Phonetics and PhonologyWeek 2 - Articulation and Acoustics
NCTU FLL. Prof. Yuwen LaiFeb. 26th 2013
1
Phoneticians
• General
• Pathological speech
• Voice training on accent
• Artificial intelligence
2 Voca
l tra
ct
nasal cavity
pharynx
oral cavity
larynx/voice box3
lip
teeth
palatevelum
uvula
alveolar ridge
pharynx
larynxTB p. 84
front
trachea/windpipe
cricoid
thyroid
5 Graphs from “Gray’s Anatomy” 35th Edition6
Larynx
7
Tracheotomy
8
Where do you think they make the cut?
A
B
D
C
9
Tracheotomy�����
Intubation
10
http://784svg.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/jan_08_jems_intubation101.jpg
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Speech production mechanism
Airstream process 11
Speech production mechanism
Phonation process
12
Speech production mechanism
Oro-nasal process
13
Consonant• A speech sound produced with some
constriction of the air stream
Vowel• A speech sound produced without
significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity
14
Speech Sounds
Consonants
Vowels
Voicing
place of articulation (POA)
manner of articulation (MOA)
height
backness
roundness
tenseness15
Speech Sounds
C
V
Voicing
POA
MOA
height
backness
roundness
vocal folds vibrationnarrowest place in oral cavityhow air travels through oral cavity
height of tongue peak
position of tongue peak
lip rounding
muscle activitytenseness16
Consonant
• Voicing
• Place of articulation (POA)
• Manner of articulation (MOA)
• Soft palate status - Oral or nasal
•Central or lateral
17
Vocal folds in action
voiced voiceless18
Vocal Folds
“In the case of voiced sounds, the vibrating vocal fold chop up the stream of lung air so that pulses of relatively high pressure alternate
with moments of lower pressure.”
Video
19
Manner of Articulation
• Stop - oral or nasal
• Fricative
• Approximant
TB p. 13
• Trill
• Tap
• Affricate
20
Sibilants
• “The higher-pitched sounds with a more obvious hiss, such as those in sigh, shy, are sometimes called sibilants.” TB p.15
21
Place of Articulation• Bilabial
• Labiodental
• Dental
• Alveolar
• Retroflex (rye, row, ray)
• Palato-Alveolar (post-alveolar)
• Palatal
• Velar
• & Others
TB p.1222
Source-filter theory
Lasagna, spaghetti, fettucini, thick egg noodles, angel hair pasta, ravioli
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Vowel features
• tongue height
• tongue part involved
• lip shape
• tongue muscle
• high, mid-high, mid-low, low
• front, central, and back
• rounded and unrounded
• tense and lax
24
Lip rounding
[ i ] [ u ]
unrounded rounded
25
Height and Backness
height - y axisbackness - x axis
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Tenseness
• Overall tightening of vocal tract muscles
• Greater tongue muscle activity in tense vowels
• Tense vowels longer and more peripheral than lax vowels
27
Vowel chart
high
low
mid-high
mid-low
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Backness
Front Back
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
Video about the nodule
Video
0-4:14 Vocal folds4:15 Nodules
37
What do you think?
• “it’s slightly like the atonal palate of a deaf person because the soft palate goes, the tonal variation goes, the tongue loses its elasticity so it’s very vowelly, the consonants go. It’s like me when I’m very very hungover, really.”
38
Benedict Cumberbatch in the role of Stephen Hawking
Video
in 2008
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Link Video