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Technical English - II 10th week
COASTAL ENGINEERING
Coastal Engineering
People prefer coastal areas, because of: • Climate reasons • Transportation • Trade • Tourism & recreation • Living and nonliving resources (Fish, salt, oil, natural gas, etc.)
Fishing shelter (Fishing harbor)
Fish farming / Fishing cages
Tourism (Artificial beach)
Offshore platform
Coastal Engineering Site visit of civil engineering students
at Alsancak Port (Container Terminal)
in 1982
Coastal Engineering Coastal engineering deals with coastal and harbor problems, sediment transport, near shore environmental engineering, and design of marine structures.
Lighthouse at the end of the breakwater in Kaş / Antalya (This picture was taken in 1979)
coastal zone / backshore / foreshore / nearshore / offshore / surf zone dune / cliff / scarp / wave profile / beach / shoreline / longshore / berm / breaker
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Air
Sea Land
1. AIR - SEA LAND INTERACTION (Wind waves, currents, sea level changes)
2. SEA - LAND INTERACTION (Sediment transportations, deposit, and scour)
3. LAND - SEA INTERACTION (Wave Shoaling, Refraction, Breaking,
Diffraction, Reflection)
4. AIR - LAND INTERACTION (Wind effects on beaches and dunes)
5. LAND - AIR INTERACTION (Topography effects on wind directions)
6. SEA - AIR INTERACTIONS (Large volume of water effects the climate)
An engineer must understand the coastal processes
sea level variations / storm surge / tide / low & high tide / tidal currents / tidal waves
Influencing factors on sea level Winds & waves Storm surge Atmospheric pressure Gravitational forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon Surplus of water in semi-closed basins
Low tide
High tide
Low tide
High tide
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Please guess it. How much is
the wave height?
Now. Imagine the energy and force on a structure generated by this wave.
This is an adult man or woman
In practice, a coastal engineer must have a solid understanding about the coastal environment and wave characteristics, as well as other effecting factors, before design of coastal structures.
solid understanding / coastal environment / wave characteristics / effecting factors
Video 1 Video2
near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection
Wave Shoaling √ Refraction √ Breaking Diffraction Reflection
Coastal Engineering near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection
Wave Shoaling √ Refraction √ Breaking
Diffraction √ Reflection
Coastal Engineering near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection
Wave Shoaling Refraction Breaking√ Diffraction Reflection
near shore wave modification / shoaling / refraction / diffraction / breaking / reflection
Wave Shoaling Refraction Breaking Diffraction
Reflection √
The interference of the incoming and reflected waves
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Before design of marine structures, engineers must know the wave characteristics, as well as other effecting factors.
Scientific and engineering approaches for determining of effecting factors: Mathematical models Physical models Oceanographic measurements
characteristics / effecting factor / approach / model / oceanography / measurement
For instance; A formula for a hydrostatic pressure inside a stationary fluid or The finite difference or finite element method which are high level numerical models consist of many nonlinear differential equations. In the use of these numerical techniques, generation of the necessary equations and solution of them need a significant amount of time, effort and computer support.
Mathematical model Does not matter, simple or complex, all formula, mathematical relations and solution techniques can be assumed as a mathematical model. It is
our background information which is the outcome of all previous scientific research and experiences.
formula / relation / solution technique / outcome / research / experience / stationary
(p = .H)
Physical model If the mathematical method does not give a satisfactory result, that
is, if there is any doubt about the solution, engineers employ physical model techniques to better understand the uncertain issues.
physical model / prototype / trial product / model / scaled model / laboratory test
physical model prototype
trial product model
scaled model laboratory test
Oceanographic measurements If the previous two methods are still not fully adequate to reveal all we need to know about the problem, the necessary information can
be obtained by performing actual on-site measurements.
on-site measurements / long and short term measurements / field survey / buoy
A) Shore Protection Structures Walls, Revetments Groins, Jetties
B) Harbor Structures Berths, Piers Breakwaters Port Facilities
C) Off Shore Structures Pipes Marine Outfalls Open Sea Platforms (Offshore platforms)
wall&revetment / groin&jetty / berth / piers / breakwater / pipeline / offshore platform
Classification of Ports by Function Classification of Ports by Geographical Type
coastal erosion / shore protection / seawall / revetment / groin / jetty
Sea wall Revetment Groin&Jetty
Seawalls are typically large and designated to withstand the full force of storm waves. Revetments are designed to protect shorelines from erosion by currents and waves. Groins & Jetties are designed to trap sand from the littoral drift system.
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Coastal erosion
(Source: French, 2001)
Karasu, Sakarya
Urla, Izmir
landward coastal retreat / deposition / erosion / SLR: sea level rise Rotterdam, one of Europe’s Central Ports
Classification of Ports by Function Commercial / Industrial Military (Naval base) Free economic zone Passenger Container Marinas Fishing
Classification of Ports by Geographical Type River Lake Estuarine Coastal tide gate Ice-free
Types of Harbors
Classification of Ports by Function Classification of Ports by Geographical Type
Port of Hamburg (Capacity is about 9,000 ship per year; berthing places 43 kilometers) The Port of Cape Town, South Africa
Port of Haydarpaşa
Port of Mersin
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Port of İzmir
Pasaport
Kızlarağası khan
Konak Pier
Pasaport Port of Izmir, at the beginning of 19th century
Historical Sarıkışla (The area is today known as Karataş, nearby the DEU Sabancı Cultural Center)
Port of İzmir
Port of İzmir (Alsancak): Total area: 902,000 m2 Container: 250,000 m2
Berthing capacity:~3,000 m Container storage capacity: 11,000 TEU* Water depths for berthing: 7-13 m Number of the visiting ships is around: ~3,000/year Cargo handling capacity of the port: ~1 million TEU/year Total cargo volume: 12 million ton/year Total revenue: ~100 million TL/year
* TEU (The twenty-foot equivalent unit) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.
Çandarlı Limanı Planned capacity: 4 million TEU/year
Marina Services
Mooring Capacity
Winterage on Land
Custom & Harbor Authorities
Marina Communication Channel
Hawser Service
Fuel Jetty
Battery Charging
Electricity
Fresh Water
Telephone
Maintenance & Repair
Carpenter & Painting
Slipway
Garbage Collecting
Laundry
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Floating docks and finger piers
Anadolu Kavağı
Güzelbahçe
rubble mound breakwater / vertical breakwater / composite breakwater
Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals
HARBOR PROTECTION
Breakwater Breakwater is a structure placed offshore and
parallel to the coastline to protect a harbor,
anchorage, or basin from waves.
Breakwaters can be connected to the shoreline
(attached breakwater) or completely isolated from
the shore (detached breakwaters)
Types of breakwaters Rubble mound breakwaters
Vertical breakwaters
Composite breakwaters
Piled breakwater
Rubble mound breakwater
Vertical breakwater
Composite breakwater
Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals
MOORING STRUCTURES
Pier The structure perpendicular to the shoreline to which a
vessel is secured for the purpose of loading and unloading
cargo.
Berth A place in which a vessel is moored or secured; place
alongside a quay where a ship loads or discharges cargo.
Quay Quay is a structure built parallel to the bank of a waterway
for use as a landing place.
Wharf Structure built alongside the water or perpendicular to the
shore where ships berth for loading or discharging goods.
pier / berth / quay / wharf
Pier
Quay
fender / buoy / dolphin
Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals
NAVIGATION AIDS
Fender Fender is a rubber tool attached to the berthing places to protect vessels
and mooring structures from damages. Used car tire can be used as a
fender.
Buoy It is a floating object. A mooring buoy is used for mooring or securing
vessels.
Dolphin Dolphin is a structure (usually a cluster of piles) for mooring vessels .
fender
buoy
dolphin
dock / cargo / container / terminal
Breakwater Pier, Berth, Quay, Wharf Fender, Buoy, Dolphin Docks & Cargo Terminals
CARGO HANDLING AND STORAGE
Dock For ships, a cargo handling area parallel to the
shoreline.
Container Terminal Place where containers arriving by ocean vessels are
transferred to inland carriers, such as trucks, trains.
Dockyard
Containers
Container terminal Cargo handling
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offshore structures / pipelines / marine outfall
Oil & Natural Gas Platforms Offshore Wind Turbines Marine Outfall Systems Submerged Pipelines
Offshore Platforms
Offshore Wind Turbines
Underwater Pipelines
Marine Outfall
Kıyı Yapıları ve Limanlar
Transportation
The Tower Leg structure of offshore platforms
Eight story building Scale Kıyı Yapıları ve Limanlar Offshore Wind Turbines
Marine Outfall Systems
Sea surface
Bottom of sea
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quarry / stone dumping / tipping / dredging dredger / barge / clam-shell / crane / bucket
MATERIAL PLACING AND REMOVAL
Quarry and quarrying Quarrying is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or
other minerals from the ground in order to use them to
produce materials for construction or other uses.
Material placing, stone dumping Stones are tipped or placed into a pit, a hole or a foundation.
Dredging Dredging is the removal of sediments and debris from the
bottom of lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water bodies.
Quarry
Stone dumping / Tipping
Dredging
Backhoes and mechanical excavators
Cutter/Suction Dredges
Hopper Dredges
Bucket dredges
crane / piling rig / sheet piling
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Fig.1 A crane or a hydraulic excavator placing the rubble on
the crown of breakwater (smooth placing & dumping).
Fig.2 Driving of piles (concrete precast or steel ) into the
soft clay ground using a pile driver (piling rig).
Fig.3 Sheet piling on shore to create buried pipeline
protection.
Fig.4 Placing concrete blocks using a crane in a vertical
breakwater construction.
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
mold / pile head / pipe / vet concrete
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Fig.1 Concrete block (Antifer block) production using cast
moles.
Fig.2 Steel bars installation at the top of the pile head.
Fig.3 Placing vet concrete underwater by a diver.
Fig.4 Pipeline installation in surf zone by using an excavator.
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4