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IntroductionBernard Zinman CM, MD, FRCP, FACP
Director, Leadership Sinai Centre for DiabetesProfessor of Medicine, University of Toronto
1
Disclosure• Consultations and Honoraria
– AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Takeda
• Grant Support– Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Merck
2
CV death All-cause mortality0
1
2
3
Haza
rd ra
tio (9
5% C
I) (d
iabe
tes v
s no
diab
etes
)
Type 2 diabetes is increasingly prevalent• Globally, 387 million people
are living with diabetes1
3
• At least 68% of people >65 years with diabetes die of heart disease2
This will rise to 592 million by 20351
1. IDF Diabetes Atlas 6th Edition 2014 http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas; 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2011; 3. Seshasai et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:829-41
Mortality risk associated with diabetes (n=820,900)3
Diabetes is associated with significant loss of life years
Seshasai et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:829-414
.
0
76543210
40 50 60 70 80 90Age (years)
Year
s of l
ife lo
st
Men76543210
40 50 60 70 80 900Age (years)
WomenNon-vascular deathsVascular deaths
On average, a 50-year-old individual with diabetes and no history of vascular disease will die 6 years earlier compared to someone without diabetes
0.50
Number of eventsMore
intensiveLess
intensiveDifference in HbA1c
(%)
HR (95% CI)
Stroke 378 370 -0.88 0.96 (0.83, 1.10)
Myocardial infarction 730 745 -0.88 0.85 (0.76, 0.94)
Hospitalisation for or death from heart failure
459 446 -0.88 1.00 (0.86, 1.16)
Meta-analysis of intensive glucose control in T2DM: major CV events including heart failure
5
Favours more intensive
Favours less intensive
• Meta-analysis of 27,049 participants and 2370 major vascular events from:– ADVANCE– UKPDS– ACCORD– VADT
HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascularTurnbull FM et al. Diabetologia 2009;52:2288–2298
0.50
Number of eventsMore
intensiveLess
intensiveDifference in HbA1c
(%)
HR (95% CI)
All-cause mortality 980 884 -0.88 1.04 (0.90,1.20)
CV death 497 441 -0.88 1.10 (0.84,1.42)
Non-CV death 476 432 -0.88 1.02 (0.89,1.18)
Meta-analysis of intensive glucose control in T2DM: mortality
6
Favours more intensive
Favours less intensive
• Meta-analysis of 27,049 participants and 2370 major vascular events from– ADVANCE– UKPDS– ACCORD– VADT
HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascularTurnbull FM et al. Diabetologia 2009;52:2288–2298
Recent trials of newer glucose-lowering agents have been neutral on the primary CV outcome
7
SAVOR-TIMI 53
EXAMINE
HR: 1.0(95% CI: 0.89,
1.12)
HR: 0.96(95% CI: UL
≤1.16)
TECOSHR: 0.98
(95% CI: 0.88, 1.09)
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®
ELIXAHR: 1.02
(95% CI: 0.89, 1.17)
Empagliflozin
DPP-4 inhibitors*
Lixisenatide
CV, cardiovascular; HR, hazard ratio; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4*Saxagliptin, alogliptin, sitagliptinAdapted from Johansen OE. World J Diabetes 2015;6:1092-96
2013 2014 2015
Empagliflozin• Empagliflozin is a highly selective inhibitor of the
sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidney• Glucose reduction occurs by reducing renal glucose
reabsorption and thus increasing urinary glucose excretion
• In patients with type 2 diabetes, empagliflozin leads to1:– Significant reductions in HbA1c – Weight loss – Reductions in blood pressure without increases in heart
rate
81. Liakos A et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:984-93
Empagliflozin modulates several factors related to CV risk
Adapted from Inzucchi SE,Zinman, B, Wanner, C et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015;12:90-100 9
BPArterial stiffness
GlucoseInsulin
Albuminuria
Uric acid
Other
↑LDL-C↑HDL-C
Triglycerides
Oxidative stress
Sympathetic nervous system activity
WeightVisceral adiposity
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®
• Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled CV outcomes trial
• ObjectiveTo examine the long-term effects of empagliflozin versus placebo, in addition to standard of care, on CV morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of CV events
10CV, cardiovascular
Trial designJohn M Lachin, ScD
Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, and Statistics, The George Washington University,
Rockville, USA
11
Disclosure• Consultations
– Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Co., Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, AstraZeneca
12
Participating countries
North America, Australia, New ZealandLatin America
Asia
AfricaEurope
590 sites in 42 countries
13
Trial design
• Study medication was given in addition to standard of care– Glucose-lowering therapy was to remain unchanged for first 12
weeks• Treatment assignment double masked• The trial was to continue until at least 691 patients
experienced an adjudicated primary outcome event14
Randomised and treated(n=7020)
Empagliflozin 10 mg (n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg (n=2342)
Placebo (n=2333)
Screening(n=11531)
Timeline• September 15th 2010: First patient entered• April 13th 2013: Last patient entered• December 15th 2014: Closeout (final visits) started • April 13th 2015: Last patient out
• Efforts were made to track outcomes and vital status for all patients, including those who discontinued trial medication
15
Patient dispositionPlacebo Empagliflozin
10 mgEmpagliflozi
n 25 mg
N (%) Intent-to-treat population 2333 (100) 2345 (100) 2342 (100)Discontinued study drug prematurely
683 (29.3) 555 (23.7) 542 (23.1)
Completed study or died 2266 (97.1) 2264 (96.5) 2264 (96.5) Vital status available 2316 (99.3) 2324 (99.1) 2327 (99.4)
16
Key inclusion and exclusion criteria• Key inclusion criteria
– Adults with type 2 diabetes– BMI ≤45 kg/m2 – HbA1c 7–10%* – Established cardiovascular disease
• Prior myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, stroke, unstable angina or occlusive peripheral arterial disease
• Key exclusion criteria– eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 (MDRD)
17
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease*No glucose-lowering therapy for ≥12 weeks prior to randomisation or no change in dose for ≥12 weeks prior to randomisation or, in the case of insulin, unchanged by >10% compared to the dose at randomisation
Pre-specified primary and key secondary outcomes• Primary outcome
– 3-point MACE: Time to first occurrence of CV death, non-fatal MI or non-fatal stroke
• Key secondary outcome– 4-point MACE: Time to first occurrence of CV death, non-
fatal MI, non-fatal stroke or hospitalisation for unstable angina
18CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction; MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event
CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction
Further pre-specified outcomes • CV death• Non-fatal MI• Non-fatal stroke• Hospitalisation for heart failure• All-cause mortality
• All CV and neurological events were adjudicated by independent, masked, clinical event committees
19
Additional analyses • Changes from baseline in:
– HbA1c– Weight– Waist circumference– Systolic and diastolic blood pressure– Heart rate– LDL cholesterol– HDL cholesterol
• Safety and tolerability – Adverse events
20HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein
Statistical testing strategy for MACE• Analysis compared empagliflozin 10 mg and 25 mg
(pooled) versus placebo• Hierarchy to be used:
1. Test of non-inferiority for 3-point MACE2. Test of non-inferiority for 4-point MACE3. Test of superiority for 3-point MACE 4. Test of superiority for 4-point MACE
• Each tested at =0.0249, allowing for 0.0001 penalty for inclusion of interim data in NDA to FDA
• Non-inferiority was concluded if two-sided upper bound of 95.02% CI was <1.3
• Superiority was concluded if two-sided p≤0.0498
21MACE; Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; NDA, New Drug Application; FDA, Food and Drug Administration
Statistical analysis• Analyses of CV outcomes were based on a Cox
proportional hazards model • Patients who did not have an event were censored on the
last day they were known to be free of the outcome • Cumulative incidence functions were corrected for
mortality as a competing risk (except for all-cause mortality)
• The primary analysis was conducted in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug (intent-to-treat population)
• The CV outcome analyses were independently validated by statisticians at the University of Freiburg, Germany
22
Further pre-defined analyses of the primary outcome • Secondary analyses:
– Comparisons of empagliflozin 10 mg versus placebo and empagliflozin 25 mg versus placebo
• Sensitivity analyses:– To assess the robustness of the outcomes, we used
three subsets of the data set (two on-treatment sets and one per-protocol set)
• Subgroup analyses based on baseline characteristics
23
Baseline characteristics and effectiveness results
Christoph Wanner, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology,
Würzburg University Clinic, Würzburg, Germany
24
Disclosures• Grants from European Foundation of Studies in Diabetes
– EFSD/Boehringer Ingelheim European Diabetes Research Programme
25
Baseline characteristics Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)Age, years 63.2 (8.8) 63.0 (8.6) 63.2 (8.6)Male 1680 (72.0) 1653 (70.5) 1683 (71.9)Region
Europe 959 (41.1) 966 (41.2) 960 (41.0)North America* 462 (19.8) 466 (19.9) 466 (19.9)Asia 450 (19.3) 447 (19.1) 450 (19.2)Latin America 360 (15.4) 359 (15.3) 362 (15.5)Africa 102 (4.4) 107 (4.6) 104 (4.4)
Data are n (%) or mean (SD) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
26*Includes Australia and New Zealand
Glucose-lowering medication*Metformin 1734 (74.3) 1729 (73.7) 1730 (73.9)Sulphonylurea 992 (42.5) 985 (42.0) 1029 (43.9)Thiazolidinedione 101 (4.3) 96 (4.1) 102 (4.4)Insulin 1135 (48.6) 1132 (48.3) 1120 (47.8)
Mean daily dose, U** 65 (50.6) 65 (47.9) 66 (48.9)
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin25 mg
(n=2342)HbA1c, % 8.08 (0.84) 8.07 (0.86) 8.06 (0.84)Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, years
≤5 423 (18.1) 406 (17.3) 434 (18.6)>5 to 10 571 (24.5) 585 (24.9) 590 (25.2)>10 1339 (57.4) 1354 (57.7) 1318 (56.3)
Baseline characteristics: type 2 diabetes
Data are n (%) or mean (SD) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
27
*Medication taken alone or in combination**Placebo, n=1135; empagliflozin 10 mg, n=1132; empagliflozin 25 mg, n=1120
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
135.8 (17.2) 134.9 (16.8) 135.6 (17.0)
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
76.8 (10.1) 76.6 (9.8) 76.6 (9.7)
Heart rate, bpm* 70.7 (0.2) 71.0 (0.2) 70.5 (0.2)LDL cholesterol, mg/dL 84.9 (35.3) 86.3 (36.7) 85.5 (35.2)HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 44.0 (11.3) 44.7 (12.0) 44.5 (11.8)eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2
(MDRD)73.8 (21.1) 74.3 (21.8) 74.0 (21.4)
≥90 mL/min/1.73m2 488 (20.9%) 519 (22.1%) 531 (22.7%)60 to <90 mL/min/1.73m2 1238 (53.1%) 1221 (52.1%) 1204 (51.4%)<60 mL/min/1.73m2 607 (26.0%) 605 (25.8%) 607 (25.9%)
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)Body mass index, kg/m2 30.7 (5.2) 30.6 (5.2) 30.6 (5.3)Weight, kg 86.6 (19.1) 85.9 (18.8) 86.5 (19.0)Waist circumference, cm 105.0 (14.0) 104.7 (13.7) 104.8 (13.7)
Baseline characteristics: CV risk factors
Data are n (%) or mean (SD) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
28
*Mean (SE). LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation
Baseline characteristics: CV complicationsPlacebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)Any CV risk factor 2307 (98.9%) 2333 (99.5%) 2324 (99.2%)
Coronary artery disease 1763 (75.6%) 1782 (76.0%) 1763 (75.3%)Multi-vessel coronary artery disease
1100 (47.1%) 1078 (46.0%) 1101 (47.0%)
History of MI 1083 (46.4%) 1107 (47.2%) 1083 (46.2%)Coronary artery bypass graft
563 (24.1%) 594 (25.3%) 581 (24.8%)
History of stroke 553 (23.7%) 535 (22.8%) 549 (23.4%)Peripheral artery disease 479 (20.5%) 465 (19.8%) 517 (22.1%)Single vessel coronary artery disease
238 (10.2%) 258 (11.0%) 240 (10.2%)
Cardiac failure* 244 (10.5%) 240 (10.2%) 222 (9.5%)Data are n (%) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
29*Based on narrow standardised MedDRA query “cardiac failure”
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers
Baseline characteristics: CV medication (1)
30
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)Anti-hypertensive therapy 2221 (95.2%) 2227 (95.0%) 2219 (94.7%)
ACE inhibitors/ARBs 1868 (80.1%) 1896 (80.9%) 1902 (81.2%)Beta-blockers 1498 (64.2%) 1530 (65.2%) 1526 (65.2%)Diuretics 988 (42.3%) 1036 (44.2%) 1011 (43.2%)Calcium channel blockers 788 (33.8%) 781 (33.3%) 748 (31.9%)Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
136 (5.8%) 157 (6.7%) 148 (6.3%)
Renin inhibitors 19 (0.8%) 16 (0.7%) 11 (0.5%)Other 191 (8.2%) 193 (8.2%) 190 (8.1%)
Data are n (%) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
Baseline characteristics: CV medication (2)
31
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)Lipid-lowering drugs 1864 (79.9%) 1926 (82.1%) 1894 (80.9%)
Statins 1773 (76.0%) 1827 (77.9%) 1803 (77.0%)Fibrates 199 (8.5%) 214 (9.1%) 217 (9.3%)Ezetimibe 81 (3.5%) 95 (4.1%) 94 (4.0%)Niacin 35 (1.5%) 56 (2.4%) 35 (1.5%)Other 175 (7.5%) 172 (7.3%) 193 (8.2%)
Anti-coagulants and anti-platelets
2090 (89.6%) 2098 (89.5%) 2064 (88.1%)
Acetylsalicylic acid 1927 (82.6%) 1939 (82.7%) 1937 (82.7%)Clopidogrel 249 (10.7%) 253 (10.8%) 241 (10.3%)Vitamin K antagonists 156 (6.7%) 141 (6.0%) 125 (5.3%)
Data are n (%) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
Exposure
32
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)Treatment duration, years 2.6 (1.8-3.4) 2.6 (1.9-3.4) 2.6 (2.0-3.4)Observation time, years 3.1 (2.2-3.5) 3.2 (2.2-3.6) 3.2 (2.2-3.6)
Data are median (interquartile range) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
HbA1c
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E) H
bA1c
(%)
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10
mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
229422962296
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
227222722280
218822182212
213321502152
211321552150
206321082115
200820722080
196720582044
174118051842
145615201540
124112971327
110911641190
96210061043
705749795
420488498
151170195
12 28 52 94 10880 12266 1360 150 164 178 192 20640
33
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
Weight
80
82
84
86
88
90
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E) w
eigh
t (kg
)
228522902283
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
191518931891
221522382226
213821742178
159816731678
123912981335
425483489
Placebo
Empagliflozin 10 mg
Empagliflozin 25 mg
34
28 52 1080 164 22012
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
Waist circumference
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
WeekAdju
sted
mea
n (S
E) w
aist
circ
um-
fere
nce
(cm
)
225922722273
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
186918361857
218322192209
211021552157
156216441648
122012851329
418475486
Placebo
Empagliflozin 10 mg
Empagliflozin 25 mg
28 52 1080 164 22012
35
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
Systolic blood pressure
36
125127129131133135137139141143145
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E) s
ysto
lic
bloo
d pr
essu
re (m
mHg
)
232223222323
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
223522502247
220322352221
216121932197
213321742169
207321252129
202420952102
197420722066
177118531878
149215561571
127413271351
112611891212
98110341070
735790842
450518528
171199216
Placebo
Empagliflozin 10 mg
Empagliflozin 25 mg
16 28 52 94 10880 12266 1360 150 164 178 192 20640
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
Diastolic blood pressure
37
7071727374757677787980
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E) d
iast
olic
bloo
d pr
essu
re (m
mHg
)
232223222323
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
223522502247
220322352221
216121932197
213321742169
207321252129
202420952102
197420722066
177118531878
149215561571
127413271351
112611891212
98110341070
735790842
450518528
171199216
Placebo
Empagliflozin 10 mg
Empagliflozin 25 mg
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
16 28 52 94 10880 12266 1360 150 164 178 192 20640
Heart rate (ECG)
38
6566676869707172737475
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E)
hear
t rat
e (b
pm)
217422052192
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
212721372127
203220642066
192820062006
179618771907
130013661383
100210451086
552597633
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10
mgEmpagliflozin 25
mg
28 52 10880 1360 164 192
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
80828486889092949698
100
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E)
LDL
chol
este
rol (
mg/
dL)
229722942287
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
227322692256
217922052188
210421432132
200620722060
193219982020
141914741503
108611331169
694740779
Placebo
Empagliflozin 10 mg
Empagliflozin 25 mg
28 52 10880 1360 164 1924
39
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
4041424344454647484950
Week
Adju
sted
mea
n (S
E)
HDL
chol
este
rol (
mg/
dL)
229722952289
PlaceboEmpagliflozin 10 mgEmpagliflozin 25 mg
227322702259
218122092191
210421442135
200720742064
193220012022
141914751507
108711341170
694741779
Placebo
Empagliflozin 10 mg
Empagliflozin 25 mg
40
All patients (including those who discontinued study drug or initiated new therapies) were included in this mixed model repeated measures analysis (intent-to-treat)
X-axis: timepoints with reasonable amount of data available for pre-scheduled measurements
28 52 10880 1360 164 1924
Cardiovascular outcomesSilvio E Inzucchi
Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
41
Disclosure• Consultations and non-financial support
– Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi/Regeron, Intarcia, Lexicon, Poxel, Takeda, Eli Lilly
• CME funding to Yale University– Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Abbott, Merck and
Sanofi
42
43
Primary outcome:3-point MACE
HR 0.86(95.02% CI 0.74, 0.99)
p=0.0382*
Cumulative incidence function. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio. * Two-sided tests for superiority were conducted (statistical significance was indicated if p≤0.0498)
44
3-point MACEEmpagliflozin 10
mgHR 0.85
(95% CI 0.72, 1.01)p=0.0668
Empagliflozin 25 mg
HR 0.86(95% CI 0.73, 1.02)
p=0.0865
Cumulative incidence function. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio
0.5 1.0
On-treatment analysis**
407/4607 227/2308 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) 0.0839
Per protocol analysis***
487/4654 278/2316 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) 0.0519
Patients with event/ analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
Intent-to-treat population
490/4687 282/2333 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)* 0.0382
3-point MACE: sensitivity analyses
Favours empagliflozin Favours placebo
45
Cox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio.*95.02% CI.**Excluding events >30 days after last intake of study drug and patients who received study drug for <30 days (cumulative). ***Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug who did not have important protocol violations.
Patients with event/ analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
3-point MACE 490/4687 282/2333 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)* 0.0382
CV death
CV death, MI and stroke
46
Favours empagliflozin Favours placeboCox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction*95.02% CI
CV death
47
HR 0.62(95% CI 0.49, 0.77)
p<0.0001
Cumulative incidence function. HR, hazard ratio
CV death
48
Empagliflozin 10 mg
HR 0.65(95% CI 0.50, 0.85)
p=0.0016
Empagliflozin 25 mg
HR 0.59(95% CI 0.45, 0.77)
p=0.0001
Cumulative incidence function. HR, hazard ratio
Patients with event/analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
3-point MACE 490/4687 282/2333 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)* 0.0382
CV death 172/4687 137/2333 0.62 (0.49, 0.77) <0.0001
Non-fatal MI
Non-fatal stroke
CV death, MI and stroke
49
Favours empagliflozin Favours placeboCox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction*95.02% CI
Patients with event/analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
3-point MACE 490/4687 282/2333 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)* 0.0382
CV death 172/4687 137/2333 0.62 (0.49, 0.77) <0.0001
Non-fatal MI 213/4687 121/2333 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) 0.2189
Non-fatal stroke 150/4687 60/2333 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) 0.1638
CV death, MI and stroke
50
Favours empagliflozin Favours placeboCox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction*95.02% CI
0.5
Patients with event/analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
Intent-to-treat population164/4687 69/2333 1.18 (0.89, 1.56) 0.2567
Fatal and non-fatal stroke
Cox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio; *Excluding events >30 days after last intake of study drug and patients who received study drug for <30 days (cumulative)
On-treatment analysis*141/4607 66/2308 1.04 (0.78, 1.40) 0.7849
0.5
Favoursempagliflozin
Favoursplacebo
Numerical difference largely driven by events occurring >30 days after treatment
stop Favoursempagliflozin
Favoursplacebo
Patients with event/analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
3-point MACE 490/4687 282/2333 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)* 0.0382
CV death 172/4687 137/2333 0.62 (0.49, 0.77) <0.0001
Non-fatal MI 213/4687 121/2333 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) 0.2189
Non-fatal stroke 150/4687 60/2333 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) 0.1638
4-point MACE
3-point MACE and 4-point MACE
52
Favours empagliflozin Favours placeboCox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction*95.02% CI
Patients with event/analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR (95% CI) p-value
3-point MACE 490/4687 282/2333 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)* 0.0382
CV death 172/4687 137/2333 0.62 (0.49, 0.77) <0.0001
Non-fatal MI 213/4687 121/2333 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) 0.2189
Non-fatal stroke 150/4687 60/2333 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) 0.1638
4-point MACE 599/4687 333/2333 0.89 (0.78, 1.01)* 0.0795
3-point MACE and 4-point MACE
53
Favours empagliflozin Favours placeboCox regression analysis. MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR, hazard ratio; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction*95.02% CI
3-point MACE: subgroup analysisEmpagliflozi
nPlacebo
All patients 4687 2333Age, years 0.01<65 2596 1297≥65 2091 1036
Sex 0.81Male 3336 1680Female 1351 653
Race 0.09White 3403 1678Asian 1006 511Black/African-American 237 120
HbA1c, % 0.01<8.5 3212 1607≥8.5 1475 726
Body mass index, kg/m2 0.06<30 2279 1120 ≥30 2408 1213
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 0.20≥90 1050 48860 to <90 2425 1238<60 1212 607
p-value for interaction
Favours empagliflozin Favours placeboFor the test of homogeneity of the treatment group difference among subgroups with no adjustment for multiple tests. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (according to Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation) 54
HR (95% CI)
CV death: subgroup analysesHR (95% CI)
Favours empagliflozin Favours placebo
55
For the test of homogeneity of the treatment group difference among subgroups with no adjustment for multiple tests. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (according to Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation)
Empagliflozin
Placebo
All patients 4687 2333Age, years 0.21<65 2596 1297≥65 2091 1036
Sex 0.32Male 3336 1680Female 1351 653
Race 0.43White 3403 1678Asian 1006 511Black/African-American 237 120
HbA1c, % 0.51<8.5 3212 1607≥8.5 1475 726
Body mass index, kg/m2 0.05<30 2279 1120 ≥30 2408 1213
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 0.15≥90 1050 48860 to <90 2425 1238<60 1212 607
p-value for interaction
Heart failure
56
Hospitalisation for heart failure
57
HR 0.65(95% CI 0.50, 0.85)
p=0.0017
Cumulative incidence function. HR, hazard ratio
Hospitalisation for heart failure
58
Empagliflozin 10 mg
HR 0.62(95% CI 0.45, 0.86)
p=0.0044
Empagliflozin 25 mg
HR 0.68(95% CI 0.50, 0.93)
p=0.0166
Cumulative incidence function. HR, hazard ratio
All-cause mortality
59
All-cause mortality
60
HR 0.68(95% CI 0.57, 0.82)
p<0.0001
Kaplan-Meier estimate. HR, hazard ratio
All-cause mortality
61
HR 0.68(95% CI 0.57, 0.82)
p<0.0001
Empagliflozin 10 mg
HR 0.70(95% CI 0.56, 0.87)
p=0.0013
Empagliflozin 25 mg
HR 0.67(95% CI 0.54, 0.83)
p=0.0003
Kaplan-Meier estimate. HR, hazard ratio
0.25 2.50
Patients with event/analysedEmpagliflozin Placebo HR 95% CI p-value
All-cause mortality 269/4687 194/2333 0.68 (0.57, 0.82) <0.0001
CV death 172/4687 137/2333 0.62 (0.49, 0.77) <0.0001
Non-CV death 97/4687 57/2333 0.84 (0.60, 1.16) 0.2852
All-cause mortality, CV death and non-CV death
62
Favours empagliflozin Favours placebo
Cox regression analysis. CV, cardiovascular; HR, hazard ratio
Safety and tolerability David Fitchett, MD
Cardiologist, St Michael’s HospitalAssociate Professor of Medicine, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada
63
Disclosures• Consultations
– Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Merck
64
Adverse events
Rate = per100 patient-years
Placebo(n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)
n (%) Rate n (%) Rate n (%) RateOne or more AEs 2139
(91.7%)178.67 2112
(90.1%)150.34 2118
(90.4%)148.36
One or more drug-related* AEs
549 (23.5%)
11.33 666 (28.4%)
14.15 643 (27.5%)
13.38
One or more AEs leading to discontinuation
453 (19.4%)
8.26 416 (17.7%)
7.28 397 (17.0%)
6.89
One or more serious AEs 988 (42.3%)
22.34 876 (37.4%)
18.20 913 (39.0%)
19.39
65
*As reported by the investigatorPatients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug
Adverse events consistent with urinary tract infection
Rate = per100 patient-years
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)
n (%) Rate n (%) Rate n (%) RateEvents consistent with UTI 423
(18.1%)8.21 426
(18.2%)8.02 416
(17.8%)7.75
Events leading to discontinuation
10 (0.4%)
0.17 22 (0.9%)
0.37 19 (0.8%)
0.31
By sexMale 158
(9.4%)3.96 180
(10.9%)4.49 170
(10.1%)4.09
Female 265 (40.6%)
22.81 246 (35.5%)
18.83 246 (37.3%)
20.38
66
Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug Based on 79 MedDRA preferred terms
Complicated urinary tract infectionPlacebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)n (%) Rate n (%) Rate n (%) Rate
Complicated urinary tract infection*
41 (1.8%)
0.71 34 (1.4%)
0.57 48 (2.0%)
0.80
Urinary tract infection 16 (0.7%)
0.28 13 (0.6%)
0.22 16 (0.7%)
0.27
Pyelonephritis† 22 (0.9%)
0.38 15 (0.6%)
0.25 20 (0.9%)
0.33
Urosepsis 3 (0.1%)
0.05 6 (0.3%)
0.10 11 (0.5%)
0.18
Rate = per100 patient-years
67
Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drugEvents reported in >0.1% of patients in any group are shown*Pyelonephritis, urosepsis or serious adverse event consistent with urinary tract infection†Based on 15 MedDRA preferred terms
Adverse events consistent with genital infection
Rate = per100 patient-years
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)
n (%) Rate n (%) Rate n (%) RateEvents consistent with genital infection
42 (1.8%)
0.73 153 (6.5%)
2.66 148 (6.3%)
2.55
Serious events 3 (0.1%)
0.05 5 (0.2%)
0.08 4 (0.2%)
0.07
Events leading to discontinuation
2 (0.1%)
0.03 19 (0.8%)
0.32 14 (0.6%)
0.23
By sexMale 25
(1.5%)0.60 89
(5.4%)2.16 77
(4.6%)1.78
Female 17(2.6%)
1.09 64(9.2%)
3.93 71(10.8%)
4.81
68
Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug Based on 88 MedDRA preferred terms
Confirmed hypoglycaemic adverse eventsPlacebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)n (%)
Confirmed hypoglycaemic adverse events
650 (27.9%) 656 (28.0%) 647 (27.6%)
Events requiring assistance
36 (1.5%) 33 (1.4%) 30 (1.3%)
Patients taking insulin at baseline
Total 483 (42.6%) 494 (43.6%) 464 (41.4%)
Events requiring assistance
28 (2.5%) 27 (2.4%) 25 (2.2%)
69
Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug Plasma glucose <3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) and/or requiring assistance
Other adverse events (1)Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)n (%) Rate n (%) Rate n (%) Rate
Diabetic ketoacidosis* 1 (<0.1%
)
0.02 3(0.1%)
0.05 1(<0.1%
)
0.02
Acute kidney injury† 155 (6.6%)
2.77 121(5.2%)
2.07 125(5.3%)
2.12
Events consistent with volume depletion§
115 (4.9%)
2.04 115(4.9%)
1.97 124(5.3%)
2.11
Serious events 24(1.0%)
0.42 19(0.8%)
0.32 26(1.1%)
0.43
Events leading to discontinuation
7(0.3%)
0.12 1 (<0.1%
)
0.02 4 (0.2%)
0.07
Venous thrombotic events**
20(0.9%)
0.35 9(0.4%)
0.15 21(0.9%)
0.35Rate = per100 patient-years
70
Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug*Based on 4 MedDRA preferred terms. †Based on 1 standardised MedDRA query§Based on 8 MedDRA preferred terms. **Based on 1 standardised MedDRA query
Other adverse events (2)
71
Patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drug*Based on standardised MedDRA queries†Based on 62 MedDRA preferred terms
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342)
n (%) Rate n (%) Rate n (%) RateHepatic injury* 108
(4.6%)1.91 80
(3.4%)1.35 88
(3.8%)1.48
Hypersensitivity* 197(8.4%)
3.59 158(6.7%)
2.75 181(7.7%)
3.14
Bone fractures† 91(3.9%)
1.61 92(3.9%)
1.57 87 (3.7%)
1.46
Rate = per100 patient-years
Electrolytes Sodium, mEq/L 141 (2) 0 (2) 141 (2) 0 (2) 141 (2) 0 (2)Potassium, mEq/L 4.3 (0.4) 0.0 (0.4) 4.3 (0.4) 0.0 (0.4) 4.3 (0.4) 0.0 (0.4)Calcium, mg/dL 9.7 (0.5) 0.0 (0.5) 9.7 (0.4) 0.0 (0.5) 9.7 (0.4) 0.0 (0.5)Magnesium, mEq/L 1.7 (0.2) 0.0 (0.2) 1.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.2) 1.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.2)Phosphate, mg/dL 3.7 (0.3) 0.0 (0.3) 3.7 (0.3) 0.1 (0.3) 3.7 (0.3) 0.1 (0.3)
Placebo (n=2333)
Empagliflozin 10 mg
(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg
(n=2342) Baseline Change
from baseline
Baseline Change from
baseline
Baseline Change from
baselineHaematocrit, % 41.1 (5.7) 0.9 (4.7) 41.2 (5.6) 4.8 (5.5) 41.3 (5.7) 5.0 (5.3)Haemoglobin, g/dL 13.4 (1.5) -0.1 (1.2) 13.4 (1.5) 0.8 (1.3) 13.5 (1.5) 0.8 (1.3)Serum creatinine, mg/dL
1.04 (0.24) 0.07 (0.25) 1.03 (0.23) 0.04 (0.2) 1.04 (0.25) 0.04 (0.19)
eGFR mL/min/1.73m2 74.8 (20.6) -4.5 (12.9) 75.2 (21.1) -2.5 (13.1) 75.0 (21.4) -2.8 (13.4)
Changes in clinical laboratory parameters
72
Data are mean (SD) in patients treated with ≥1 dose of study drugChanges from baseline are at last value on treatment, defined as the last measurement ≤3 days after thelast intake of study drug
Implications for practice and conclusions
Bernard Zinman CM, MD, FRCP, FACPDirector, Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes
Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto
73
74
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®: Summary• Empagliflozin reduced risk for 3-point MACE by 14%
• Empagliflozin was associated with a reduction in HbA1c without an increase in hypoglycaemia, reductions in weight and blood pressure, and small increases in LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol
• Empagliflozin was associated with an increase in genital infections but was otherwise well tolerated
MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein
75
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®: Summary• Empagliflozin reduced hospitalisation for heart failure
by 35%
• Empagliflozin reduced CV death by 38%
• Empagliflozin improved survival by reducing all-cause mortality by 32%
CV, cardiovascular
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®: Important features• Population studied
– A high CV risk population with modest hyperglycaemia on standard glucose-lowering and CV therapy
• Follow-up and retention– 97.0% of patients completed the study and vital status was
available for 99.2% of patients
• Two doses of empagliflozin (10 mg and 25 mg) studied– Similar magnitude of reduction with both doses for CV
death, all-cause mortality and hospitalisation for heart failure
76CV, cardiovascular
Number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one death across landmark trials in patients with high CV risk
77
1. 4S investigator. Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-89, http://www.trialresultscenter.org/study2590-4S.htm; 2. HOPE investigator N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53, http://www.trialresultscenter.org/study2606-HOPE.htm
Simvastatin1
for 5.4 years
30High CV risk 5% diabetes, 26%
hypertension
1994 2000 2015
Pre-statin era
56 High CV risk
38% diabetes, 46% hypertension
Ramipril2for 5 years
Pre-ACEi/ARB era <29% statin
Empagliflozin for 3 years
39T2DM with high CV risk
92% hypertension
>80% ACEi/ARB >75% statin
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®:Therapeutic considerations• Empagliflozin, as used in this trial, for 3 years in 1,000
patients with type 2 diabetes at high CV risk:
– 25 lives saved (82 vs 57 deaths)• 22 fewer CV deaths (59 vs 37)
– 14 fewer hospitalisations for heart failure (42 vs 28)– 53 additional genital infections (22 vs 75)
78
79
EMPA-REG OUTCOME®: What effect will these results have on clinical practice guidelines?
Acknowledgements • We are indebted to the study participants for their
commitment to following the trial protocol including adherence to study medication, clinic visits and assessments
• We thank the physician investigators, coordinators and their staff from 590 sites in 42 countries who conscientiously enrolled participants and maintained excellent follow-up throughout the study
80
Acknowledgements EMPA-REG OUTCOME® Steering CommitteeBernard Zinman [Chair], Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, CanadaChristoph Wanner, Würzburg University Clinic, Würzburg, GermanyJohn M. Lachin, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USADavid Fitchett, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaErich Bluhmki, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, GermanyOdd Erik Johansen, Boehringer Ingelheim KS, Asker, NorwayHans J. Woerle, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany Uli C. Broedl, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany Silvio E. Inzucchi, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
81
Acknowledgements Data Safety Monitoring BoardFrancine K. Welty, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA Klaus G. Parhofer, University of Munich, Munich, GermanyTerje R. Pedersen, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayKennedy R. Lees, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UKTim Clayton, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UKStuart Pocock, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UKMike Palmer, N Zero 1 Ltd, Wilmslow, UK
82
Further reading• The slides from this presentation are available at:
www.empa-reg-outcome.com www.easd.org
• www.nejm.org
83