Practico - Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabettwenty-three consonants

Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration

Alef silent < Bet b as in boy b Gimel g as in God g Dalet d as in day d He h as in hay h Waw w as in way w Zayin z as in Zion z et ch as in Bach Tet t as in toy Yod y as in yes y Kaf k as in king k Lamed l as in lion l Mem m as in mother m Nun n as in now n Samek s as in sin s Ayin silent > Pe p as in pastor p Tsade ts as in boots Qof k as in king q Resh r as in run r Sin s as in sin Shin sh as in ship Taw t as in toy t

Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabetfive final forms

Five Hebrew letters have final forms. When one of theseletters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differentlythan when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of

a word. The changing of a letters form, however, does notchange its pronunciation or transliteration.

Regular Final Example Translit. TranslationForm Form

drk road, way >m nation, people zqn old man, elder ksp money, silver

Chapter 1c - Hebrew Alphabetsix begadkephat consonants

Six consonants have two possible pronunciations and are known asbegadkephat consonants. To distinguish between the two pronunciations, adot called Daghesh Lene was inserted into the consonant. The presence of

Daghesh Lene indicates a hard pronunciation and its absence denotes a softpronunciation.

Begadkephat Pronunciation TransliterationLetter

b as in boy b v as in vine g as in God g gh as in aghast d as in day d dh as in the k as in king k ch as in Bach p as in pastor p ph as in alphabet t as in toy t th as in thin

Basics of Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1d - Hebrew Alphabeteasily confused letters

Hebrew consonants that look alike

1. (Bet) (Kaf)2. (Gimel) (Nun)3. (He) (et) (Taw)4. (Sin) (Shin)5. (final Mem) (Samek)6. (Dalet) (Resh)7. (Tsade) (Ayin)8. (Waw) (Zayin)9. (Waw) (final Nun)10. (final Kaf) (final Nun)

Hebrew consonants that sound alike

1. (Tet) (Taw with Daghesh Lene)2. (Qof) (Kaf with Daghesh Lene)3. (Samek) (Sin)


Chapter 1e - Hebrew Alphabetmodern pronunciation

The pronunciation of modern Hebrew differs in a numberof ways from ancient pronunciation. With the three

begadkephat consonants listed below, the forms withoutDaghesh Lene are pronounced like the forms with

Daghesh Lene in modern Hebrew.

Traditional ModernConsonant Pronunciation Pronunciation

gh as in aghast g as in God dh as in the d as in day th as in thin t as in toy w as in way v as in vine


Chapter 2a - Hebrew Vowelsvowels with consonants

Deuteronomy 6:5

no vowel pointing

with vowel pointing

Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 2b - Hebrew Vowelsshort vowels

2.3 Vowel Chart 1: Short Vowels.

Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration

a-type Pathach a as in bat ae-type Seghol e as in better ei-type Hireq i as in bitter io-type Qamets Hatuf o as in bottle ou-type Qibbuts u as in ruler u


Chapter 2c - Hebrew Vowelschangable long vowels

2.4 Vowel Chart 2: Changeable Long Vowels


a-type Qamets a as in father e-type Tsere e as in they o-type Holem o as in role


Chapter 2d - Hebrew Vowelsunchangable long vowels

2.5 Vowel Chart 3: Unchangeable Long Vowels


a-type Qamets Yod ou as in bought e-type Tsere Yod e as in they

Seghol Yod e as in better i-type Hireq Yod i as in machine o-type Holem Waw o as in role u-type Shureq u as in ruler


Chapter 2e - Hebrew Vowelsreduced (hateph) vowels

2.6 Vowel Chart 4: Reduced (Hateph) Vowels


a-type Hateph Pathach a as in amuse e-type Hateph Seghol a as in amuse o-type Hateph Qamets a as in amuse


Chapter 2f - Hebrew Vowelssummary vowel chart

a e i o u

Short Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Qibbuts

Hatuf

Changeable Long Qamets Tsere Holem

Unchangeable / Long Qamets Tsere Yod/ Hireq Holem Shureq

Yod Seghol Yod Yod Waw

Reduced Hateph Hateph HatephPathach Seghol Qamets


Chapter 2g - Hebrew Vowelsshewa

This vowel symbol is called Shewa.

It is not listed in the vowel charts because it is not like anyother vowel. It does not belong to any phonetic class.

There are two types of Shewa in Hebrew:Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa.


Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowelsdaghesh forte

This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte.

It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used todouble the consonant in which it occurs. For example, theHebrew word (the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in

the Shin (). It should be rendered, therefore, with twoShins (), hamayim. The Daghesh Forte can occur in

any consonant except the gutturals (, , , ) and .


Chapter 2i - Hebrew Vowelsdefective writing

Full DefectiveWriting Writing

Holem Waw to HolemExample rams horn

Shureq to QibbutsExample why?

Hireq Yod to HireqExample David


Chapter 3a - Syllabificationtwo rules

1. Every syllable must begin with one consonantand have only one vowel. The followingexample has two syllables, each beginningwith a consonant and each having only onevowel.

| d-r2. There are only two types of syllables: open and

closed. Open syllables end with a vowel andclosed syllables end with a consonant. Inthe above example, (d), is open becauseit ends in a vowel and (r), is closedbecause it ends in a consonant.

|


ClosedSyllable

OpenSyllable

Chapter 3b - Syllabificationhebrew accent

Most Hebrew words are accented or stressedon the last syllable. Some are not. The stress

in words not accented on the last syllablewill be indicated by an accent mark

over the stressed syllable asin the following example.

.


Chapter 3c - Syllabificationsyllable classification

syllables may be classified according totheir proximity to the accent

||

syllables may be classified withoutreference to accent

||


tonic pretonic propretonic

ultima penultima antepenultima

Chapter 4a - Hebrew Nounsinflectional endings

4.2 Endings on Masculine and Feminine Nouns.

Masculine Feminine

Singular horse lawPlural horses lawsDual . two horses . two laws

4.4 Summary of Noun Endings.

Masculine Feminine

Singular endingless //Plural Dual . ./ .


Chapter 4b- Hebrew Nounsexceptions to rules

1. Endingless Feminine Nouns. Not all endingless nounsare masculine singular. In a few instances, femininesingular nouns are also endingless as in . (land), (city) and . (stone).

2. Exception to Normal Pluralization. Some singularnouns of one gender take the plural endings of the othergender. For example, the masculine singular noun (father) takes the feminine plural ending as in .

3. Special Dual Nouns. There are three special Hebrewwords that are always dual in form but normally singularin translation: . (heaven, heavens), . (Egypt)and . (water).

4. Irregular Stem Change. Some Hebrew nouns will altertheir actual (consonantal) stem when they add theirplural endings. For example, the plural of (day) is (days), the plural of (man) is (men) andthe plural of (woman) is (women).

5. Defective Spelling of . Occasionally, the feminineplural ending will be spelled (with Holem ratherthan Holem Waw). For example, the plural of (congregation) may appear either as or . Theshorter spelling is called defective spelling and thelonger spelling is called full spelling.


Chapter 4c - Hebrew Nounspatterns of noun pluralization

1. Pluralization with No Change

song songs dream dreams

2. Pluralization with Propretonic Reduction

word words cloud clouds

3. Pluralization of Segholate Nouns

. king kings. book books

4. Pluralization of Geminate Nouns

people peoples statute

5. Irregular Pluralization

son sons man men


Chapter 5a - Introductionchapter summary

1. DEFINITE ARTICLE

Basic form Translation the

2. CONJUNCTION WAW

Basic form Translation and


Chapter 5b - Introductiondistributional significance

Total Verses 23,213Total Words 471,096

Article 24,058

5.1%1.04 per verse

Conjunction 50,524

10.7%2.2 per verse


Chapter 5c - Definite Articlebasic form

In Hebrew, a noun is made definiteby prefixing the definite article which consists of plus a

Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun.

+. = .Definite Article

.


Chapter 5d - Definite Articlebasic form: top 10 examples

1. . 2. 3. .4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. .


Chapter 5e - Definite Articlewith begadkephat consonants

When adding the definite article to wordswith an initial begadkephat consonant,

the Daghesh Lene is replaced by a Daghesh Forte.

Indefinite Noun Definite Noun

. a house . the house. a road . the road a warrior the warrior


Chapter 5f - Definite Articlewith guttural consonants

Compensatory LengtheningWith initial , and , the guttural rejects the Dagesh

Forte and Pathach lengthens to Qamets.

a man the manVirtual Doubling

With initial or , the guttural rejects the Daghesh Fortebut the Pathach does not lengthen to Qamets.

a palace the palaceIrregular Seghol

Before unnaccented , or ( may also be accented), the definite articleappears with the Seghol vowel and without the Daghesh Forte.

a wise man the wise man


Chapter 5g - Definite Articlewith initial and

Words that begin with or usually give upthe Daghesh Forte that is associated

with the definite article.

boys the boys spies the spies


elcitrA etinifeD - h5 retpahCselpmaxe pot :smrof etanretla

/ / // .1 .2 . .3 .4 > .5

werbeH lacilbiB fo scisaBtleP naV .V seliM dna ocitarP .D yraG

Chapter 5i - Definite Articlesummary of forms

Basic Form .Begadkephat .

Gutturals // Gutturals / Gutturals //

Miscellaneous /


Chapter 5j - Conjunction basic form

Before most consonants

the conjunction will appear as Waw with Vocal Shewa

. and a servant and a woman

and the woman and a man

and the man


Chapter 5k - Conjunction basic form: top 10 examples

1. 2. 3. 4. >5. 6. >7. 8. 9. 10.


Chapter 5l - Conjunction spelled with shureq

Before , or it is spelled with Shureq

. + . and a king + and Pharaoh

Before Vocal Shewa it is spelled with Shureq

+ and books + and Samuel


Chapter 5m - Conjunction with short vowels and qamets

Before Hateph vowels it is spelled withthe corresponding short vowel

+ and men + and truth

Before some monosyllabic words or words withinitial accent it may be spelled with Qamets

+ and sheep. + . and bread


Chapter 5n - Conjunction alternate forms: examples

// Vocal Shewa Hateph Vowels Monosyllabic/Initial Accent

1. 2. 3. . 4. 5.


Chapter 5o - Conjunction summary of forms

Basic Form

Before // .Before Vocal Shewa

Before Hateph Vowels / Before Monosyllabic Initinal Accent


Chapter 6a - Prepositionsthree types

Independent PrepositionsThese prepositions stand alone.

. before the king . under the tree

Maqqef PrepositionsThese prepositions are joined to their objects by Maqqef.

to the temple. from the landInseparable Prepositions

These prepositions are prefixed directly to their objects.

in a field. like a king


Chapter 6b - Prepositionsthree inseparable prepositions

in, by, with (15,559) to, for (20,320) like, as, according to (3,053)


Chapter 6c - Prepositionsspelling inseparable prepositions

Before most consonants: Shewa

in a field> for a young man

Before Hateph vowels: corresponding short vowel

like men in truth

Before consonants with Vocal Shewa: Hireq

for prophets for a covenant


Chapter 6d - Prepositionsinseparable prepositionswith the definite article

The vowel and Daghesh Forte of the definite article isretained but the consonant of the preposition replaces the

of the definite article.

the field in the field . the king . like the king the fire in the fire


Chapter 6e - Prepositionsthe preposition

The preposition occurs both as a Maqqef prepositionand as an inseparable preposition.

Maqqef Preposition

. from a kingInseparable Preposition

. . (assimilated ). . (assimilated ) (compensatory lengthening)

. . (compensatory lengthening) (virtual doubling)


Chapter 6f - Prepositionsdefinite direct object marker

In Hebrew prose, definite direct objectsare usually marked with /.

. . .

.


Chapter 7a - Hebrew Adjectivesinflection (form)

Inflected Adjective

Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural

Inflectional Endings

Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural


Chapter 7b - Hebrew Adjectivesthe use of adjectives

1. Attributive Use. Directly modifies a noun and agreeswith that noun in gender, number and definiteness.

good man or a good man the good man

2. Predicative Use. Asserts something about the nounand agrees with that noun in gender and number, butnot definiteness. A predicate adjective will never takethe definite article.

The man is good. The woman is good.

3. Substantival Use. Adjectives may be usedindependently as nouns with no noun for the adjectiveto modify.

the wise man. the good women


Chapter 7c - Hebrew Adjectivesthe directional ending

In Hebrew, a special ending may be added to aword in order to express the idea of motion towardsomeone or something. This special ending is thedirectional ending (it is always unaccented).

. house . to the house city . toward the city

. heaven . heavenward. Egypt . to Egypt

there . to there sea > toward the sea


Chapter 7d - Hebrew Adjectivesbasic patterns of inflection

1. Inflection with No Change

2. Inflection with Propretonic Reduction

3. Inflection of Adjectives Ending in

4. Inflection of Geminate Adjectives


Chapter 8a - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns

Singular Plural

1 com , I > we2 masc you you2 fem you . you3 masc he/it ., they3 fem , she/it ., they

Notes

1. The independent personal pronoun is labelledindependent because it stands alone and is notprefixed or suffixed to another word.

2. Independent personal pronouns are subjective,meaning they are used as the subject of a verb, neveras the object of the verb.

3. Independent personal pronouns may also appear asthe subject of a verbless clause. For this reason, theyare sometimes called subject pronouns.


Chapter 8b - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns

The following examples illustrate how independentpersonal pronouns are used with other nouns or adjectivesin a predicative relationship. The pronoun may precede

or follow the noun or adjective. A form of the verb to beis required in translation.

I am Yahweh (the Lord). He is a righteous prophet. . You (2ms) are a good king.

> We are brothers She is a wise woman.

You (2mp) are in the great city.


Chapter 8c - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives

Singular Plural

Masc this . theseFem this . theseMasc that ., thoseFem that ., those

Notes

1. They may be used either as adjectives (this man,those women) or as pronouns (this is the man, thoseare the women).

2. The masculine and feminine singular forms, and, are identical to the third person masculine andfeminine independent personal pronouns.

3. The demonstrative . (these) is both masculine andfeminine plural. Remember that the designation forthis phenomenon is common, meaning not inflectedfor gender.


Chapter 8d - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives

Hebrew demonstratives may be usedeither as adjectives or as pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectivesfollow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness.

this man this woman

. these good men . these good women

Demonstrative Pronounsprecede the noun and agree in gender and number but not definiteness.

That is the man. That is the woman.

. These are the good men. . Those are the good women.


Chapter 8e - Hebrew Pronounsthe relative pronoun

(who, which, that)

The form of this word does not change in order to indicatethe gender or number of its antecedent. It may appear

with or without Maqqef. When functioning as a relativepronoun introducing a relative clause, it immediately

follows the noun it is modifying.

the tree that (is) in the middleof the garden

. . the mountains that (are) underthe heavens

. the king whom you chose David, who (is) in the house of

the Lord


Chapter 8f - Hebrew Pronounsinterrogative pronouns

Who? What?

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Thesepronouns do not inflect and can appear with or withoutthe Maqqef. The vocalization of may change slightly

( or ). When spelled , a Daghesh Forte will usuallyappear in the first consonant of the following word.

What (is) his name?. What have you done?

What (is) this dream? Who (are) you?

Who (is) this man?. Who (are) these men?


Chapter 8g - Hebrew Pronounsthe interrogative particle

The interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word ofthe sentence. Compare the following examples. The firstexample is a statement. The second example is a questionbecause the interrogative particle has been prefixed to thefirst word of the sentence.

. The king sent the prophet. . Did the king send the prophet?

The Spelling of the Particle

1. before most consonants as in the above example2. before gutturals or any consonant with Shewa3. before gutturals with Qamets


Chapter 9a - Pronominal Suffixesgrammar summary

Pronominal suffixes are pronouns that can be eitherpossessive (his, her, our) or objective (him, her, us).

These possessive and objective pronouns appear assuffixes on nouns, prepositions and the definite directobject marker.

When appearing on nouns, they are possessive as inhis book or her wisdom. When appearing onprepositions or the definite direct object marker, theyare objective as in to them, for them, or them.

All pronominal suffixes have person, gender andnumber.

There are two sets of pronominal suffixes: Type 1 andType 2. Both types have the same possessive andobjective translation values.

With few exceptions, Type 1 suffixes occur withsingular nouns and Type 2 suffixes occur with pluralnouns.


Chapter 9b - Pronominal Suffixessummary paradigm

Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 TranslationSuffixes Alternate Suffixes

1cs my/me2ms . your/you2fs . your/you3ms his/him3fs . her/her

1cp . our/us2mp your/you2fp your/you3mp their/them3fp their/them


Chapter 9c - Pronominal Suffixeson masculine nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp

1cs my horse my horses2ms your horse . your horses2fs your horse . your horses3ms his horse his horses3fs her horse . her horses1cp . our horse . our horses2mp your horse your horses2fp your horse your horses3mp their horse their horses3fp their horse their horses

Note: When pronominal suffixes are added to masculineplural nouns, the masculine plural ending () isdropped. With the absence of this ending, a masculinenoun is recognizable as plural only by the use of Type 2pronominal suffixes.


Chapter 9d - Pronominal Suffixeson feminine nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun fs Noun fp

1cs my law my laws2ms , your law . your laws2fs your law . your laws3ms his law his laws3fs her law . her laws1cp . our law . our laws2mp your law your laws2fp your law your laws3mp their law their laws3fp their law their laws

Note: When a feminine singular noun ending in (asin ) receives a pronominal suffix, the is replacedby ( becomes ).


Chapter 9e - Pronominal Suffixeson monosyllabic nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp

1cs my brother my brothers2ms . your brother . your brothers2fs . your brother . your brothers3ms his brother his brothers3fs . her brother . her brothers1cp . our brother . our brothers2mp your brother your brothers2fp your brother your brothers3mp their brother their brothers3fp their brother their brothers

Note: Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add totheir stem before a pronominal suffix. The addition ofthis to singular nouns with Type 1 suffixes may causethem to be confused with plural nouns having Type 2suffixes. The singular noun paradigm has Hireq Yod( ., your brother). The plural noun paradigm variesits vowel but it is never Hireq Yod (., your brothers).


Chapter 9f - Pronominal Suffixeson prepositions

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 Suffixes

1cs to me on me2ms to you . on you2fs to you . on you3ms to him on him3fs to her . on her1cp . to us . on us2mp to you on you2fp to you on you3mp to them on them3fp to them on them

Note: The prepositions (to, for), (in, on), (with)and (with) all take Type 1 suffixes. Prepositions thattake Type 2 suffixes include: (on, upon), (to, for),. (under) and (after).


Chapter 9g - Pronominal Suffixeson and

1cs . like me . from me2ms . like you from you2fs like you from you3ms . like him . from him3fs . like her . from her1cp . like us . from us2mp like you from you2fp like you from you3mp like them from them3fp like them from them

Note: With the preposition , forms with singular and1cp suffixes exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of thepreposition ( .). With the preposition , forms withsingular and 1cp suffixes also exhibit a longer, alternatespelling of the preposition.


Chapter 9h - Pronominal Suffixeson /

Object Marker Preposition

1cs me with me2ms you with you2fs you with you3ms him with him3fs her with her1cp . us . with us2mp you with you2fp you with you3mp them with them3fp them with them

Note: The object marker is distinguished by a Holemvowel over the initial consonant (). It is Seghol in the2mp and 2fp forms (). The preposition is distin-guished by Hireq under the initial consonant and DagheshForte in the ().


Chapter 9i - Pronominal Suffixeson and

1cs with me my people2ms with you your people2fs with you your people3ms with him his people3fs with her her people1cp . with us . our people2mp with you your people2fp with you your people3mp with them their people3fp with them their people

Note: The preposition has Hireq (, with me) andthe noun has Pathach (, my people). Both words takea Daghesh Forte in the when pronominal suffixes areadded.


Chapter 10a - Construct Chainconstruct and absolute

The first of the two nouns in the construct chainis called the construct noun and is said to be in theconstruct state. The second of the two nouns iscalled the absolute noun and is said to be in theabsolute state. The absolute form of a noun is alsoits lexical form.

. .Absolute Noun Construct Noun

the servant of the king


Chapter 10b - Construct Chainwith attributive adjectives

When an adjective modifies either the construct orabsolute noun, it must follow the entire chain. It must

agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number anddefiniteness.

. .the good king of the land

. .the king of the good land

. the word of the good king


Chapter 10c - Construct Chainwith demonstrative adjectives

Just like attributive adjectives,demonstrative adjectives must also

follow the construct chain.

. these words of the prophet

the words of this prophet

the words of this good prophet

the word of this prophet or

this word of the prophet


Chapter 10d - Construct Chainvowel reduction (spelling)

A construct noun surrenders itsprimary accent and

a. Qamets (and sometimes Tsere) changes to Pathachin a final closed syllable.

judgement judgement of altar altar of

b. Qamets or Tsere changes to Vocal Shewa in an open,unaccented syllable.

peace peace of place place of

c. Both rules a and b may apply to the formation of anoun in the construct state.

word word of heart heart of

d. Monosyllabic nouns with changeable long vowelsreduce to the corresponding short vowel.

son son of all all of


Chapter 10e - Construct Chainmasculine plural and dual

The masculine plural and dual . endingschange to (Tsere-Yod) in the construct state and

then the rules of vowel reduction apply.

God God of sons sons of> two eyes (two) eyes of

words words of

In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.


Chapter 10f - Construct Chainfeminine singular

Feminine singular nouns ending in changethis ending to in the construct state and

then the rules of vowel reduction apply.

law law of queen queen of year year of


Chapter 10g - Construct Chainfeminine plural

Feminine plural nouns ending in retain this pluralending and then the rules of vowel

reduction will apply.

kingdoms kingdoms of names names of fields fields of

blessings blessings of

In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.


Chapter 10h - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (a)

Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add Hireq Yodto their stem in the construct state. Do not to confuse

this Hireq Yod with the 1cs pronominalsuffix ( my father).

father father of brother brother of

The diphthong . as in . (house) changes toTsere Yod in the construct state.

. house house of. spring spring of


Chapter 10i - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (b)

The singular absolute of Segholate nouns is identicalto its singular construct form. The plural construct

form follows the pattern of (kings of).

. king . king of. servant . servant of

kings kings of servants servants of

Nouns ending in (with Seghol) have a singularconstruct form ending in (with Tsere).

field field of camp camp of


Chapter 11a - Numberscardinals:1-10

Masculine FeminineAbsolute Construct Absolute Construct

One Two > . Three .Four .Five .Six .Seven . Eight Nine . Ten . . .


Chapter 11b - Numberscardinals:11-19

With Masculine With FeminineNouns Nouns

Eleven

Twelve

Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen

thirteen years (1 Kgs 7:1) fourteen days (Ex 12:6) fifteen shekels (Lev 27:7)


Chapter 11c - Numberscardinals:20-99

Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety

twenty-one (2 Kgs 24:18) seventy-seven (Gen 4:24) ninety-nine (Gen 17:24) thirty-two (Num 31:40)


Chapter 11d - Numberscardinals:100+

One Hundred Two Hundred .Three Hundred One Thousand .Two Thousand .Three Thousand Ten Thousand Twenty Thousand .Thirty Thousand


Chapter 11e - Numbersordinal numbers

Masculine Feminine

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth

on the first day (Lev 23:7) on the seventh day (Gen 2:2)

in the fortieth year (1 Chr 26:31)


Chapter 12a - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: names

English Hebrew SpellingSpelling Spelling Diagnostics

Qal unaugmented

Niphal prefix; Pathach stem vowel

Piel Hireq-Tsere vowel pattern

Pual Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern

Hiphil prefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel

Hophal prefix; Pathach stem vowel

Hithpael prefix; Tsere stem vowel


Chapter 12b - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: meaning

Qal Simple/Active. Qal verbs are active in voice, though a fewpassive forms do exist. The Qal stem also exhibits thesimple or unnuanced type of action.

Niphal Simple/Passive or Reflexive. The Niphal stem is used toexpress simple action with either a passive or reflexivevoice. In other words, whatever a verb means in the Qalstem, it becomes passive or reflexive in the Niphal stem.

Piel Intensive/Active. The Piel stem is sometimes used toexpress an intensive type of action with an active voice. Inother words, the simple action of the Qal stem will takeon some type of intensive nuance in the Piel stem.

Pual Intensive/Passive. The Pual is the passive form of thePiel. The Pual stem, therefore, is used to express anintensive type of action with a passive voice.

Hiphil Causative/Active. The Hiphil stem is used to expresscausative action with an active voice. For example, the verb means he was king or he reigned in the Qal stem.The Hiphil form, however, is and means he causedto reign or he made (someone) king.

Hophal Causative/Passive. The Hophal is the passive form of theHiphil. The Hophal stem, therefore, is used to expresscausative action with a passive voice. For example, theHiphil verb means he made (someone) king. TheHophal form is and it is translated he was madeking.

Hithpael Intensive/Reflexive. The Hithpael stem is used to expressan intensive type of action with a reflexive (or sometimespassive) voice. For example, the verb means he hidin the Qal stem. The Hithpael form is and it meanshe hid himself.


Chapter 12c - Intro to Verbssummary: stem meaning and translation

Simple Intensive CausativeAction Action Action

Active Voice Qal Piel Hiphil

Passive Voice Niphal Pual Hophal

Reflexive Voice Niphal Hithpael

Form Translation

Qal he heardNiphal he was heardPiel he smashed into piecesPual he was smashed into piecesHiphil he made kingHophal he was made kingHithpael he hid himself


Chapter 12d - Intro to Verbsverbal conjugations

Perfect Completed Action. The Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.

Imperfect Incomplete Action. The Imperfect aspect denotesincomplete action, whether in the past, present or future.

Imperative 2nd Person Command. The Imperative conjugation isused primarily to express direct commands, demandingimmediate action from the one being addressed.

Cohortative 1st Person Volitional. The Cohortative is used to expressa wish, request or command. It may also be used toexpress purpose (in order to) or result (resulting in).

Jussive 3rd Person Volitional. The Jussive conjugation is alsoused to express some type of mild command or strongwish.

Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Infinitive Construct can function muchlike an English Infinitive, usually translated with thepreposition to plus a verb as in to study or to learn.

Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Hebrew Infinitive Absolute has no realEnglish counterpart. It may be used in conjunction withother verbs to emphasize or intensify the verbal action. Itmay also be used in the place of an Imperative to expressa command.

Participle Verbal Adjective. Verbally, the Participle expresses sometype of verbal action such as studying or learning.Adjectivally, it is used much like a Hebrew adjective:attributively, predicatively or substantively.


Construct

Absolute

Root

Qal Stem

Hithpael

Hiphil

HophalPual

Piel

Niphal

Chapter 12e - Intro to Verbsroots, stems & conjugations


PerfectImperfect

ImperativeCohortative

JussiveInf ConstructInf Absolute

Participle

Verbal Conjugations

Derived Stems

Chapter 12f - Intro to Verbsweak verb classification

Class Example Description

I-Guttural guttural in first root positionII-Guttural guttural in second root positionIII-/ or in third root positionIII- in third root positionIII- in third root positionI- in first root positionI- in first root positionDoubly Weak I-Guttural and III- (for one example)Biconsonantal only two root consonantsGeminate identical second and third consonants


Chapter 12g - Intro to Verbsverbal sentence word order

Normal word order for a verbal sentence isverb-subject-object.

God created the heavens and the earth.

Gen 1:1

It is not uncommon for the direct object to standat the beginning of a Hebrew sentence

for the purpose of emphasis.

Yahweh your God you shall fear.

Deut 10:20


verbsubjectobjectobject

verb object

Chapter 13a - Qal Perfect: Strongintroduction

The Qal StemQal verbs are active in voice with the simple or unnuanced type ofaction. The simple action of the Qal stem is further divided intotransitive, intransitive and stative.

1. Transitive. Transitive verbs may take a direct object. In the examplethe prophet wrote the book, the word book is the direct object ofthe verb wrote because it receives the verbal action.

2. Intransitive. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. In theexample the king perished in the battle, the verb perished cannottake a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include tolive, to die and to fast.

3. Stative. Stative verbs are used to describe a state of being. In theexample, the priest is old, the verbal construction is old describesthe state or condition of the subject (the priest). In English, a stative(or state-of-being) idea is expressed with a form of the verb to be(is) and an adjective (old). In Hebrew, a stative idea is expressedthrough various verbs themselves, such as (to be heavy) and (to be small). Most stative verbs are considered to be intransitivebecause they cannot take a direct object.

The Perfect ConjugationThe Perfect conjugation is used to express a completed action or state ofbeing. It must be emphasized that the Hebrew Perfect does not havetense (time of action) apart from context and issues of syntax. Rather,it signifies aspect (type of action). The Perfect aspect designates averbal action with its conclusion envisioned in the mind of the speakeror writer. To state it differently, the Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.


Chapter 13b - Qal Perfect: Strongqal perfect paradigm

Sufformative Perfect Translation

3ms he killed

3fs , she killed

2ms . you killed

2fs you killed

1cs . I killed

3cp , they killed

2mp you killed

2fp you killed

1cp . we killed


gnortS :tcefreP laQ - c31 retpahCsbrev gnorts rehto

rehtag ot peek ot etirw ot rebmemer ot llewd ot

sm3

, , <

Chapter 13d - Qal Perfect: Strongverbal roots ending in and

When a verbal root ending in receives a sufformativebeginning with , the two identical consonants becomeone consonant with a Daghesh Forte ( ). Five of thePerfect sufformatives begin with .

. . 2ms you cut 2fs you cut . . 1cs I cut

2mp you cut 2fp you cut

When a verbal root ending in receives a Perfectsufformative beginning with , the two identical consonantsbecome one consonant with Daghesh Forte ( ). Theonly sufformative that begins with is the 1cp (). Thefinal of a verbal root may also assimilate into suffirmativesending in ( ).

. . 1cp we dwell. . 1cp we dwell


Chapter 13e - Qal Perfect: Strongstative verbs

Stative verbs are classified by their stem vowel. The stemvowel is the vowel that is associated with the second root consonant.In transitive strong verb paradigms, the stem vowel isPathach as in , and . With stative verbs, thestem vowel is variable.

Pathach-Stative Tsere-Stative Holem-Stative

to be great to be heavy to be small to be wise to be old to be able

Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative

3ms 3fs

Chapter 13f - Qal Perfect: Strongparsing

The parsing of Perfect verbs involves the identificationof the verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, numberand verbal root. When parsing, give the appropriateinformation in the proper order as the followingexamples illustrate (translation is not a required partof parsing information).

. Qal Perfect 1cs I remembered

. Qal Perfect 2fs you observed


Chapter 13g - Qal Perfect: Strongthe negative particle

Perfect (and Imperfect) verbs are negated with theparticle , usually translated not. It may also bespelled . The negative particle is always placedimmediately before the verb.

You did not observe the laws.

. You did not remember the covenant.


Chapter 13h - Qal Perfect: Strongthe particle

The word (also as and ) is commonly translated behold.It can stand alone or take Type 1 pronominal suffixes.

1cs /> 1cp />2ms 2mp 2fs 2fp3ms 3mp

1. The particle may be used to add emphasis.

And God saw all that he had made, andbehold, (it was) very good (Gen 1:31).

2. The particle may be used to indicate the immediate presence ofsomeone or something.

And behold, I am with you (Gen 28:15).

3. The particle may be used to introduce a fact or situation uponwhich a subsequent statement is based.

And Samuel said to all of Israel, Behold, I havelistened to all that you have said to me and (therefore)I have caused a king to reign over you (1 Sam 12:1).


kaeW :tcefreP laQ - a41 retpahC/-III dna laruttuG-II ,laruttuG-I

gnortS /-III laruttuG-II laruttuG-I sm3, ,

Chapter 14b - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-

III- Strong3ms 3fs , ,2ms . .2fs 1cs . .3cp , ,2mp 2fp 1cp . .


Chapter 14c - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-

III- Strong3ms 3fs

Chapter 14d - Qal Perfect: Weakdoubly weak verbs

III-/ III-/ StrongII-Gutt I-Gutt Verb

3ms 3fs , ,2ms . . .2fs 1cs . . .3cp ,2mp 2fp 1cp . . .


kaeW :tcefreP laQ - e41 retpahCsbrev etanimeg

gnortS etanimeG etanimeG etanimeGbreV 2 kaeW 1 kaeW gnortS

sm3, . , , sf3. . . . sm2 sf2. . . . sc1, . , , pc3 pm2 pf2. . . . pc1


Chapter 14f - Qal Perfect: Weakbiconsonantal verbs

StrongStrong Strong Weak Verb

3ms 3fs . . . ,2ms . . . .2fs 1cs . . . .3cp . . . ,2mp 2fp 1cp . . . .


Chapter 14g - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: and

Strongto give to be Verb

3ms 3fs .3cp .


Chapter 14h - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: and

Strongto be afraid to die Verb

3ms 3fs

Chapter 15a - Qal Imperfect: Strongmaster paradigm

Suffor- Imperfect Prefor- Translationmative Paradigm mative

3ms he will kill3fs she will kill2ms you (ms) will kill2fs you (fs) will kill1cs I will kill3mp they (mp) will kill3fp . they (fp) will kill2mp you (mp) will kill2fp . you (fp) will kill1cp we will kill


gnortS :tcefrepmI laQ - b51 retpahCsbrev gnorts tcefrepmi rehto

rehtag ot peek ot etirw ot rebmemer ot

sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3. . . . pf3 pm2. . . . pf2 pc1


Chapter 15c - Qal Imperfect: Strongstative verbs

With the Imperfect inflection of stative verbs,the stem vowel is Pathach regardless

of the stem vowel in the Perfect.

Perfect Imperfect

Pathach-Stative Tsere-Stative Holem-Stative

Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp . . .2mp 2fp . . .1cp


Chapter 15d - Qal Imperfect: Strongparsing

When asked to parse Qal Imperfect verbs, you will berequired to identify the verbal stem, conjugation,person, gender, number and verbal root. When parsing,give the required information in the proper order asthe following examples illustrate (translation is not arequired part of the parsing information).

Qal Imperfect 3mp they will hear

Qal Imperfect 3ms he will reign


Chapter 15e - Qal Imperfect: Strongnegative particles and

The Imperfect can be negated with . Thisnegative particle is always placed immediatelybefore the verb. It can simply negate the verb orit may be used with the Imperfect for an absoluteor permanent prohibition.

you shall not kill (Ex 20:13)

you shall not commit adultery (Ex 20:14)

The Imperfact can also be negated with (withMaqqef ). This negative particle is used withthe Imperfect to express an immediate, specificand non-durative prohibition.

Do not fear! (Gen 15:1)

Do not listen to the words of your prophets! (Jer 27:14)


kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - a61 retpahC/-III/laruttug-II

gnortS /-III laruttuG-II sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3. . . pf3 pm2. . . pf2 pc1


Chapter 16b - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-

III- Strong3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp . .2mp 2fp . .1cp


Chapter 16c - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-

III- Strong3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp . .2mp 2fp . .1cp


kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - d61 retpahClaruttug-I

laruttuG-I laruttuG-IgnortS 2 epyT 1 epyT

sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3. . > pf3 pm2. . > pf2 pc1


kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - e61 retpahC-I

-I -IgnortS 2 epyT 1 epyT

sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3. . . pf3 pm2. . . pf2 pc1


Chapter 16f - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal classification

Qal Perfect 3ms Qal Imperfect 3ms Lexical Entry

- Class he arose he will arise to arise

- Class he placed he will place to place

- Class he entered he will enter to enter

kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - g61 retpahCsmgidarap latnanosnocib

ssalC ssalC ssalC gnortS

sm3 sf3 sm2 . . . sf2 sc1 . . . pm3. . . . pf3 . . . pm2. . . . pf2 pc1


kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - h61 retpahC-I

gnortS 2 epyT 1 epyT sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3. . . . pf3 pm2. . . . pf2 pc1


kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - i61 retpahC-I

gnortS kaeW ylbuoD 2 epyT 1 epyT

sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3. . . . pf3 pm2. . . . pf2 pc1


kaeW :tcefrepmI laQ - j61 retpahCyrammus

-III -III /-III ttuG-II sm3 sf3 sm2 sf2 sc1 pm3 > . . . pf3 pm2 > . . . pf2 pc1


Chapter 17a - Waw Conversiveintroduction

Converted verbal forms areused primarily to denotesequences of consecutive

actions, either in the past,present or future.


Chapter 17b - Waw Conversivebasic form with imperfect

Qal Imperfect without Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive

he will observe and he observed

he will remember and he remembered

Imperfect withWaw Conversive


Chapter 17c - Waw Conversiveimperfect strong verb paradigm

Imperfect with Waw Conversive

3ms and he killed3fs and she killed2ms and you killed2fs and you killed1cs and I killed3mp and they killed3fp . and they killed2mp and you killed2fp . and you killed1cp and we killed


Chapter 17d - Waw Conversivewaw conversive and regular waw

Qal Imperfect with Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Regular Waw

3ms and he will kill3fs and she will kill2ms and you will kill2fs and you will kill1cs and I will kill3mp and they will kill3fp . . and they will kill2mp and you will kill2fp . . and you will kill1cp and we will kill


Chapter 17e - Waw Conversiveuse of converted imperfect

1. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with a Perfectverb followed by any number of converted Imperfectverbs.

And Adam knew Eve his wife, and then sheconceived, and then she bore Cain (Gen 4:1).

2. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with thetemporal modifier followed by Imperfect verbs withWaw Conversive.

And after the death of Abraham

God blessed Isaac his son (Gen 25:11).

3. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with theconverted Imperfect itself.

And he called to Moses and Yahweh spoke to him

from the tent of meeting (Lev 1:1).


Chapter 17f - Waw Conversivechanges in spelling

With I- verbs like and some I- verbs (including), the stem vowel changes to Seghol.

he will say > and he said he will dwell > and he dwelt he will go > and he went

Biconsonantal and III- verbs are shortened inconverted Imperfect forms without a sufformative(except the 1cs). With Biconsonantal verbs, the medialvowel letter is lost. With III- verbs, the final dropsoff.

he will rise up > and he rose up he will set > and he set he will build > and he built he will reveal > and he revealed


Chapter 17g - Waw Conversivebasic form with perfect

Qal Perfect without Qal Perfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive

he observed and he will observe

he remembered and he will remember

Perfect withWaw Conversive


Chapter 17h - Waw Conversiveperfect strong verb paradigm

Perfect with Waw Conversive

3ms and he will kill3fs , and she will kill2ms . and you will kill2fs and you will kill1cs . and I will kill3cp , and they will kill2mp and you will kill2fp and you will kill1cp and we will kill


Chapter 17i - Waw Conversiveuse of converted perfect

1. The future tense narrative sequence may begin with anImperfect verb followed by any number of convertedPerfect verbs.

Six days you will labor and (you will) do

all your work (Deut 5:13).

2. The temporal modifier may mark the beginning ofa future tense narrative sequence.

And in that day I will break the

bow of Israel (Hos 1:5).

3. The converted Perfect will frequently follow anImperative verb and carry the full force of the initialImperative.

Stand (Imperative) in the gate of Yahwehs house and(you will) proclaim there this word and (you will) say,

Hear the word of Yahweh (Jer 7:2).


Chapter 17j - Waw Conversiveparsing

The parsing of converted verbal forms is just like the parsingof regular Perfect or Imperfect verbs except that you mustidentify the presence of the Waw Conversive.

Qal Imperfect 3ms with Waw Conversive

Qal Perfect 3ms with Waw Conversive


Chapter 18a - Qal Imperativeintroduction

Volitional ConjugationsThe term volitional describes thoseconjugations used, as a general rule,

to express some type of command,wish or desire.

Imperative2nd person volitional conjugation

Cohortative1st person volitional conjugation

Jussive3rd person volitional conjugation


Chapter 18b - Qal Imperativestrong verb paradigm

Imperative Sufformative Translation

2ms (you) kill!2fs (you) kill!2mp (you) kill!2fp . (you) kill!

Imperfect Subtract ImperativeForm Preformative Form

2ms | 2fs | 2mp | 2fp . .| .


Chapter 18c - Qal Imperativelengthened 2ms imperative

Lexical Regular LengthenedForm Imperative Imperative Translation

you (2ms) kill! you (2ms) observe! you (2ms) judge! you (2ms) listen!

The vowel in the first syllable of a lengthenedImperative like is Qamets Hatuf

It may also appear with Hireq as in


Chapter 18d - Qal Imperativethe particle

Imperatives (along with the other volitionalconjugations) may be followed by theparticle which can be translated asplease or simply left untranslated.

observe! orplease observe!


evitarepmI laQ - e81 retpahC1 trap :sbrev kaew

laruttuG-II laruttuG-I

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2

2 epyT -I 1 epyT -I

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2

-III /-III

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2


evitarepmI laQ - f81 retpahC2 trap :sbrev kaew

etanimeG -III

sm2. . sf2. . pm2. . > > pf2

2 epyT -I 1 epyT -I

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2

2 epyT -I 1 epyT -I

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2


evitarepmI laQ - g81 retpahCsbrev latnanosnocib

sm2. . . . sf2. . . . pm2. . . pf2

sm2. . sf2. . pm2. pf2


evitarepmI laQ - h81 retpahCsbrev kaew ylbuod/ralugerri

)ekat ot( )evig ot(

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2

)eb ot( )klaw ot(

sm2 sf2 pm2> . . pf2

)dnetxe ot( )pu og ot(

sm2 sf2 pm2. . . . pf2


Chapter 18i - Qal Cohortativethe basics

The Cohortative occurs only in the first person,singular and plural. It is constructed by adding to a first person form of the Imperfect.This final is the diagnostic indicator of theCohortative conjugation.

Imperfect Cohortative

+ = + =

May I observe your law.Let me observe your law.

Let us make (cut) a covenant.May we make (cut) a covenant.


Chapter 18j - Qal Jussivethe basics

The Jussive conjugation occurs primarily inthe third person, singular and plural. Withstrong verbs, the form of the Jussive is thesame as its corresponding Imperfect form. Forexample, may be translated as either hewill write or let him write. The presenceof the particle will suggest the Jussivetranslation.

Let the king remember Yahweh.

(2 Sam 14:11)

May Yahweh judge between me and between you.

(Gen 16:5)

May Yahweh forgive your servant .

(2 Kgs 5:18)


Chapter 18k - Qal Jussiveshort forms

Short jussive forms occur only in the singularand only with selected types of weak verbs,especially III- weak verbs.

Perfect Imperfect Jussive (short)

he built he will build > let him build he made he will make > let him make he went up he will go up > let him go up he saw he will see > let him see

And let him build the house of Yahweh (Ezra 1:3).

And God said, let there be light (Gen 1:3).


Chapter 18l - Qal Jussiveand Cohortative

negation

Jussive and Cohortative verbs are negated with .This construction expresses a negative wish or a mild-er form of prohibition than that expressed by plus the Imperfect. The particle is sometimes at-tached to with Maqqef (). In most instances,you do not need to translate the particle .

Do not let us perish.

(Jonah 1:14)

Do not let your anger burn against your servant .

(Gen 44:18)


Chapter 18m - Qal Imperative,Cohortative and Jussive

verbal sequences

1. Multiple Imperative verbs may occur in succession.Context will determine whether or not they arerelated consequentially or sequentially.

Go up and bury your father (Gen 50:6).

2. An Imperative verb may be followed by a Perfectverb with Waw Conversive. The Perfect verb maycarry the full force of the preceding Imperative.

Go and say to my servant (2 Sam 7:5).

3. An Imperative may be followed by an Imperfect orCohortative, a construction that will create a purposeor result clause. The Imperfect will be marked withthe conjunction and is translated as so that.

Go down there and buy grain for us from

there so that we might live (Gen 42:2).


Chapter 19aPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

introduction

. he will keep us he will keep us

he judged you he judged you


Chapter 19bPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

review: type 1 suffixes

Type 1 Type 1 ObjectiveSuffixes Alternate Translation

1cs me2ms you2fs you3ms him (it)3fs her (it)1cp us2mp you2fp you3mp them3fp them


Chapter 19cPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

on the qal perfect

Qal Perfect 3ms Translation

1cs . he killed me2ms

Chapter 19dPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal perfect

Qal Perfect Qal PerfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes

3ms 3fs , .2ms . .2fs .1cs . .3cp , .2mp 2fp 1cp . >


Chapter 19ePronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal perfect: examples

, (.) + . she (it) found us

. (.) + you knew him

. ( .) + . I gave her (it)

, (.) + . they surrounded me

. (>) + we knew them

Chapter 19fPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

imperfect: nun-suffixes

Type 1 Nun-Suffix Suffix Example Translation

2ms . . he will capture you3ms / . . he will capture him3fs / . . he will capture her

Chapter 19gPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal imperfect

Qal Imperfect Qal ImperfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp .2mp 2fp .1cp


Chapter 19hPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal imperfect: examples

+ and they buried him

+ he will observe you

+ he will send you

+ . . he will see her

+ and he gave them

Chapter 19iPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

on imperatives

The suffixes used on the Imperative are the same asthose used on the Imperfect.

1. The Imperative 2ms form is spelled (withQamets Hatuf) before a pronominal suffix.

+ (You) observe them! + (You) judge me!

2. The Imperative 2fs () and 2mp (), bothending in a vowel, do not change.

+ (You) seize them! + (You) seek me!

3. Imperatives with a Pathach stem vowel ()lengthen Pathach to Qamets before pronominalsuffixes.

+ (You) hear me! + (You) redeem her (it)!


Chapter 19jPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

parsing

When parsing verbs with pronominal suffixes, youwill need to identify the verb and the person,

gender and number of the suffix.

. Qal Perfect 1cs with 2ms suffix. Qal Imperfect 3ms with 3ms suffix


Chapter 20aQal Infinitive Construct

basic form

The Infinitive Construct is not inflected for person,gender or number. There is one basic form and,therefore, no paradigm to memorize. The vowelpattern is consistent for all strong verbs and evenfor most weak verbs. Note that the basic form ofthe Qal Infinitive Construct is identical to the QalImperative 2ms ().

Infinitive ConstructStrong Verb


Chapter 20bQal Infinitive Construct

examples with weak verbs

Imperative Infinitive Infinitive2ms Construct Translation

Strong to rememberI-Gutt to abandonI- to sayII-Gutt to chooseIII- to sendIII- to hearIII- to call


Chapter 20cQal Infinitive Construct

III- verbs: spelling

The Infinitive Construct form of III- verbs endsin . Remember that Imperfect forms end in (except in those forms with sufformatives) andthat Imperative forms end in (2ms).

Summary of III- Verbal EndingsEnding Example Translation

Imperfect he will buildImperative you (2ms) build!Infinitive to build, buildingConstruct


Chapter 20dQal Infinitive Construct

III- verbs: examples

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct Translation

to build, building to weep, weeping to go up, going up to answer, answering to do, doing to be, being to see, seeing


Chapter 20eQal Infinitive Construct

I- verbsVerbal Infinitive AlternateRoot Construct Form

with with

. . . () .


Chapter 20fQal Infinitive Construct

I- verbsVerbal InfinitiveRoot Construct

. . . . . .


Chapter 20gQal Infinitive Construct

biconsonantal verbs

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct


Chapter 20hQal Infinitive Construct

with suffixes and prefixes

The Infinitive Construct can take pronominal suf-fixes that function as either the subject or objectof the verbal idea.

his killing or killing him

The inseparable prepositions , and may beprefixed to the Infinitive Construct with a rangeof uses and translation values.

in order to remember while observing

Both pronominal suffixes and prepositional pre-fixes can occur with the Infinitive Construct.

when he hears/heard

Qal Infinitive Construct of withpreposition and 3ms pronominal suffix.


Chapter 20iQal Infinitive Construct

negation

The negative particles and are not used tonegate the Infinitive Construct. Rather, it is negat-ed with or meaning not or inorder not.

in order not to kill

ornot to kill


Chapter 20jQal Infinitive Construct

five common uses

1. With to express purpose, intention or result.

or eyesto knowBut Yahweh has not given to you a heart

).Deut 29:3 [English 29:4] until this day (to hear or ears to see

2. With to denote an action about to take place (inceptive).

And he took the knife (in order)to slaughter his son (Gen 22:10).

3. With or without as a verbal noun.

It is good to praise Yahweh (Ps 92:2).

4. With or without to explain, clarify or complement a preceding actionor statement (complementary).

And you shall observe the commandments of Yahweh

).Deut 8:6 in his ways (by walkingyour God

5. With or in a temporal clause with or without pronominal suffixes.

When (while) Israel dwelt in that land (Gen 35:22).


Chapter 21aQal Infinitive Absolute

introduction

The Infinitive Absolute is not inflected for person,gender or number and so there is only one formto memorize. This form is easy to identify andvaries little with weak verbal roots.

Infinitive AbsoluteStrong Verb

1. The vowel pattern of the strong verb also

occurs in most weak verb types.

2. Frequently, the Holem Waw stem vowel iswritten defectively as Holem. ().

3. Unlike the Infinitive Construct, the InfinitiveAbsolute does not occur with prepositionalprefixes or pronominal suffixes.


Chapter 21bQal Infinitive Absolute

weak verbs

Qal Perfect Infinitive3ms Absolute

I-Guttural I-Guttural I- II-Guttural II-Guttural III- III- III- I- I- Geminate


Chapter 21cQal Infinitive Absolute

III- and biconsonantal verbsVerbal Root Infinitive Absolute

or or or or

Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute

or


Chapter 21dQal Infinitive Absolute

parsing

The Infinitive Absolute form is not inflected forperson, gender or number. When parsing youare required to identify only stem, conjugationand lexical form.

Qal Infinitive Absolute Qal Infinitive Absolute


Chapter 21eQal Infinitive Absolute

usage

1. Emphatic. The Infinitive Absolute can precede or followa Perfect or Imperfect verbal form of the same root inorder to emphasize the verbal meaning.

you (2ms) will certainly die (2 Kgs 1:16)

2. Imperatival. The Infinitive Absolute can stand by itselfand function as an Imperative.

Observe the sabbath day! (Deut 5:12)

3. Contemporaneous Action. Two Infinitive Absolutes canbe used together with a Perfect or Imperfect verb toexpress two verbal actions occurring simultaneously.

(literally) and he walked, walking and eating;

(idiomatically) and he walked, eating as he went (Judg 14:9)

4. Complementary. The Infinitive Absolute can comple-ment the main verb of a sentence and carry the temporalvalue of that main verb.

All of the congregation shall stone him with stones (Num 15:35).


Chapter 21fQal Infinitive Absolute

the particle Hebrew can express the existence of someone or something byusing the particle () which translates either (there)is or (there) are.

. there is a king or a king is

Surely the Lord is in this place (Gen 28:16).

may also be used to express possession when followedby the preposition (to).

Literally: There is to me hope.

Idiomatically: I have hope (Ruth 1:12).

Literally: Is there to you a brother?

Idiomatically: Do you have a brother? (Gen 43:7)


Chapter 21gQal Infinitive Absolute

the particle Hebrew may express the non-existence or absence of someoneor something by using the particle ( .) which translateseither (there) is not or (there) are not.

Joseph was not in the cistern (Gen 37:29).

(And) there is no knowledge of God in the land (Hos 4:1).

can appear with pronominal suffixes as in > (3msor 1cp) and (3mp) or it may be used to negate averbless clause or sentences with Participles usedpredicatively.

They do not fear the Lord (2 Kgs 17:34).

(The) fool says in his heart, There is no God (Ps 53:2

[English 53:1]).


Chapter 22a-Qal Participleactive strong verb paradigm

The Participle inflects like an adjective, with bothgender and number. It is not inflected for person.The inflection of the Participle should look familiar.

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine . Feminine

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine . Feminine


Chapter 22b-Qal Participlediagnostics

The Holem in the first syllable of all forms is diag-nostic of the Qal active Participle. It may also bewritten as Holem Waw (). The Holem willnot reduce (undergo propretonic reduction) withthe additional of inflectional endings. The Holem-Tsere vowel pattern is distinctive of the masculinesingular Qal active Participle.

Qal Active ParticipleStrong Verb


Chapter 22c-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 1

I-Guttural I-Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. . . Fem.

I- GeminateSingular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. . . Fem.


Chapter 22d-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 2

II-Guttural III-/Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. . . Fem.

III-Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. . Fem.


Chapter 22e-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 3

III- BiconsonantalSingular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. Fem.


Chapter 22f-Qal Participleuse of the qal active participle

Participles function just like adjectives.

1. Attributive Use. The Participle directly modifies a noun. Themodifying Participle will follow the noun and agree in gender,number and definiteness.

the people who dwell (who aredwelling) in the land (Num13:28)

Yahweh your God is a consumingfire (Deut 4:24).

2. Predicative Use. The Participle asserts something about the noun(with a form of the verb to be). The modifying Participle willagree with the noun in gender and number but not definiteness.

The mountain was burning withfire (Deut 4:11).

And Samuel was lying downin (the) temple (1 Sam 3:3).

3. Substantive Use. The Participle is used independently as a noun,indicating the one who performs a certain action. It may functionas the subject or object of a verb; take a definite article; appear in aconstruct chain; or take pronominal suffixes and prepositionalprefixes.

you who dwell in the gardens(Song 8:13)

and the one who keeps Israelwill not sleep (Ps 121:4)


Chapter 22g-Qal Participlepassive participle paradigm

The passive Participle inflects like an adjective,with both gender and number. It is not inflectedfor person.

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine .


Chapter 22h-Qal Participlepassive participle diagnostics

The diagnostic feature of the Qal passive Participleis the Qamets-Shureq vowel pattern. It may alsobe spelled defectively with Qibbuts as in .

Qal Passive ParticipleStrong Verb


Chapter 22i-Qal Participleweak verbs

abandoned opened hated known asked planted slaughtered cursed eaten advised

III-Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine


Chapter 22j-Qal Participleuse of the qal passive participle

Participles function just like adjectives.

1. Attributive Use. The passive Participle follows the noun it modifiesand agrees in gender, number and definiteness.

the covenant written in this book of the law (Deut 29:20)

(And) he (re)built all of the broken wall (2 Chr 32:5).

2. Predicative Use. The passive Participle either precedes or followsthe noun it modifies and agrees in gender and number only (notdefiniteness).

Blessed is Yahweh forever (Ps 89:53). Cursed is the ground because of you

(Gen 3:17).

3. Substantive Use. Passive Participles can be used independently asnouns, indicating the one who performs a certain action. Whena Participle is used substantively, it behaves just like a noun.

And the one equipped (for battle) will pass before the ark of Yahweh

(Josh 6:7).

And they will fall among the slain ones(Isa 10:4).


Chapter 22k-Qal Participleparsing

Like a verb, the Participle has stem and voice.Like an adjective, it is inflected for gender andnumber. When parsing you will be required toidentify stem, conjugation (with voice), gender,number and lexical form.

Qal Active Participle ms Qal Passive Participle ms


Chapter 23a-Sentence Syntaxnormal word order

In Hebrew, normal word order for a verbalsentence is verb-subject-object (vso)

(And) God remembered Noah (Gen 8:1).

(And) Joseph dreamed a dream (Gen 37:5).

(And) Moses called to all Israel (Ex 24:16).


vso

vso

vso

Chapter 23b-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb

In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally at the beginning, in first position.

(And) a new king arose over Egypt (Ex 1:8).

I trust in the steadfast love of God forever and ever

(Ps 52:10 [English 52:8]).

Sing to Yahweh a new song (Ps 96:1).


Chapter 23c-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb

The verb may also be preceded by an adverb of time, an adverbial phrase, (behold), a temporal modifier ( or ), an expression that providescontext or circumstantial information, an independent personal pronounfor emphasis or a negative particle.

Now I know that Yahweh is greater

than all gods (Ex 18:11).

After these things, the word of Yahweh

came (was) to Abram (Gen 15:1).

And behold, our fathers have fallen

by the sword (2 Chr 29:9).

When they were in the field, Cain rose up against Abel his brother and he killed him (Gen 4:8).

Do not trust in deceptive words (Jer 7:4).

And you will be to me a kingdom

of priests (Ex 19:6).


Chapter 23d-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the subject

In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally followed immediately by its subject ifone is specified.

The serpent said to the woman (Gen 3:4).

The glory of Yahweh dwelt upon Mount Sinai

(Ex 24:16).

The verb may be preceded by its subject toemphasize that subject, though there are otherreasons for this type of variation.

Yahweh will reign forever and ever (Ex 15:18).

And Moses went up to God (Ex 19:3).

And Noah found favor in the

eyes of Yahweh (Gen 6:8).


Chapter 23e-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the object

1. The indirect object is usually marked with the preposition (to, for) or (to, for) and may precede or follow thedirect object (if any).

I know that Yahweh has given to you the land

(Josh 2:9).

2. A direct object (if any) will frequently stand after theverb or its subject. It may precede or follow an indirectobject.

God created the heavens and

the earth (Gen 1:1).

3. The verb may be preceded by its object to emphasizethat object, though there are other reasons for this syntax.

Yahweh your God you shall fear (Deut 10:20).


Chapter 23f-Sentence Syntaxconditional sentences

A conditional sentence consists of two clauses. Thefirst clause states the condition and is called the protasis(if-clause). The second clause states the consequenceof the condition and is called the apodosis (then-clause). The protasis will often begin with (if) butit may also begin with , or followed by aPerfect, Imperfect or Participle.

Barak said to her, If you will go with me, then I will

go; but if you will not go with me, (then) I will not go(Judg 4:8).

Condition (Protasis) Consequence (Apodosis)if () you will go then I will go

but if () you will not go (then) I will not go


Chapter 23g-Sentence Syntaxadverbs

Adverbs are generally divided into four categories:adverbs of time (then, now), place (here, there), degree(very, extremely) and manner (swiftly, gently).

1. Adverbs of Time. (now)

Now I know that you fear God (Gen 22:12).

2. Adverbs of Place. (there)

And he placed there the man whom he hadformed (Gen 2:8).

3. Adverbs of Degree. (continually)

My eyes are continually on the Lord (Ps 25:15).

4. Adverbs of Manner. (suddenly)

And Joshua came upon them suddenly(Josh 10:9).


Chapter 23h-Sentence Syntaxdisjunctive waw

A disjunctive Waw is prefixed to a non-verbal form and is non-sequential, that is, it introduces some kind of break or interruption inthe narrative. There are four basic uses.

1. Parenthetical. The disjunctive clause may interrupt the narrativeflow in order to provide some explanatory information.

Now they did not know that Joseph was understanding thembecause there was an interpreter between them (Gen 42:23).

2. Circumstantial. The disjunctive clause may introduce or identifycircumstantial information that relates to the main action of thenarrative.

(And) one day, he went into the house to do his work and none ofthe household servants were there in the house (Gen 39:11).

3. Contrastive. The disjunctive Waw may introduce a contrastive ideaand is often translated as but.

The Lord looked favorably on Abel and his offering but on Cainand his offering he did not look favorably (Gen 4:4b-5a).

4. Introductory. The disjunctive Waw may begin a new narrative orintroduce a new idea or theme within a narrative.

Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the creatures that theLord God had made (Gen 3:1).


Chapter 24a-Niphal Strongperfect

Niphal PerfectStrong Verb

Qal Niphal Translation

3ms he was killed3fs , she was killed2ms . . you were killed2fs you were killed1cs . . I was killed3cp , they were killed2mp you were killed2fp you were killed1cp . . we were killed


Chapter 24b-Niphal Strongimperfect

Niphal ImperfectStrong Verb


3ms he will be killed3fs she will be killed2ms you will be killed2fs , you will be killed1cs I will be killed3mp , they will be killed3fp . . they will be killed2mp , you will be killed2fp . . you will be killed1cp we will be killed


Chapter 24c-Niphal Strongimperative

Niphal ImperativeStrong Verb


2ms be killed!2fs , be killed!2mp , be killed!2fp . . be killed!


Chapter 24d-Niphal Stronginfinitive

Niphal InfinitiveConstruct

Niphal InfinitiveAbsolute


Chapter 24e-Niphal Strongparticiple

Niphal ParticipleStrong Verb


ms being killedfs . . being killedmp being killedfp being killed


gnortS lahpiN-f42 retpahCyrammus noitagujnoc

elpicitraP evitinifnI evitinifnI evitarepmI tcefrepmI tcefrePetulosbA tcurtsnoC

. , , . . , .,

. , . .

Chapter 25 - Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong

I-Gutt

III- III-

> I-

I-


Chapter 26a-Piel Strongperfect

Piel PerfectStrong Verb

Qal Piel Translation

3ms he slaughtered3fs , she slaughtered2ms . . you slaughtered2fs you slaughtered1cs . . I slaughtered3cp , they slaughtered2mp you slaughtered2fp you slaughtered1cp . . we slaughtered


Chapter 26b-Piel Strongimperfect

Piel ImperfectStrong Verb


3ms he will slaughter3fs she will slaughter2ms you will slaughter2fs you will slaughter1cs I will slaughter3mp they will slaughter3fp . . they will slaughter2mp you will slaughter2fp . . you will slaughter1cp we will slaughter


Chapter 26c-Piel Strongimperative

Piel ImperativeStrong Verb


2ms (you) slaughter!2fs (you) slaughter!2mp (you) slaughter!2fp . . (you) slaughter!


Chapter 26d-Piel Stronginfinitive

Piel InfinitiveConstruct

Piel InfinitiveAbsolute


Chapter 26e-Piel Strongparticiple

Piel ParticipleStrong Verb


ms slaughteringfs . . slaughteringmp slaughteringfp slaughtering


gnortS leiP-f62 retpahCyrammus noitagujnoc

elpicitraP evitinifnI evitinifnI evitarepmI tcefrepmI tcefrePetulosbA tcurtsnoC

. . . .

. . .

Chapter 27 - Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong III-/ III-

III- 1

.Geminate II-Gutt2

1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt3


Chapter 28a-Pual Strongperfect

Pual PerfectStrong Verb

Qal Pual Translation

3ms he slaughtered3fs she slaughtered2ms . . you slaughtered2fs you slaughtered1cs . . I slaughtered3cp they slaughtered2mp you slaughtered2fp you slaughtered1cp . . we slaughtered


Chapter 28b-Pual Strongimperfect

Pual ImperfectStrong Verb


3ms he will slaughter3fs she will slaughter2ms you will slaughter2fs you will slaughter1cs I will slaughter3mp they will slaughter3fp . . they will slaughter2mp you will slaughter2fp . . you will slaughter1cp we will slaughter


Chapter 28c-Pual Strongparticiple

Pual ParticipleStrong Verb


ms slaughteringfs . . slaughteringmp slaughteringfp slaughtering


gnortS lauP-d82 retpahCyrammus noitagujnoc

elpicitraP tcefrepmI tcefreP

. . .

. . .

Chapter 29 - Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong III- III-

.II-Gutt1 II-Gutt2

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening


Chapter 30a-Hiphil Strongperfect

Hiphil PerfectStrong Verb

or .Qal Hiphil Translation

3ms he caused to kill3fs , . she caused to kill2ms . . you caused to kill2fs you caused to kill1cs . . I caused to kill3cp , . they caused to kill2mp you caused to kill2fp you caused to kill1cp . . we caused to kill

Basics o

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Practico - Basic Biblical Hebrew

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