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Improving on our Improving on our “Improvement Systems”“Improvement Systems”

Improving on our Improving on our “Improvement Systems”“Improvement Systems”

-- Bootstrapping Capabilities in a -- Bootstrapping Capabilities in a Collaborative Work EnvironmentCollaborative Work Environment

SEOUL digital FORUM 2005

“Quo Vadis Ubiquitous: Charting a New Digital Society”

May 18~20, 2005

Peter P. Yim<[email protected]>

(v 1.08)


Changing Times – Changing Times – so what else is so what else is new?new?

““The only thing constant is change” … that’s The only thing constant is change” … that’s already a clichéalready a cliché

The issue: it's not just about "change“ … its The issue: it's not just about "change“ … its "accelerating change" that we need to cope with"accelerating change" that we need to cope with

from …Thomas Kuhn's structure of scientific from …Thomas Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions, …to Moore's Law …to Ray Kurzweil's revolutions, …to Moore's Law …to Ray Kurzweil's age of intelligent machines …to ‘the Singularity‘age of intelligent machines …to ‘the Singularity‘

couple that with urgency and complexity, and we couple that with urgency and complexity, and we might even have a doomsday story to tellmight even have a doomsday story to tell


The Internet has got it right The Internet has got it right … but actually, not quite!… but actually, not quite!

What’s right?What’s right?• the technologies, the pool of knowledge and resources

we can amass, the almost universal access, ...• it's moving us in the right direction

What’s not?What’s not?• guess what is the most popular “search term” on the

web now?• more importantly: How many of the solutions to those

15 millennium challenges takes center stage on the Internet now?

We still aren't coping with the grand challenges! We still aren't coping with the grand challenges!


Comes Doug …Comes Doug …

Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart -- the inventor, visionary Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart -- the inventor, visionary and humanistand humanist• maybe you don't recognize the name -- but I bet you are

very familiar with his inventions and the work he pioneered

what really matters is that he is an optimist and what really matters is that he is an optimist and pragmatist … and he believes in a normative pragmatist … and he believes in a normative futurefuture

with that, he postulated the with that, he postulated the “Bootstrap” vision and mission“Bootstrap” vision and mission, as a means to , as a means to allow us to cope with complex and urgent allow us to cope with complex and urgent problems on a global scale problems on a global scale


Tool SystemTool System

MediaPortrayTravel, ViewStudyManipulateRetrieveComputeCommunicate

MediaPortrayTravel, ViewStudyManipulateRetrieveComputeCommunicate

Human SystemHuman System

ParadigmsOrganizationProceduresCustomsMethodsLanguageAttitudes

ParadigmsOrganizationProceduresCustomsMethodsLanguageAttitudes

CapabilityInfrastructure

CapabilityInfrastructure

Percept. Motor

Mental

Percept. Motor

Mental

SkillsKnowledgeSkillsKnowledge

TrainingTraining

Capability to Improve

Needs a prominentand explicit role!

Capability to Improve

Needs a prominentand explicit role!

Harnessing explosive technology depends, to a new degree, Harnessing explosive technology depends, to a new degree, on the on the ““Capability-Improvement CapabilityCapability-Improvement Capability””

- Doug Engelbart, Jan. 2000 (excerpt from the Stanford ‘Unfinished Revolution-II’ Colloquium)


““Bootstrap” in a NutshellBootstrap” in a Nutshell Encompassing powerful concepts like:Encompassing powerful concepts like:

• Augmentation• Capability Infrastructure• New perspectives on ‘work’ (A-B-C work)• Open Hyperdocument System Framework (OHS)• Dynamic Knowledge Repositories (DKR)• Concurrent Development, Integration & Application of

Knowledge (CoDIAK)• Networked Improvement Communities (NIC & metaNIC)• Exploratory Environments and pilot outposts• Collective Intelligence• Co-evolution of Human and Tool Systems, … and• Improving on improvements

disclaimer: “Bootstrapping” as Doug Engelbart teaches it, actually defies being reduced to sound-bites. The author is only making a meager attempt to make an introduction here. =ppy


State of the Future?State of the Future?


Something to watch out for Something to watch out for …… These are a few things at the intersection These are a few things at the intersection

of technology and society that I would of technology and society that I would watch out for:watch out for:• at the edge: communities of practice, open

standards development, ontological engineering and the emerging semantic web, open/free software, …

• at the core: collaboration, co-evolution, openness*, … and people * ‘Open’ as in transparency, open access, open

standards, open technology (like open source software), open content, open knowledge, …. and ‘open mind’


Some bellwether activities …Some bellwether activities …

These are some projects (which the author has first These are some projects (which the author has first hand knowledge on) that might give us a peek into hand knowledge on) that might give us a peek into what is forthcoming:what is forthcoming:• OASIS - developing open standards through open

collaboration• SOFI System - culminating statistics and futures research

methodologies in a participatory platform to ‘measure’ the future

• Ontolog Forum - moving ontological engineering and semantic technologies into the mainstream

• US Federal Enterprise Architecture – an US initiative and presidential management agenda toward E-Government

• Open Virtual Enterprise(s) in ‘fishnet’ organizations


Working as Communities of PracticeWorking as Communities of Practice What are CoP’s anyway?What are CoP’s anyway?

a group of professionals, informally bound to one another through a group of professionals, informally bound to one another through exposure to a common class of problems, common pursuit of exposure to a common class of problems, common pursuit of solutions, and thereby themselves embodying a store of solutions, and thereby themselves embodying a store of knowledge.knowledge. (--Peter & Trudy Johnson-Lenz)(--Peter & Trudy Johnson-Lenz)

small groups of people who have worked together over a period of small groups of people who have worked together over a period of time. Not a team, not a task force, not necessarily an authorized or time. Not a team, not a task force, not necessarily an authorized or identified group. They are peers in the execution of "real work." identified group. They are peers in the execution of "real work." What holds them together is a common sense of purpose and a What holds them together is a common sense of purpose and a real need to know what each other knows. real need to know what each other knows. (--John Seely Brown / Xerox PARC)(--John Seely Brown / Xerox PARC)

groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and who interact regularly to learn how to do it better.they do and who interact regularly to learn how to do it better. (--Etienne Wenger)(--Etienne Wenger)

in our case here, it could be groups that work together along lines in our case here, it could be groups that work together along lines of business within the government that are dedicated to the of business within the government that are dedicated to the support of certain business functionssupport of certain business functions (--Brand Niemann / US eGov Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice)(--Brand Niemann / US eGov Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice)


Case Examples of Communities on the CIM3.NET Case Examples of Communities on the CIM3.NET Collaborative Work Environments (CWE’s)Collaborative Work Environments (CWE’s)

CWE-devCWE-dev Ontolog-ForumOntolog-Forum BootstrapBootstrap eGov: COLABeGov: COLAB eGov: SINEeGov: SINE Millennium ProjectMillennium Project

(AC/UNU)(AC/UNU) ProtégéProtégé Digital Art OntologyDigital Art Ontology … … (more)(more)


Trend in Web ApplicationTrend in Web Application

HTML1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Publishing medium

Transaction medium

Knowledge medium

XML OWL


OASIS -OASIS - Organization for the Organization for the

Advancement of Advancement of Structured Structured Information Information StandardsStandards

OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) is a not-for-profit, international consortium that drives the development, convergence, and adoption of e-business standards. The consortium produces more Web services standards than any other organization along with standards for security, e-business, and standardization efforts in the public sector and for application-specific markets. Founded in 1993, OASIS has more than 4,000 participants representing over 600 organizations and individual members in 100 countries.

OASIS is distinguished by its transparent governance and operating procedures. Members themselves set the OASIS technical agenda, using a lightweight process expressly designed to promote industry consensus and unite disparate efforts. Completed work is ratified by open ballot. Governance is accountable and unrestricted. Officers of both the OASIS Board of Directors and Technical Advisory Board are chosen by democratic election to serve two-year terms. Consortium leadership is based on individual merit and is not tied to financial contribution, corporate standing, or special appointment.


Vision of the Semantic WebVision of the Semantic Web

““The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” cooperation.” [SA2001][SA2001]

““The Semantic Web will bring structure to the The Semantic Web will bring structure to the meaningful content of Web pages, creating an meaningful content of Web pages, creating an environment where software agents roaming from environment where software agents roaming from page to page can readily carry out sophisticated tasks page to page can readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users.” for users.” [SA2001][SA2001]

““The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data on the web defined and linked in a way, that it can be on the web defined and linked in a way, that it can be used by machines - not just for display purposes, but used by machines - not just for display purposes, but for using it in various applications.” for using it in various applications.” [SW][SW]

[SA2001]: T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, and O. Lassila. 2001. “The Semantic Web” In The Scientific American, May, 2001 issuehttp://www.scientificamerican.com/2001/0501issue/0501berners-lee.html


Ontolog Ontolog an open, international, virtual community of practice working on an open, international, virtual community of practice working on

the application and adoption of ontological engineering and semantic technologies. the application and adoption of ontological engineering and semantic technologies.


Big O: Ontology; Little O: ontologyBig O: Ontology; Little O: ontology

Philosophy:Philosophy: “a particular system of categories “a particular system of categories accounting for a certain vision of the world” or accounting for a certain vision of the world” or domain of discourse, a domain of discourse, a conceptualizationconceptualization (Big O) (Big O)

Artificial Intelligence:Artificial Intelligence: “an engineering product “an engineering product consisting of a specific vocabulary used to describe consisting of a specific vocabulary used to describe a part of reality, plus a set of explicit assumptions a part of reality, plus a set of explicit assumptions regarding the intended meaning of the vocabulary regarding the intended meaning of the vocabulary words”, “words”, “a specification of a conceptualizationa specification of a conceptualization” ” (Little O)(Little O)

Ontological Engineering:Ontological Engineering: towards towards a formal, logical a formal, logical theorytheory, usually ‘concepts’ (i.e., the entities, usually , usually ‘concepts’ (i.e., the entities, usually classes hierarchically structured in a special classes hierarchically structured in a special subsumption relation), ‘relations’, ‘properties’, subsumption relation), ‘relations’, ‘properties’, ‘values’, ‘constraints’, ‘rules’, ‘instances’‘values’, ‘constraints’, ‘rules’, ‘instances’

- These definitions are derived from Guarino, 98; Guarino & Giaretta, 95


The AC/UNU Millennium Project The AC/UNU Millennium Project State of the Future Index (SOFI) State of the Future Index (SOFI)

System prototypeSystem prototype


The AC/UNU Millennium Project The AC/UNU Millennium Project – State of the Future Index (SOFI) System– State of the Future Index (SOFI) System


What can we do with a SOFI System?What can we do with a SOFI System?

Viewing/reading up Viewing/reading up ComparisonsComparisons Drill-downs and searches on related informationDrill-downs and searches on related information Asking what-if questions by “tweaking” the SOFI parameters, or exercising alternate Asking what-if questions by “tweaking” the SOFI parameters, or exercising alternate

ScenariosScenarios Developing new SOFI'sDeveloping new SOFI's

o SOFI’s for different Countries, Regions, Municipalities, … etc. (e.g. a Korea-SOFI, USA-SOFI, France-SOFI, Russia-SOFI, China-SOFI; or a EU-SOFI, Middle-East SOFI, Greater-China SOFI, Asia-SOFI, Latin-America SOFI; … etc.)

o SOFIs for different government or industrial sectors (e.g. E-Government SOFI; Petroleum and Oil industry SOFI; Automotive Industry SOFI; Aerospace industry SOFI; Science & Technology SOFI; Nanotechnology SOFI; Tertiary Education SOFI; … etc.)

o SOFI for Corporations; individual Organizations; Programs, Initiatives or Product Lines; …etc.

Collaboration and Collaborative DevelopmentCollaboration and Collaborative Development Interaction and accessing data, information and knowledgeInteraction and accessing data, information and knowledge

o Human-to-machine

o Human-to-human

o Machine-to-machine Building up the system’s database and knowledgebaseBuilding up the system’s database and knowledgebase Shared concepts and understanding through ontology developmentShared concepts and understanding through ontology development


US – eGovernmentUS – eGovernment


CoP’s are just the beginningCoP’s are just the beginning

CoP’s allow us to bring the right people CoP’s allow us to bring the right people together, and allow these people to together, and allow these people to understand, over time, who has the real understand, over time, who has the real expertise, who they can work with, who they expertise, who they can work with, who they can trust, …etc.can trust, …etc.

To do real work, we still need:To do real work, we still need: streamlined processes, and effective organization … the traditional processes and organizations that

work in brick-and-mortar settings may not be optimal any more.


An Organizational Form that the CWE aims at An Organizational Form that the CWE aims at Supporting – leading us toward Open Virtual Supporting – leading us toward Open Virtual

EnterprisesEnterprises

Source: Institute for the Future: Johansen, R., Swigart, R. Upsizing the Individual in the Downsized Organization

introducing:introducing: The Fishnet Organization The Fishnet Organization

these are temporary (or semi-permanent) hierarchies, that emerge out of the CoP's, which capitalize on distributed capabilities to

achieve specific purposes; when those purposes are achieved (or when the opportunities no longer exist), they disband, and the

resources (people, knowledge, skill sets) are returned to the CoP's where they come from.


The CIM3 Approach The CIM3 Approach (1)(1)

This is about optimizing systems ofThis is about optimizing systems of People - Process - Tools People - Process - Tools (with people as an integral part of the system & at the head of the list)(with people as an integral part of the system & at the head of the list)

Augmentation - human-machine interaction - collaboration - communitiesAugmentation - human-machine interaction - collaboration - communities Openness - we use open-source software & comply with open standards as Openness - we use open-source software & comply with open standards as

much as we can; we open-source our technology and content, and much as we can; we open-source our technology and content, and participate in open standards developmentparticipate in open standards development

Capitalizing on the Internet technology: taking it Capitalizing on the Internet technology: taking it from the research and academic network to the current form as publishing media to Transactions and Web Services onto being its future as knowledge media in the Semantic Web

System built upon a knowledge architecture optimized for distributed System built upon a knowledge architecture optimized for distributed teamworkteamwork

Emphasis on effectiveness and strategic value - not technologyEmphasis on effectiveness and strategic value - not technology Supporting entire user spectrum: from the everyday users to the power usersSupporting entire user spectrum: from the everyday users to the power users While we do ‘open’ work, we believe in properly remunerating our While we do ‘open’ work, we believe in properly remunerating our

contributors, and in helping create a viable economic model for ‘openness’, contributors, and in helping create a viable economic model for ‘openness’, possibly in the form of Open Virtual Enterprises (OVE’s)possibly in the form of Open Virtual Enterprises (OVE’s)


The CIM3 Approach The CIM3 Approach (2)(2) We work towards providing a work environment for We work towards providing a work environment for bothboth humans and humans and

machines, optimizing between objectives likemachines, optimizing between objectives like• Supporting the expressiveness that humans need to convey their

ideas, and the structure and rigor that machines need to properly interoperate - in essence, promoting both creativity and operational efficacy

• The ease-of-use that everyday users need, and the versatility and extensibility that power users need to take their work to the next level

• Securing the borders of the cwe to malicious intruders, while encouraging access, participation, sharing and the free flow of information and knowledge among members of the trusted communities

• Catering to the quality requirements of information and transaction processing systems and the realities of human behavior that just aren’t *

o Fully describable, fully online, fully informative, fully accurate, or fully responsible

Our intent is to foster shared understanding and learningOur intent is to foster shared understanding and learning We are trying to spur innovation, as well as organic or emergent We are trying to spur innovation, as well as organic or emergent

behavior in the user communities and teamsbehavior in the user communities and teams

** Ref: Winograd, Newman, Yim “Including People in CIM Designs”


the DAO of it allthe DAO of it all

Live with the ‘Duality’ around us:Live with the ‘Duality’ around us:• the Cathedral vs. the Bazaar• the Form vs. Free-form• Discipline vs. Creativity• Transaction Process vs. Collaborative Process• Classic AI vs. Augmentation approaches• the small ‘o’ vs. the big ‘O’ in Ontology• Planned vs. Emergent behavior• The reductionist vs. the holistic approach

we are not bound to choose one or the other Lao Zi had this figured out, circa 500 BCLao Zi had this figured out, circa 500 BC


Quo Vadis Ubiquitous?Quo Vadis Ubiquitous?

… Desideri collaborare. … Desideri collaborare.

one last conjecture:

… … it might just depend on it might just depend on

‘ ‘our attitude toward our attitude toward sharingsharing’’

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