ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
The Back and Material Handling Issues
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
The Spinal Column
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
The Basic Structure
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Short Term or acute effects:• Sharp Surfaces• Dropped Material• Struck-by Moving Materials• Mechanical Stress• Slips and Falls• “Simpler” Cause and effect relationship
Epidemiology of Back Injuries
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Chronic or Long Term Effects• Back Ache or Pain• Disc Degeneration• Cause and effect not
as simple, more difficult to analyze
Epidemiology
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
• Out more than 6 months only 50% chance of returning
• One year only 25%
• Management and Practitioner Training
One study showed that claims dropped from 200K to 20K per year by providing modified work and conservative treat
Return to Work
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Material Handling
• Lifting/Lowering• Pushing/Pulling• Carrying• Weights and Forces• Frequency of Activities• Load Center of Gravity
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Material Handling
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ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Job Risk Factors
• Weight of the Object• Location (position of load
w.r.t. worker)• Frequency of Lifts• Stability of the Load• Hand Coupling• Workplace Geometry
Twisting/Stooping• Environmental Factors
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Personal Risk Factors
• Gender• Age• Anthropometry• Lift technique• Attitude• Strength• Training
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
• Avoid extreme range of motion when lifting
• Redesign work station/work area to allow freedom of movement
• Provide handles on material handling equipment
• Provide lift-assist devices and tables
• Unit Load Concept
Examples of Manual Handling Controls
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Job Design• Can reduce one-third of
compensable LBP
• Minimize reach and lift distances• Keep off floor• Work station design
• Frequency• Relax time standard• Rotation• Work-Rest allowances
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Job Design
• Minimize Weight• Mechanical aids• Carton capacity• Balance contents
• Convert• Carry to push/pull• Push over pull• Use large wheels
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Training• Focus on awareness and
avoidance
• Get object as close to body as possible
• Planning
• Use of handling aids
• Back Schools
• Strength and fitness important
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
NIOSH Lifting Equation1991 Version
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
• Objective: Reduce occurrence of lifting-related LBP
• 1981 and 1991 equations
• 1981 limited to sagittal plane
• 1991 includes asymmetry and coupling
NIOSH Lifting Equation
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Disqualifiers for Use
• One handed lifts• More than 8 hours• Seated or kneeling• Restricted work space• Unstable Objects• Carrying, pushing or
pulling while lifting
• Wheelbarrows or shovels
• High speed motion• Unreasonable
foot/floor coupling• Unfavorable
environment
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Definition of Terms
• RWL = Recommended weight limit
• LC = Load constant• HM = Horizontal
multiplier• VM = Vertical
multiplier
• DM = Distance multiplier
• AM = Asymmetric multiplier
• FM = Frequency multiplier
• CM = Coupling multiplier
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
1991 Equation
RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
1991 Guide
• Compare RWL to Actual Load (L)
• If Greater than or equal to 1 problem
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
L
RWL
Lifting Index
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
1991 Multipliers• LC = 51 Pounds
• HM = 10/H
• VM = 1-.0075 x / V-30/
• DM = .82 + (1.8/D)
• AM = 1 – (.0032 x A)
• FM go to Table
• CM go to Table
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
NIOSH Worksheet
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Lifting Example
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
NIOSH Workshop
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ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
Start of Lift End of Lift
NIOSH Workshop
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
NIOSH 1991 Lifting Calculator
Notes
Enter values in Yellow area.
For Composite Lifting Index (CLI) to be computed correctly, sort tasks in decreasing order based on LI by pressing button.
CLI = 0.3 Period FreqTask (hours) (#/min)No. RWL LI AL MPL L (avg) L (max) H V H V Orig Dest P F C1 24.3 0.2 29.0 87.0 5.0 18.0 30.0 15.0 40.0 15 0 4.0 0.4 Poor2 12.2 0.4 13.3 39.9 5.0 18.0 30.0 30.0 15.0 15 0 4.0 0.4 Poor3 11.0 0.5 11.4 34.1 5.0 18.0 30.0 30.0 52.0 15 0 4.0 0.4 Poor4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Hand Location (inches) AsymmetryHandle
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines -- Job Analysis
Destination (degrees)1991 Guide 1981 Guide (lbs) Origin
Packer
Object Wt.Sort
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
WISHACalculator for Analyzing Lifting Operations
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo/calculator/ergo_workshopIE.htm
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
WISHA Workshop
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ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
WISHAIf the job is a hazard
• Reduce weight of load
• Increase weight of load so that it requires mechanical assist
• Reduce the capacity of the container
• Etc.
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
References
• Applications guide for the revised NIOSH lifting equation – On CD
• Elements of Ergonomic Programs – On CD
• Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors – On CD
• Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting
NIOSH 81-122
ERGONOMICS :: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM :: THE BACK & MATERIAL HANDLING
What does the worker need to know from this presentation?