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BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
ME C314 Power Plant Engineering
Dr. Morapakala Srinivas Associate Professor, Mechanical
BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
Lecture 1: Indian Power Sector Scenario and basics of Power plants
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the world. The top four countries, viz., US, Japan, China and
Russia together consume about 49 per cent of the total
power generated globally.
The average per capita consumption of electricity in India is estimated to be 704 kWh during 2008-09,
compared to the US (~15,000 kWh) and China (~1,800
kWh).
The world average stands at 2,300 kWh.
Electricity in the World and India
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
17th Electric Power Survey
Year Annual Peak Electrical Load at Power Station Bus Bars
(MW)
2011-12 152746
2016-17 218209
2021-22 298253
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Thermal power station
Hydro power station
Gas turbine power station
Nuclear power station
Diesel engine power station
Renewable power station
Types of Power Plants
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Indian Fuel Mix (as on 28.02.11)
Fuel MW % share
Total Thermal 111324.48 64.75
Coal 92418.38 53.76
Gas 17706.35 10.30
Oil 1199.75 0.70
Hydro (Renewable) 37367.40 21.73
Nuclear 4780.00 2.78
Renewable Energy 18454.52 10.73
TOTAL 171926.40 100.00
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Typical Layout of a Thermal Power Plant
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Cycle of operation
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
The Ministry of Power has set a goal - Mission 2012: Power for All.
A comprehensive Blueprint for Power Sector development has been prepared encompassing an integrated strategy for the sector development with following objectives:- - Sufficient power to achieve GDP growth rate of 8% - Reliability of power - Quality power - Optimum power cost - Commercial viability of power industry - Power for all
Power for All by 2012
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Power for All by 2012 (as on 28.02.11)
Power Sector at a Glance "ALL INDIA"
Sector MW % share
State Sector 82,452.58 47.96
Central Sector 52,712.63 30.66
Private Sector 36,791.19 21.38
Total 1,71,926.40 100.00
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Coal currently fuels 40% of the world electricity and this proportion is set to
remain static over the next 30 years.
About 70% of the world's steel production is based on coal.
Coal The World
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Coal Reserves in India (as on 01.04.2009 - in billion tonnes)
Type of coal Proved Indicated Inferred Total
All India : Total 105.72 123.57 37.92 267.21
Prime-coking 4.61 0.70 0.00 5.31
Medium-coking 12.45 12.06 1.88 26.39
Semi-coking 0.48 1.00 0.22 1.70
Non-coking 87.70 109.71 35.31 232.72
High sulphur 0.48 0.09 0.51 1.08
Lignite 5.36 25.54 8.18 39.08
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
The coal that can be extractedtaking into account geological, technical, and economic aspects - is only a small fraction of our total coal inventories, without taking into account the no-go areas.
The extremely high figure of 267.21 billion tonnes has created a false and risky notion that India is quite comfortably placed with over 100 years of domestic coal supply at its disposal.
Extractable Coal Reserves 1
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
In India, about 77% of the total
coal output is consumed in the
power sector.
Coal Power Sector
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Chhattisgarh is the largest coal producing state with a share of
about 20.7%, followed closely by
Orissa and Jharkhand having
contribution of 20.0% and 19.5%.
Coal Indian States 1
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Next in order of share in the total production were, Madhya Pradesh (14.5%), Andhra Pradesh (9.0%), Maharashtra (7.9%), West Bengal (4.6%) and Uttar Pradesh (2.4%).
The remaining 1.40% of coal production accrued from the states of Assam, Jammu & Kashmir and Meghalaya.
Coal Indian States 2
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
In 2008-09, share of production of raw coal from opencast (OC) mines
was 88% against 12% from
underground (UG) mines.
Coal Mining Profile 1
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Opencast mines damage a large land surface area, displace people from their ancestral
homesteads and cause agricultural losses.
But the method is cost effective, recovery is high, comparatively better in safety aspects
and is considered to be a modern method.
Surface mining requires large areas of land to be temporarily disturbed.
Coal Mining Profile 2
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
As on 31.3.2009, there were 561 operating mines for coal in the country, out of which
197 were opencast while 332 were
underground mines. The remaining 32
were mixed collieries.
There were 537 public sector mines and 24 mines in private sector.
Coal Mining Profile 3
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Location of Coal and Lignite Resources
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
LIMITED RESERVES OF COKING COAL
HIGH ASH AND LOW CALORIFIC VALUES ( 40% & ABOVE & AVERAGE 4000 K.CAL./KG-UHV)
MISMATCH IN LOCATION OF DEPOSITS AND
MAJOR CONSUMPTION CENTRES
HIGH COST OF TRANSPORT
PIT HEAD PRICE 43%
ROYALTY/CESS/SALES TAX 13%
TRANSPORTATION 44%
Characteristics of Indian Coal Deposits
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Bulk of coal is transported by rail 47 %
Road transportation 27 %.
Pit-head consumer by dedicated merry-go-round (MGR) rail link 19 %.
Coastal consumers in southern part of India by rail and sea route 2 % (extrapolated).
Limited aerial ropeway and cross country belt conveyors 5 %
Coal Movement in India
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
It is estimated that 47.33% amounting to 514 million tonnes of beneficiated coal + superior
grade coal is likely to be transported through
national rail network / rail-cum-sea network for
consumers located beyond coal field areas.
The transportation of huge volume of the countries production of about 1061 million
tonnes by the end of 2024-25 will be a gigantic
task as bulk of the coal has to be transported to
power utility and other industries.
Constraints in Transportation 1
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
In order to enable the vast movement of coal, the Central Electricity Authority has identified through a study by NRSA, 90 potential sites in four states.
Of these, 31 are in six districts of Gujarat, 23 in two districts of Maharashtra, 27 in eight districts of Tamil Nadu and 9 in three districts of Andhra Pradesh for development of coastal power projects.
Constraints in Transportation 2
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Coal Demand Projection @ 8% GDP growth
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Coal Demand Supply Gap
334 354 363 381
404 446
474 493
550 598
828
1,079
1,267
314 326 336 354
375 397
421 454
490
533
778
942
1,086
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 16 FY 22 FY 25
Millio
n t
on
nes
Demand Supply
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
XIth Plan Coal Demand Projections
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
XIth Plan Coal Supply Projections
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Coal Demand Supply Gap 2011-12 at 142 MT
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Huge coal demand.
Massive investments.
Significant technological up-gradation.
Large scale mining operations.
Increased productivity from underground mines.
Increase in captive coal mining.
Increased coal imports.
Shortage of skilled manpower.
Decade Ahead for Coal Industry