Powertrain Evolution & Future Challenges

Balasubramanian NRenault Nissan Technology & Business Centre India

100+ Years

1886: Carl Benz; 1-Cylinder 4S; 954 cc; 0.75 hp; 400 RPM; 954 cc

1st officially patented

Powertrain: 100+ years of Evolution

front-wheel drive, 4 hp, reported top speed of

20 mph. 24 battery cells, Range of 50 miles.

Powertrain Evolution

100+ Years

Growing EV Market

Powertrain – 8 Top Challenges

1) Emission norms and

On-Board Diagnosis (OBD)

2) CAFC Norms

(CO2)

4) Fuel

Economy

5) Power &

Performance

6) Engine Refinement

& Comfort

8) Alternative

Fuels

3) ELV

Heavy metals ban7) Cost

Air Quality and Emission Norms

2005

Expected situation in Delhi by 2030

2015

Actual situation in Delhi

PM 2.5 Delhi Pollution – IIT Kanpur Study

Perception

Passenger Car

2.8%

Fact

Emission Regulations

Emission regulations evolved through a long way – Catch up with

Europe Faster

Port FI

Flex FuelDPFGDI

HP CRDIHybrid, EV

LNT, SCR

Sep 2016 : Final notification released.

BS VI to start from April 2020

India Regulation

TimelineEquivalent Europe

Mass Emission Limits (OBD)Technical Requirements different from

Europe

BS VI – 1(All Type)

01st April 2020

Euro 6b(Euro 6 – 1)

-7oC cold test not applicable

No IUPR1

RDE Monitoring2

BS VI – 2(All Type)

01st April 2023

Euro 6c(Euro 6 – 2)

-7oC cold test not applicable

Euro 5 IUPR (0.1)

RDE Conformity*

1 IUPR: In-Use Performance Ratio (one step lowered)2 RDE: After BS VI implementation – data collection to be done in TA & COP* CF – Conformity Factors are yet to be announced

Brief of BS VI Final Notification:

BS VI Regulation INDIA

0

21.6

7.9

3.83

1.781.25

0.83 0.79 0.670

16.3

11.68

3.69

2.7 2.65

1.18 1.16 1.16

0

5

10

15

20

25

RE

GU

LA

TE

D P

OL

LU

TA

NT

(G

/KM

)

Diesel Gasoline

Emission Reduction – 25 years

Pre-norms 1991 1996 1999 2000 2005 2010 Skip 2020

BS I

~EU 1

BS III

~EU 3

BS II

~EU 2

BS IV

~EU 4EU 5 BS VI

~EU 6

Cars – Diesel Cars – GasolineCars – Diesel

14 fold reduction

92.9% reduction

32 fold reduction

96.9 % reduction

Multifold reduction in permitted pollutant levels making vehicles more Environmental friendly

BS VI: Anticipated Impact

Introduction of new technologies

Gasoline & Diesel mix

Gasoline & Diesel Hybridization

Accelerate Electrification

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

Example:

On Board Diagnostics (OBD) controls emission of in service vehicles

Alert driver as malfunctions through MIL, if in-use emissions are not maintained

OBD monitors emission related malfunctions primarily - Uses information from sensors to judge performance of emission controls

- Mostly software that runs diagnostics in the background

OBD helps Technicians Properly Diagnose and Repair Complex Problems.

Connectivity making Diagnostics possible remotely.

Emission Control – In service

Diagnostics with Increased Electronics

Complicated Convenient

Diesel OBD : Increased Diagnostics

Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC)

Stage-1: FY’2017 Target: 130 g/km of CO2

Stage-2: FY’2022 Target: 113 g/km of CO2

Post 2020, Many Challenges are awaiting

Source : ICCT, 2015 update

All major markets will be having stringent CO2 / FE legislation during 2020 ~ 2025.

Countries with large oil reserves also going for FE legislation e.g. Saudi Arabia

Global trend of CO2 / FE Regulations

Need of Electronics

Powertrains have many challenges and opportunities in

near future in view of Emission, OBD and CO2 regulations

Drastic shift in powertrain technologies expected post 2020

making it more complex

- Electrification

- Downsizing

- Combustion and transmission Efficiency improvement

- GDI, HCCI, high pressure CRDE etc..

- After treatment devices – DOC, LNT, SCR etc..

Sensors, Actuators and faster controllers are basis for

innovations to meet future regulatory and customer

demands

Increasing Electronics in Diesel Powertrain

Increasing Electronics in Gasoline Powertrain

Automotive Electronics Trend

Sources : Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. l https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/automotive-electronics-market

Automotive Electronics Market estimated to be USD 353 billion by 2023

Powertrain share of 22.4% @ USD 79 billion

Thank You