Pragmatics II

Pragmatics IIPragmatics II

Non-Literal CommunicationNon-Literal Communication


Non-Literal CommunicationNon-Literal Communication Overstatement: No one Overstatement: No one

understands me. A pig wouldn’t understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat this food.eat this food.



understands me. A pig wouldn’t understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat this food.eat this food.

Irony or sarcasm: Boy, this food is Irony or sarcasm: Boy, this food is great! (terrible)great! (terrible)



understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat this food.this food.

Irony or sarcasm: Boy, this food is Irony or sarcasm: Boy, this food is great! (terrible)great! (terrible)

Figures of speech: I’ve got three Figures of speech: I’ve got three hands (workers) here to help.hands (workers) here to help.


Non-Literal CommunicationNon-Literal Communication The hearer can recognize that the The hearer can recognize that the

speaker is saying something which speaker is saying something which is contextually inappropriate, and is contextually inappropriate, and therefore non-literaltherefore non-literal


Indirect CommunicationIndirect Communication


Indirect CommunicationIndirect Communication– The door is over there. (asking The door is over there. (asking

someone to leave)someone to leave)– I’m sure the cat likes having its tail I’m sure the cat likes having its tail

pulled. (requesting someone to stop pulled. (requesting someone to stop pulling the cat’s tail)pulling the cat’s tail)

– I should never have done that. (used I should never have done that. (used to apologize)to apologize)


ProverbsProverbs


ProverbsProverbs– Let sleeping dogs lie.Let sleeping dogs lie.– Don’t cry over spilled milk.Don’t cry over spilled milk.– Look before you leap.Look before you leap.– Every cloud has a silver lining.Every cloud has a silver lining.– Absence makes the heart grow Absence makes the heart grow

fonder.fonder.


ProverbsProverbs– Let sleeping dogs lie.Let sleeping dogs lie.– Don’t cry over spilled milk.Don’t cry over spilled milk.– Look before you leap.Look before you leap.– Every cloud has a silver lining.Every cloud has a silver lining.– Absence makes the heart grow fonder.Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

We use proverbs to distance We use proverbs to distance ourselves from the advice they give.ourselves from the advice they give.


Message Model vs. Inferential Message Model vs. Inferential Theories (Conclusion)Theories (Conclusion)– The Message Model gives us the basic The Message Model gives us the basic

format for communication (message format for communication (message encoded by speaker, transmitted encoded by speaker, transmitted through sound, then decoded by through sound, then decoded by hearer.hearer.


Message Model vs. Inferential Theories Message Model vs. Inferential Theories (Conclusion)(Conclusion)– The Message Model gives us the basic The Message Model gives us the basic

format for communication (message format for communication (message encoded by speaker, transmitted through encoded by speaker, transmitted through sound, then decoded by hearer.sound, then decoded by hearer.

– Inferential Theories allow us to analyze the Inferential Theories allow us to analyze the quality of the both the encoding and quality of the both the encoding and decoding process via communicative decoding process via communicative strategies.strategies.


Discourse and ConversationDiscourse and Conversation


Discourse and ConversationDiscourse and Conversation– Language and context: the social, Language and context: the social,

physical environment in which a physical environment in which a speaker finds himself.speaker finds himself.


Discourse and ConversationDiscourse and Conversation– Language and context: the social, Language and context: the social,

physical environment in which a physical environment in which a speaker finds himself.speaker finds himself.

– Openings: attention getting Openings: attention getting utterances (Hey! What the! Hello! utterances (Hey! What the! Hello! Sup?)Sup?)


Discourse and ConversationDiscourse and Conversation– Language and context: the social, physical Language and context: the social, physical

environment in which a speaker finds environment in which a speaker finds himself.himself.

– Openings: attention getting utterances Openings: attention getting utterances (Hey! What the! Hello! Sup?)(Hey! What the! Hello! Sup?)

– Turn talking: (P1) The speaker selects the Turn talking: (P1) The speaker selects the next speaker; (P2) The first to speak next speaker; (P2) The first to speak becomes the speaker; (P3) The speaker becomes the speaker; (P3) The speaker continues his own remarks.continues his own remarks.


Discourse and ConversationDiscourse and Conversation– ClosingsClosings

Preclosing: We-ell, it’s been nice seeing Preclosing: We-ell, it’s been nice seeing you.you.

Closing: See you. Good-bye.Closing: See you. Good-bye.


Special TopicsSpecial Topics


Special TopicsSpecial Topics– Performatives: certain words or Performatives: certain words or

utterances made by certain people in utterances made by certain people in certain circumstances actually do certain circumstances actually do something: “I do” said at a weddingsomething: “I do” said at a wedding


Special TopicsSpecial Topics– Speech Acts:Speech Acts:



Utterance acts: shouting, whispering, Utterance acts: shouting, whispering, murmuringmurmuring




Illocutionary acts: promising, reporting, Illocutionary acts: promising, reporting, askingasking





Perlocutionary acts: intimidating, Perlocutionary acts: intimidating, persuading, deceiving.persuading, deceiving.





Perlocutionary acts: intimidating, Perlocutionary acts: intimidating, persuading, deceiving.persuading, deceiving.

Propositional acts: referring, predictionPropositional acts: referring, prediction


Special TopicsSpecial Topics– Speaker meaning: The agent intended Speaker meaning: The agent intended

the utterance of x to produce some the utterance of x to produce some effect in an audience by means of the effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention. recognition of this intention.


Special TopicsSpecial Topics– Speaker meaning: The agent intended Speaker meaning: The agent intended

the utterance of x to produce some the utterance of x to produce some effect in an audience by means of the effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention. recognition of this intention.

– Saying: operative meaning of the Saying: operative meaning of the utterance; the time of utterance; utterance; the time of utterance; what the subject is being used to what the subject is being used to refer to.refer to.


Special TopicsSpecial Topics– Implication:Implication:

Questioner: Where is your husband?Questioner: Where is your husband? Speaker: He is in the living room or the Speaker: He is in the living room or the

kitchen.kitchen. Implication: The speaker doesn’t know Implication: The speaker doesn’t know

where he is.where he is.

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Pragmatics II

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