PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates...

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PART B2

Basic

Chemistry


Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

Organic compounds

Contain carbon

Most are covalently bonded

Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)

Inorganic compounds

Lack carbon

Tend to be simpler compounds

Example: H2O (water)


Important Inorganic Compounds

Water

Most abundant inorganic compound

Vital properties

High heat capacity – absorbs & releases heat

before its temperature changes appreciably

Polarity/solvent properties – universal solvent

Chemical reactivity - hydrolysis: breakdown

nutrients with water

Cushioning - CSF



Salts

Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of

water

Vital to many body functions –

i.e. Na & K for nerve impulses

Include electrolytes which conduct electrical

currents

i.e. charged particles

Ca & P in bones and teeth

Fe for hemoglobin of rbcs


Dissociation of a Salt in Water

Figure 2.11


Rebecca & Jai’s Wedding June 13, 2009



Acids

Release hydrogen ions (H+)

Are proton donors

Sour taste

HCl → H++ Cl-

Bases

Release hydroxyl ions (OH–)

Are proton acceptors

Bitter taste, slippery

NaOH → Na+ + OH-


Neutralization reaction

Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

NaOH + HCl → H2O + NaCl


Figure 2.12

pH

Measures relative

concentration of

hydrogen ions

pH 7 = neutral

pH below 7 = acidic

pH above 7 = basic

Buffers—chemicals

that can regulate pH

change


Important Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Include sugars and starches

Classified according to size

Monosaccharides—simple sugars

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined

by dehydration synthesis

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Lactose (Glucose + galactose)

Maltose (glucose + glucose)


Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of

linked simple sugars

Starch

Glycogen

Carbohydrates – source of food energy

C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP


Ben & Jenny’s Wedding, November 2010


Carbohydrates

Figure 2.13a–b

DisaccharidesPLAY

./animations/02_03_Disaccharides.mov

./animations/02_03_Disaccharides.html


Carbohydrates

PolysaccharidesPLAY

Figure 2.13c

./animations/02_04_Polysaccharides.html


Carbohydrates

Figure 2.14


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Lipids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

Insoluble in water

From fats in diet -

Marbled meats, egg yolks, oils

Solid – animal fat, saturated, C-C

Liquid – plant oils, unsaturated, C=C


LipidsPLAY

Lipids

Common lipids in the human body

Neutral fats (triglycerides)

Found in fat deposits

Composed of fatty acids and

glycerol

Source of stored energy

./animations/02_05_Lipids.html

animations\02_05_Lipids.html


Lipids

Figure 2.15a


Lipids

Common lipids in the human body (continued)

Phospholipids

Form cell membranes

Steroids

Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D,

and some hormones

Cholesterol found in:

Cell membranes

Brain

used for vitamin D synthesis

Used for synthesis of sex hormones


Lipids

Figure 2.15b


Figure 2.15c

Lipids

Cholesterol

The basis for all steroids made in the body


My backyard



Proteins

Made of amino acids

Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,

nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Figure 2.16


Proteins

Polypeptides < 50 amino acids

Proteins > 50 amino acids

20 amino acids form all proteins

Account for over half of the body’s organic matter

Provide for construction materials for body

tissues

Play a vital role in cell function

Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies


Proteins

Amino acid structure

Contain an amine group (NH2)

Contain an acid group (COOH)

Vary only by R groups


Figure 2.17a

Proteins

Fibrous proteins

Also known as

structural proteins

Appear in body

structures

Examples include

collagen (bones,

cartilage, tendons) and

keratin (hair, nails, skin)

Stable


Figure 2.17b

Proteins

Globular proteins

Also known as

functional proteins

Function as

antibodies,

hormones or

enzymes

Can be denatured


Figure 2.18a

Enzymes

Act as biological catalysts

Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Don’t change, reusable, very specific, end in

suffix -ase


Enzymes

Figure 2.18b

Chemistry of Life® Enzymes AnimationPLAY

./animations/02_06_Enzymes.html


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Nucleic Acids

C, H, O, N & P

Provide blueprint of life

Nucleotide bases

A = Adenine

G = Guanine

C = Cytosine

T = Thymine

U = Uracil

Make DNA and RNA Figure 2.19a


Nucleotide – building block of nucleic acids

Nitrogen base

5-carbon sugar

Phosphate


Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA)

Organized by

complimentary

bases to form

double helix

Replicates before

cell division

Provides

instructions for

every protein in the

bodyFigure 2.19c


DNA

Double-stranded

Nitrogen bases = A,T,C,G

Sugar = Deoxyribose

RNA

Single-stranded

Nitrogen bases = A,U,C,G

Sugar = ribose



Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy used by all cells

Energy is released by breaking high energy

phosphate bond

ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

ATP nucleotide

Adenine

Ribose

3 phosphates


Emily’s dog ―Mooshu‖


Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Figure 2.20a



Figure 2.21

+ADP

Solute

Contracted

muscle cell

Product made

Relaxed

muscle cell

Reactants

Transport work

Mechanical work

Chemical work

Membrane

protein

Solute transported

Energy liberated during

oxidation of food fuels

used to regenerate ATP

ATP

P

P

P

X

Y

(a)

(b)

(c)

YX

P P

+


Figure 2.21, step 1

Solute

Transport work

Membrane

protein

ATP

(a)

P


Figure 2.21, step 2

+ADP

Solute

Transport work

Membrane

protein

Solute transported

ATPP

(a)

P P


Figure 2.21, step 3

Relaxed

muscle cell

Mechanical work

ATP

(b)


Figure 2.21, step 4

+ADP

Contracted

muscle cell

Relaxed

muscle cell

Mechanical work

ATPP

(b)


Figure 2.21, step 5

Reactants

Chemical work

ATP

PX

Y

(c)

+


Figure 2.21, step 6

+ADP

Product madeReactants

Chemical work

ATP

P

P

P

X

Y

(c)

YX

+


Figure 2.21, step 7

+ADP

Solute

Contracted

muscle cell

Product made

Relaxed

muscle cell

Reactants

Transport work

Mechanical work

Chemical work

Membrane

protein

Solute transported

ATP

P

P

P

X

Y

(a)

(b)

(c)

YX

P P

+


Figure 2.21, step 8

+ADP

Solute

Contracted

muscle cell

Product made

Relaxed

muscle cell

Reactants

Transport work

Mechanical work

Chemical work

Membrane

protein

Solute transported

Energy liberated during

oxidation of food fuels

used to regenerate ATP

ATP

P

P

P

X

Y

(a)

(b)

(c)

YX

P P

+

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