________________________”• “Worker Control of Production” and “All Power to the Soviets”
Peace, Land, and Bread!• https://www.google.com/search?q=Peace+land+a
nd+bread+cartoon&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8
The Bolsheviks Seize Power• November 6, 1917 the Bolsheviks seized the seat of
the Provisional Government at the ________________________
• Provisional gov’t __________ and power was given to the Congress of the __________________ – (Lenin). Bolsheviks renamed the ____________________________
• March 3, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed between _______________________________ and Lenin•Russia gave up Eastern Poland, ___________________, Finland, and the Baltic Provinces
Civil War in Russia• Communist Opposition• Those loyal to the Czar• _______________________• Anti-Lenin Socialists
• Allies aid __________________ in hopes of Russia reentering the war
• Civil War in Russia between• _____________ Army – Communist (Winner! Winner!)• _____________ Army – Anti-Communist
• In April 1918 The czar, his wife, and ______ children as prisoners were moved to Yekaterinburg in the ________________ Mountains.
• July 16 – members of the local soviet murdered the family and burned their bodies in a nearby mine shaft.
Lesson 4 – World War I Ends
The Last Year of the War • Allied offenses on Western front had been
________________ & worn out physically & ______________________
• 1917 – U.S. entry to war gave Allies a boost of moral & ___________• Fresh troops, supplies, & good attitude about winning war
• With Russian withdrawal, Germany could focus all of their efforts on the __________________________ front • The German Gamble – a grand offensive attack in the west in
March 1918
• Germans reached _________ miles outside of Paris, France, and was stopped at the 2nd Battle of ________________ on July 18, 1918• The German Gamble failed & Germans retreated from France
Central Powers Collapse & Armistice
• Sept. 29, 1918 Allied troops began advancement towards Germany with _________________________ U.S. troops
• Nov. 9, 1918- Kaiser _______________ stepped down & left the country
• The _______________________ led by Friedrich Ebert created a German democratic republic
• Nov. 11, 1918 the new German Gov’t signed an ___________________ to end fighting • The _____th hour, on the _____th day, in the ______th month
The Peace Settlements• Jan. 1919, 27 allied powers met in
__________ to make final settlements for World War I
• Reasons for fighting the __________ War had changed…•1914 – sought __________________ gains•1918 – expressing more idealistic reasons for war
Wilson’s Plan for Peace• Portrayed WWI as a people’s war against
“_______________________ & Militarism”
• Proposition: The ______ Points – outline/solution for lasting world peace• _______________________ among nations •end to secret______________ alliances & military buildups•Promotes self-determination – right of people to govern
their own nation•Envisions international _____________________ body to settle world disputes
The Paris Peace Conference - 1919
• Complications…• Secret _________________ made before the war begun led them to
believe they would receive ___________________• National Interest
• G.B. wanted Germany to ____________ for the war
• France wanted…• ________________________________ since they suffered the most • Create a buffer state b/t France & Germany; ______________________• Germany stripped of all ______________________• Germany to pay ____________________ to cover the cost of the war
• Missing????• _________________ not invited to Paris Meetings • _________________ couldn’t be present due to civil war
The Big Three/ Big Four• These _____ made most of the decisions at the
Paris meeting & didn’t always agree, but came to a ________________
• ______________________– President of the United States• Wanted to create the League of Nations to prevent future wars
• ___________________________ – Premier of France• Wanted to punish Germany
• ________________________ – Prime Minister of Great Britain Wanted to punish Germany
• “Big Four” includes Italy - ____________________
The Treaty of Versailles• Allies & Germany sign treaty on June 28, 1919 in
the Hall of _________________ at the Palace of Versailles…• _______________________________ created
•War ______________ Clause blamed Germany & A.H. for war
• Forced Germany pay damages to _______________ nations
• Germany is ______________________ – allowed to have naval ships & army can only have ________________________ men
• League to rule over German _______________ until deemed ready for independence
The Creation of New Nations•Germany & _______________ lost territory in _________________ Europe
• __________________________ Empire disappeared• each became its own ______________ nation
• ____________________ Empire was broken up
•New Nations…• _________________, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania,
_________________, Czechoslovakia, Austria, & Hungary
A High Price• ______ million soldiers died & _______ million wounded•Countless civilians died due to starvation, disease, & slaughter
• War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries• Estimated total cost - $________ billion (in 1918 dollars)
• Many acres of land & homes, villages, & towns destroyed
• Survivors suffer ___________________ & despair•Reflected in the arts
A Peace Built on Quicksand• ______________________ – creates feelings
of bitterness on both sides
• German people feel bitter & betrayed after taking blame for war
• ______________ never signs the Treaty of Versailles •Many Americans oppose L. of Na. & involvement w/ European affairs
• Some former _______________ express anger over not winning ______________________
• _________________ & Italy criticize treaty b/c they gain __________ land than they wanted