PP on Fundamentals of Energy Conversion

7/30/2019 PP on Fundamentals of Energy Conversion

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

ADVANCED ENERGY CONVERSION2.996 & 2.994, Spring 04

A Ghoniem (IC), M Kazimi, Y Shao-Horn, J Tester

WHY ? CO2, Terawatts, Needs and Sources,WHAT ? Few Examples:

IGCC, fuel reforming and synthesis

Fuel Cells, fueling the fuel cell, FC3

Hydrogen Economy: generation and storagePhotoelectricity

HOW ?


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Solar

,wSource: Internatinal Energy Agency

30

35

40

45

50

0.5%

2003The ENERGY REVOLUTION

(The Terawatt Challenge)14 Terawatts (4 TW in US)

The Terawatt Challenge

R. Smalley*

Rice University25

20

15

10

5

0

1. ENERGY2. WATER

3. FOOD cn ss m

aal ri ero Ga

sOil t

issio a

C cem hotoeloF geB

i4. ENVIRONMENT

505. POVERTY45

6. TERRORISM & WAR 40357. DISEASE30

8. EDUCATION 25

9. DEMOCRACY20

15

10. POPULATION 105

0

dr d,Hy ni2050

30 -- 60 Terawatts Carbon free

sources to

stabilize

CO2

maon

icas

ral ssOil

ctCo G si

ma her

is*Noble prize, Chemistry, 1996 eoF el otBi oon

/

nd,ge

ydr

si HuF w

i

ar,


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--

--

--

Energy Sources and DemandTW

50

40

3020

10

0

Should be CO2 free

CO2 freeTo limit CO2 to 450

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100YEAR

Source: M.I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881, Wigley, Richels and Edmonds, ppmv of CO2, pre-industrial concentration is 350 ppmv


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CO2 emissions andGlobal Temperature!

From Basic Research Need for aHydrogen Economy, Report of DOE BESWorkshop, May 13-15, 2003

CO2 emission reduction:

Improve plant

efficiency

Use low C fuels Use pure H2

Sequester CO2! RENEWABLES


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FIGURE 1. GASIFICATION-BASED ENERGY PRODUCTION SYSTEM CONCEPTS

FIGURE 2. GASIFICATION-BASED ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM OPTIONS


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(Courtesy of Prof. Wilson and Prof. Korakianitis. Used with permission.)


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Optimal Hydrogen Utilization: the Fuel Cell

Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE

The public may copy and use this information without charge, provided that this Notice and any statement of authorship are

reproduced on all copies. Neither the Government nor the University makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any

liability or responsibility for the use of this information. Courtesy of Los Alamos National Lab. Used with permission.


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How to Fuel the Fuel Cell Engine?Especially for mobile applications, fuel cells may work with a reformer

(although direct methanol cells are also under development)


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HYDROGEN & THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY Energy carrier: must be produced, stored, transported & charged. Like electricity: expensive to produce, transport, not easy to store. Provides a good link with renewables or non-exhaustables.

Can be produced by:Oxygen or steam Reforming of hydrocarbon, or,Splitting water electrolytically or thermo-chemically.

Compression/liquefaction (20 K, 1 bar/293 K, 800 bar) energies are high.

Has low volumetric energy density (even in liquid form)

Storage: metal fiber tanks, cryogenic container, or in metal hydrides (solids): through physical or chemical sorption.


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The MobileStorage Problem:Fuel Cell may be the easiest piece of the

puzzle!The Future of the Hydrogen Economy, Bright or Bleak

ABB) and Bossel (Fuel Cell Consultant), 2003Eliasson (

GMs HyWireBasic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE


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HYDROGEN STORAGE IN THE SOLID STATEe.g., Sodium borohyrdride Cycle

catalysis

NaBH4 + 2H2O 4H2 +NaBO2

Typical fuel: 30% NaBH4+3%NaHO+67%H2, has 6.6%H2, all by wt.OR 66 gH2/L compared to 70 g/L liquid H2 and 23 g/L gas (at 350 bar).

Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE


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Thermochemical CycleNuclear Hydrogen Production

for Hydrogen Production:Sulfur-iodine process:

Q@120C2[I2 +SO2 +2H2O2HI+H2SO2 Non-electrolytic water splitting

+Q@800950C2H2SO42SO2 +2H2O+O2 +Q @ 850C

} 2H2O 2H2 + O2+Q@450C2 2HII2 +H2][ 50%


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Solar Hydrogen ProductionCapture/conversion + Electrolysis

Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy,

May 2003, DOE.


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Spring 04, subject is offered as 2.996 (G) and 2.994 (U)FUNDAMENTALS OF ADVANCED ENERGY CONVERSION(2.60j, 2.62j,10.392j, 22.40j)Perquisite: 2.006 or permission of instructorG (Spring)4-0-8 H-LEVEL Grad Credit,A.F. Ghoniem (IC), M. Kazimi, Y. Shao-Horn, J. Tester.

Fundamentals of thermodynamics, chemistry, transport processes in energy sy stems.

Analysis of energy conv ersion in thermo-mechanical, thermo-chemical, electrochemical,

and photoelectric processes in existing and future power and transportation systems, with

emphasis on efficiency, environmental impact and performance. Systems utilizing fossil

fuels, hydrogen, nuclear and renewable resources, over a range of sizes and scales arediscussed. App lications include fuel reforming, hydrogen and synthetic fuel production,

fuel cells and batteries, combustion, catalysis, supercritical and combined cycles,

photovoltaics, etc. Energy storage and transmission. Optimal source utilization and fuel-

life cycle analysis.


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From matter and Energy (1912) by Frederick Soddy -Noble Prize in Chemistry, 1921.

The laws expressing the relations between energy and

matter are not solely of importance in pure science.They necessarily come first.. In the whole record ofhuman experience, and they control, in the last resort,the rise or fall of political systems, the freedom or

bondage of nations, the movements of commerce andindustry, the origin of wealth and poverty and the

physical welfare of the race. If this has beenimperfectly recognized in the past, there is no excuse,now that these physical laws have become incorporated

into everyday habits of thought, for neglecting toconsider them first in questions relating to the future

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