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Practice Applications
Nursing informatics: An evolving definition
• since 1980, nursing informatics has been defined broadly either with a focus on the technologic aspects, on the concept of nurses interacting with technology to produce greater knowledge, or on the role of nurses who specialized in developing applications of technology to nursing practice - ANA, 2001
• A combination of nursing science, information science, and computer science to manage and process nursing data, information and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing care - Grave & Corcoran 1989
A specialty that integrates nursing
science, computer science, and information
science in identifying, collecting, processing,
and managing data and information to support
nursing practice, administration, education, and
research; and to expand nursing knowledge. The
purpose of nursing informatics is to: analyze
information requirements; design, implement
and evaluate information systems and data
structures that support nursing; and identify and
apply computer technologies for nursing. – ANA,
1992
Nursing informatics is the specialty that integrates
nursing science, computer science, and information
science in identifying, collecting, processing, and
managing data and information to support nursing
practice, administration, education, research and the
expansion of nursing knowledge. - ANA, 1994
Goal of Nursing Informatics, said the ANA, is to;
• Improve the health of populations, communities, families, and individuals by optimizing information management and communication. This includes using technology in the direct provision of care; establishing administrative systems; managing and delivering educational experiences; supporting life-long learning, and supporting nursing research.
Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice
• Nursing informatics (NI) integrates nursing science, computer and information science, and cognitive science to manage, communicate, and expand the data, information, knowledge, and wisdom of nursing practice. Nurses trained in NI support improved patient outcomes through their expertise in information processes, structures, and technologies, thus helping nurses and other care providers to create and record the evidence of their practice.
Critical Care ApplicationsChapter 21
Jade Mojica
Critical Care Nursing:• Is the nursing specialty that deals with
human responses to life-threatening problems.
Critical Care:• Multidisciplinary healthcare specialty
that cares for patients with acute, life-threatening illness or injury.
In 1986…
• Saba and McCormick estimated that the volume of data collected by nurses in critical care settings on a daily basis was as high as 1,500 data points
– A data point is a discrete unit of information. In a general sense, any single fact is a data point. In a statistical or analytical context, a data point is usually derived from a measurement or research and can be represented numerically and/or graphically. The term data point is roughly equivalent to datum, the singular form of data.
As technology expands
Available information expands
Making it increasingly difficult to access and manage the volume of data.
The clinician integrates data from:• Hemodynamic devices• Mechanical ventilators• Bedside testing devices• Observation from direct patient assessments
Focuses of Discussion
• Physiologic monitors• Arrhythmia monitors• Hemodynamic monitors• CCISs
Developments
– Functions• Rapidly analyzed small samples of gas or fluids• Maintained near-normal physiologic ranges with life-
supporting equipment• Stored large volumes of data that would otherwise be
disorganized, lost, inaccurate, or illegible.• Address alarms and clinical alerts
Information Technology Capabilities and Applications in Critical Care Settings
– Process, store, and integrate physiologic and diagnostic information from various sources
– Present deviations from preset ranges by an alarm or an alert– Accept and store patients care documentation in a lifetime
clinical repository– Trend data in a graphical presentation– Provide access to vital patient information form any location,
both inside and outside of the critical care setting– Comparatively evaluate patients for outcomes analysis– Preset clinical data based on concept-oriented views
(organize data by patient problem, or by system)
Bedside physiologic Monitoring Equipment
• Basic components– Sensors (e.g., pressure transducer, ECG electrode)– Signal conditioners to amplify or filter the display device
(e.g., amplifier, oscilloscope, paper recorder)– File to rank and order information (e.g., storage file, alarm
signal)– Computer processor to analyze data and direct reports (e.g.,
paper reports, storage for graphic files, summary reports)– Evaluation or controlling component to regulate the
equipment or alert the nurse (e.g., a notice on the display screen, alarm signal)
Hemodynamic Monitors• Can be used to
– Measure hemodynamic parameters – Closely examine cardiovascular functions– Evaluate cardiac pump output and volume status – Recognize patterns (arrhythmia analysis) and extract features– Assess vascular system integrity– Evaluate the patient’s physiologic response to stimuli– Continuously evaluate blood gases and electrolytes– Estimate cellular oxygenation– Continuously evaluate glucose levels– Store waveforms– Automatically transmit selected data to a computerized patient
database
Arrhythmia Monitor
• Computerized monitoring and analysis of cardiac rhythm
• Basic Components– Sensor– Signal conditioner– Cardiograph– Pattern recognition– Rhythm analysis– Diagnosis– Written report
Critical Care Information System (CCIS)
• Designed to collect, store, organize, retrieve, and manipulate all data related to care of the critically ill patient.
• Primary purpose is to organize patient’s current and historical data for use by all care providers in patient care
• Should include data and information from bedside devices and comprehensive plans of care to guide patient care
• Components of the CCIS– Patient management– Vital sign monitoring– Diagnostic testing results– Clinical documentation to support the process
of physical assessment findings– Decision support– Medication management– Interdisciplinary plans of care– Provider order entry
AMBULATORY CARE SYSTEM
JOVELYN CABUNGCAL
President George Bush April 27, 2004White House E.O 2004
- announced a goal to establish electronic health records (EHRs) for all citizens within a 10-year time frame. Created the position of a national health information technology coordinator to develop a nationwide interoperable health technology infrastructure .
Tommy G. Thompson Health and Human Services
Secretary Announced the “Decade of Healthcare Information Technology” and announced the publication of a report which reveals how vital it is to have automation in the physician’s and ambulatory offices.
Four Major GoalsGOAL 1
Inform Clinical Practice. Bringing information tools to the point of care, especially by investing EHR systems in
physician offices and hospitals.
GOAL 2Interconnect clinicians. Building an interoperable health information infrastructure, so that records follow the patient and clinicians have access and
involvement in health decisions
Goal 3: Personalize Care. Using health information technology to give
consumers more access and involvement in health decisions.
Goal 4: Improve population health. Expanding capacity
for public health monitoring, quality-of-care measurement, and bringing research advances
more quickly into medical practice.
Where Ambulatory Clients are Being Treated:
Ambulatory Clinics
Surgery Centers
Single and Multispecialty Group
Diagnostics Laboratory
Health Maintenance organizations
Independent physician organizations
Birthing Centers
College and Universities health Services
Issues for Ambulatory Care
• Those who work in ambulatory care are similar across the healthcare enterprise including increased accountability , the need for continuous and documented service improvements, pressures to control utilization, and the protection of confidential information.
are design to store
manipulate
retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling
administrative
clinical activities associated with the provision and use of ambulatory care
services and facilities
Applications Necessary in the Ambulatory Environment Ambulatory
Financial Benefits
Cost Effective
Timely bill submission
processed resulting decreased days in accounts payable
Reduction of rejected claims
Accurate insurance
information obtain
Administrative benefitsReduction in size of the record room
Reduce time spent finding and delivering chart
Increase privacy of data
Formats that are legible
Comply with legal regulations
Promotions of quality assurance
Improve patient satisfaction
Ability for home access by the physician and nurse practitioners
Alerts for incomplete data
Integration of clinical data
CLINICAL BENEFITS
Medication recordVital Signs
Progress notesResults from laboratoryRadiology departments
Flow sheetsGrowth Charts
Immunization recordsMedication allergies
Profiles Alerts
RemindersFollow-up system
E-prescribingEvidence- based medicine
Prob
lem
list
by A
CPOE
Regulatory Requirement
Resource Based
Relative Value Scale
Department of Health
and Human Services
Regulatory Requirement
Current Procedural Terminology• codes describe medical
procedure performed by physicians and other health providers.
Ninth Revision of the International Classification of
Diseases
Health Common Procedural Coding System,•Collection of codes that
represent procedures, supplies, products, and services which maybe provided to Medicare beneficiaries and to individuals enrolled in private health insurance programs .
National Drug Code• Identifies
pharmaceutical in detail including the packaging. Its use is required by the FDA for reporting and it is used in many healthcare information systems to aid reimbursement. NDC directory - Is limited to prescription drugs and few selected over-the-counter products .
Implementations Issues and Challenges