Ppt Water Pollution PIL

8/2/2019 Ppt Water Pollution PIL

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Water Pollution

G. Tyler Millers

Living in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 22


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Water, Air, Land .

The solution to

pollution is

dilution.


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Chapter 22 Key Concepts

Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants

Major pollution problems of surface water

Major pollution problems of groundwater

Reduction and prevention of water pollution

Drinking water quality


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Water

makes

us

unique

andgives

life toEarth.


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Section 1 Key Ideas

What are major types and effects of water

pollution?

How do we measure water quality? Point versus Nonpoint sources

What are the major sources of pollution?


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What is water pollution?

Any chemical, biological,

or physical change in

water quality that has a

harmful effect on living

organisms or makes

water unsuitable for

desired usage.


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What is water pollution?

WHO: 3.4 million premature

deaths each year from

waterborne diseases 1.9 million from

diarrhea

U.S. 1.5 millionillnesses

1993 Milwaukee

370,000 sick


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What is water pollution?Need to study Table 22-1 Page 492

Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often

from animal wastes

Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste thatneeds oxygen often from animal waste, paper

mills and food processing.

Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicalsoften from runoff, industries and household

cleaners


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What is water pollution?Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics,

detergents often from surface runoff, industriesand cleaners

Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia

and phosphates often from sewage, agricultureand urban fertilizers

Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can

disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawninggrounds, clog rivers and streams

Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from

powerplants


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How do we measure water qualityBacterial Counts: Fecal

coliform counts fromintestines of animals

None per 100 ml for

drinking >200 per 100 ml forswimming

Sources: human sewage,animals, birds, raccoons, etc.

See table 22-2 on page 493 fordiseases transmitted bycontaminated drinking water.


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How do we measure water quality

Dissolved Oxygen: BODBiological Oxygen

Demandthe amount

of oxygen consumed by

aquatic decomposers

Chemical Analysis:

looking for presence of

inorganic or organicchemicals

Suspended Sediment

water clarity


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How do we measure water quality

Indicator Species:

organisms that give an

idea of the health of the

water body.

Mussels, oysters and

clams filter water


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Types, Effects and Sources of WaterPollution

Point sources

Nonpoint sources

Water quality

Refer to Tables 22-1 and22-2 p. 492 and 493

Fig. 22-3 p. 494


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Point and Nonpoint Sources

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburbandevelopment

Wastewatertreatmentplant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINTSOURCES

Fig. 22-4 p. 494


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Major Sources of Water Pollution

Agriculture: by far theleader

Sediment, fertilizers,

bacteria from livestock,food processing, salt from

soil irrigation

Industrial: factories andpowerplants

Mining: surface mining

toxics, acids, sediment


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Section 2-3 Key Ideas

Freshwater pollution: What are major

problems in streams?

Developed versus Developing Countries

Lake Pollution: Why are lakes and reservoirs

more vulnerable?

What is Eutrophication?


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Freshwater Stream Pollution

Flowing streams can recover frommoderate level of degradablewater pollution if their flows

are not reduced.

Natural biodegradationprocess

Does not work if

overloaded or stream flowreduced

Does not work against nonbiodegradable pollutants


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Pollution of Streams

Oxygen sag curve

Factors influencing recovery

Fig. 22-5 p. 496

What factors will influence this oxygen sag curve?


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Two Worlds

Developed CountriesU.S. and other developed

countries sharply reducedpoint sources even withpopulation and economicgrowth

Nonpoint still a problem

Toxic chemicals stillproblem

Success Cuyahoga River,

Thames River


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Two Worlds Developing Countries:Serious and growing

problem Half of worlds 500 major

rivers heavily polluted

Sewage treatmentminimal $$$

Law enforcement difficult

10% of sewage in Chinatreated

Economic growth with

little $$$ to clean up


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Indias Ganges River

Holy River (1 million takedaily holy dip)

350 million (1/3rd of pop) live

in watershed

Little sewage treatment

Used for bathing, drinking etc.

Bodies (cremated or not)

thrown in river Good news is the Indian

government is beginning to

work on problem


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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion,

Poverty, and Health

Daily, more than 1

million Hindus in India

bathe, drink from, orcarry out religious

ceremonies in the

highly polluted Ganges

River.


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Freshwater Lake PollutionDilution as a solution in

lakes less effective Little vertical mixing

Little water flow

(flushing)Makes them more

vulnerable

Toxins settle Kill bottom life

Atmospheric deposition

Food chain disruptions


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Biomagnifications

of PCBs in an

aquatic food

chain from the

Great Lakes.

See figure 22-6 on

page 498


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Eutrophication of Lakes

Eutrophication: nutrientenrichment of lakes

mostly from runoff of

plant nutrients (nitrates

and phosphates)

During hot dry weather can

lead to algae blooms

Decrease of photosynthesis Dying algae then drops DO

levels

Fish kills, bad odor


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Pollution of Lakes

Eutrophication

Fig. 22-7 p. 499


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Eutrophication in Lakes

Solutions: Advanced sewage

treatment (N, P)

Household detergents Soil conservation

Remove excess weed

build up

Pump in oxygen or

freshwater


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Case Study: The Great Lakes

Pollution levels

dropped, but

long way to go

95% of U.S.

freshwater

30% Canadian

pop, 14% U.S.

38 million drink

1% flow out St.

Lawrence

Toxic fish


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Section 4: Groundwater

Why is groundwater pollution a serious

problem?

What is the extent of the problem?

What are the solutions?


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Groundwater

Groundwater can becomecontaminated

No way to cleanse itself

Little dilution anddispersion

Out of sight pollution

Prime source forirrigation and drinking

REMOVAL of

pollutant difficult


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Groundwater Pollution: Causes

Low flow rates Few bacteria

Cold temperatures

Coal stripmine runoff

Pumpingwell

Waste lagoon

Accidentalspills

Groundwater

flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faultycasing

Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides

Gasolinestation

Buried gasolineand solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspoolseptic tank

De-icingroad salt

Water pumping

well Landfill

Low oxygen

Fig. 22-9 p. 502


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Groundwater

Pollution moves inplumes

Soil, rocks, etc. act

like sponge Cleansing does not

work (low O, low

flow, cold) Nondegradables may

be permanent


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Prevention is the

most effective and

cheapest


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Groundwater Pollution Prevention

Monitor aquifers

Leak detection systems

Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

Store hazardous materials above ground

Find less hazardous substitutes


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Section 5 Ocean Pollution

How much pollution can the oceans tolerate?

Coastal zones: How does pollution affect

coastal zones?

What are major sources of ocean pollution and

what is being done?

Oils spills

O


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Ocean Pollution

Oceans can disperse andbreak down large

quantities of degradable

pollution if they are not

overloaded.

Pollution worst near heavily

populated coastal zones

Wetlands, estuaries, coralreefs, mangrove swamps

40% of worlds pop. Live

within 62 miles of coast


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Mangrove Swamp


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Estuaries

O P ll i


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Ocean Pollution

Large amounts of untreated

raw sewage (viruses)

Leaking septic tanks

Runoff Algae blooms from

nutrients

Dead zones NO DO Airborne toxins

Oil spills

O P ll i


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Ocean Pollution

Fig. 22-11 p. 504


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C S d Ch k B


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Case Study: Chesapeake Bay

Largest US

estuary

Relatively shallow

Slow flushing

action to Atlantic

Major problems with dissolved O2

Fig. 22-13 p. 506


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Preventing and

reducing the

flow ofpollution from

land and from

streamsemptying into

the ocean is

key to

protecting

oceans

Oil S ill


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Oil Spills

Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and

storage tanks

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal

insulation and buoyancy, smothering

Significant economic impacts

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers andblotters

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and

dispersing agents

Oil S ill


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Oil Spills


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Section 6: Prevention and


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Section 6: Prevention andReduction

How can we reduce surface water pollution:

point and also nonpoint.

How do sewage treatment plants work?

How successful has the U.S. been at reducing

water pollution? Clean Water Act

Solutions: Preventing and Reducing


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Solutions: Preventing and ReducingSurface Water Pollution

Nonpoint Sources Point Sources

Reduce runoff

Buffer zone

vegetation

Reduce soil erosion

Clean Water Act

Water Quality Act

Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed

Nonpoint So rces


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Nonpoint Sources

Reduce runoff

Nonpoint Sources


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Nonpoint Sources

Buffer Zones Near

Streams

Nonpoint


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Nonpoint

Prevent soil erosion and only apply

needed pesticides and fertilizers

Point Sources


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Point Sources

Most developed countries

use laws to set water

pollution standards.

Federal Water PollutionControl Act (Clean

Water Act 1972, 77,

87) Regulates navigable

waterways..streams,

wetlands, rivers, lake

Clean Water Act


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Clean Water Act Sets standards for key

pollutants

Requires permits for

discharge

Requires sewage treatment Require permits for

wetland destruction

Does not deal with

nonpoint sources well

Goal All Waterways

fishable and swimable

Technological Approach: Septic


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Technological Approach: SepticSystems

Require suitable soils and maintenance

Fig. 22-15 p. 510

of all U.S. homes

have Septic tanks

Can be used in

parking lots, business

parks, etc.


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Combined sewer

overflow is a

problem in manyolder towns

EPA: 1.8 M to

3.85 M sick from

swimming in

water

contaminated by

sewer overflowsEPA: $100 billion

to fix

Technological Approach: Sewage


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Technological Approach: SewageTreatment

Physical and biological treatmentFig. 22-16 p. 511


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Primary: removes 60% of


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solids and 30-40% oxygen

demanding wastes

(physically)Secondary: uses biological

processes to remove up to

90% of biodegradables

Tertiary: advanced

techniques only used in 5%

of U.S. $$$$

Disinfection: chlorine,

ozone, UV

What is not taken out???


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Technological Approach: Advanced


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Technological Approach: Advanced(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment

Uses physical and chemical processes

Removes nitrate and phosphate

Expensive

Not widely used


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Sludge disposalusing as fertilizer

Technological Approach: Using


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ec o og ca pp oac Us gWetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 22-18 p. 513

The Good News


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The Good News

Largely thanks to CWA:

Between 19722002

fishable and swimmable

streams 36% to 60%

74% served by sewage

treatment

Wetlands loss dropped by

80%

Topsoil losses dropped by

1 billion tons annually

The Bad News


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The Bad News

45% of Lakes, 40% streams

still not fishable and

swimmable Nonpoint sources still huge

problem

Livestock and Ag. Runoff

Fish with toxins


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Section 7 Drinking Water


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Section 7 Drinking Water

How is drinking water purified? High techway.

How can we purify drinking water in

developing nations?

What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?

Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive

rip-off?

Drinking Water Quality


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Drinking Water Quality

Safe Drinking Water Act

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Purification of urban drinking water

Bottled water

Protection from terrorism

Purification of rural drinking water

Purification of urban drinking


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gwater

Surface Water: (likeDelaware River)

Removed to reservoir to

improve clarity

Pumped to a treatment

plant to meet drinking

water standards

Groundwater: often does

not need much

treatment


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Purification of rural drinking


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gwater

There can be simple waysto purify water:

Exposing to heat and UVrays

Fine cloths to filter water

Add small amounts ofchlorine



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54 countries havedrinking water laws

SDWA passed 1974requires EPA to set

drinking water

standards

Maximum Contaminating

Levels (MCLs)



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Privately owned wellsexempt from SDWA

SDWA requires publicnotification of failing to

meet standards and fine.

MCLs often stated in

parts per million or

parts per billion

Bottle Water


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Bottle Water

U.S. has the worldssafest tap water due to

billions of $$$ of

investment

Bottle water 240 to

10,000 times more

expensive than tapwater

25% of bottle water is tap

water

Bottle Water


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Bottle Water1.4 million metric tons of

bottle thrown awayeach year

Toxic fumes released

during bottling

Bottles made from oil

based plastics

Water does not need to

meet SDWA


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