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Growth and Development of Cities: Growth and Development of Cities: Week 11. Urban Design & EnvironmentWeek 11. Urban Design & Environment

URBS 310URBS 310

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What is Urban Design (Levy)What is Urban Design (Levy)• Middle between architecture and

planning• Focuses on the massing and

organization of buildings and on the spaces between them.

• Smaller scale than that of urban planner.

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Urban Design Process (Levy)Urban Design Process (Levy)

• Analysis• Synthesis• Evaluation• Implementation

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Urban Design Criteria (Levy)Urban Design Criteria (Levy)• Unity and coherence• Minimum conflict between vehicles

and pedestrians• Protection from rain, noise, wind, etc• Ease of orientation• Compatibility of land uses• Availability of palces to rest,

observe, and meet• Creation of a sense of security and

pleasantness.

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Haussmann: Grand AvenuesHaussmann: Grand Avenues

Avenue de la Grande Armée, one of Haussman's twelve grand avenues radiating from the Arc de Triomphe.La Défense and the Grande Arche (the hollow white cube) can be seen on the horizon.

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Clarence Perry: Neighborhood Unit ConceptClarence Perry: Neighborhood Unit Concept

Clarence Perry, Housing for the Machine Age, 1929.

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Clarence Stein: SuperblockClarence Stein: Superblock

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright--Radburn New Town, ("Superblock"), 1942

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Le Corbusier: Voisin Plan for ParisLe Corbusier: Voisin Plan for Paris

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Le Corbusier: Voisin Plan for ParisLe Corbusier: Voisin Plan for Paris

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Paolo SoleriPaolo Soleri

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The Hyper Building is a one-kilometer-high tower surrounded by a double set of concentric exedrae. The exedra is a semi-circular edifice that can host a large spectrum of urban activities. Tower and exedrae are not separable.

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Total Floor Space(100%): 40,000,000 square meters(400,000,000 sq. ft.)

Population: 250,000 people

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ArcosantiArcosanti

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New UrbanismNew Urbanism• Urban sprawls: environmental pollution,

the destruction of open space, a growing reliance on the automobile, a alck of affordable housing, and the segregation of the rich and poor. .. No sense of community

• Return to traditional neighborhood patterns … new urbanism

• Neotraditional planning, Traditional neighborhood planning, Transit-oriented p[lanning

• Andres Duany, Peter Katz, Peter calthorpe .. People should come first before the automobile.

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National Environmental Policy Act National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)(NEPA)

• Enacted in 1969• Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA)• Tremendous improvement in air and

water quality • Environmental Impact Statement

(EIS): federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. ‘Procedural’ mandate

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Components of EISComponents of EIS• The environmental impact of the

proposed action• Any adverse environmental effects

which can not be avoided.• Alternatives to the proposed action• The relationship between short term

uses of man’s environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity.

• Any irreversible and iretrievable commitments of resources.

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NEPA Environmental NEPA Environmental Review ProcessReview Process

• Proposed Agency Action …> EIS Rerquired? No: Agency Action Uncertain: Environmental Assessment

… FONSI (finding of no significant impact) or EIS Required

Yes: EIS process (notice of intent ….> Scoping process …> Draft EIS …> Agency and Public Comment …> Final EIS …> Record of decision …> Agency Action)

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State Implementation PlansState Implementation Plans

• Six criteria pollutants: Ozone (O3), Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulpher dioxide (SO2), and Lead (Pb).