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RESEARCH
Prof. Dr. Akhlas AhmedLecture # 01
NILAT
RESEARCH
search means to find out ?Re means to find out again
Research means to explore data through different sources
What is data?
How one convert data into information?
How could be the information transform into knowledge?
What is a problem?
RESEARCH PROBLEM…What prevent to an organization to achieve its goals is
called organizational problem. When manger investigate it scientifically it becomes research problem.
How to formulate research problems?
Understanding the identification research problem process.
Research is the process of finding solutions to a
problem after a thoroughstudy and analysis of the
situational factors.
The organized systematic investigation into and
study of materials in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
Definition of Research: Charles DarwinResearch is a science that is composed of
aggregated facts from which one can create general laws and conclusions
Definition of Research: NotterResearch is the process that systematically searched for
new facts & relationships
Definition of Research: Ruth PatrickResearch essentially is a problem solving process, a systematic, intensive study directed towards full,
scientific knowledge of the problem studied
Definition of Research: Clifford Woodydefining problems, formulating hypothesis, collecting data,
evaluating for reaching conclusions, at last carefullytesting the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulated hypothesis.
Definition of Research: Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon with which we are concerned
or interested.
Hypothesis:
Disappointment is when a beautiful hypothesis is destroyed by an ugly fact.
Sir Isaac Newton
Hypothesis:
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of
limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
A proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth.
Hypothesis development:
- An educated guess
- A tentative point of view- A proposition not yet tested- A preliminary explanation- A preliminary Postulate
Hypothesis: Kerlinger, 1956
A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables”
Hypothesis: Eric Rogers, 1966
Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good
hunches – assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible.
Hypothesis: Creswell, 1994
Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected
relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
Variables:When we measure the attributes of an object, we obtain a value that varies between objects.
For example consider the people in this class as objects and their height as the attribute
The attribute height varies between objects, hence attributes are more collectively known as variables
Variables: dependable & In dependable
Variables: Theoretically Frame WorkTheoretical Frame is a graphical representation, which shows the relationship between two or more variables. Example:
X
Y
Z
Thanks