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Pragmatics (overview)Meeting 7

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Malinowski’s level

of linguistics

Pragmatics

Discourse and Coreference

Semantic extraction

Farsing

Chunking

POS tagging

Morphology

Increased complexity of processing

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CONTEXT and CO-TEXT

• co-text – the linguistic enironment of a !ord

context – the non"er#al enironment in !hich a !ord isused

• Put another !ay$ the surrounding situation in !hich a

!ord is used is its context !hereas the surrounding

!ords is its co-text$ the most o#ious manifestation of!hich is collocations%

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!nta"# emantics# andPragmatics

• Syntax

the study of the relation #et!een linguistic forms$ ho! they are

arranged in se&uence$ and !hich se&uences are !ell"formed

• Semantics

'he study of the relationship #et!een linguistic forms and entries

in the !orld%

• Pragmatics

'he study of the relationships #et!een linguistic forms and the

users of those forms%

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$%at is Pragmatics&

1. The study of speaker meaning

It is concerned !ith the study of meaning as communicated #y speaker and interpreted #y

listener 

2. The study of the contextual meaning

It inoles interpretation of !hat people mean in a particular context and ho! the context

influences !hat is said%

3. The study of how more gets communicated than is said

'his type o study explores ho! great deal of !hat is unsaid is recogni(ed as part of !hatis communicated%

4. The study of the expression of relatie distance

On the assumption of ho! close and distant the listener is$ speakers determine ho! much

needs to #e said

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To'ics in Pragmatics

•D)I*IS and +)F)+),C)

• P+)S-PPOSI'IO,

• IMP.IC/'-+)

•SP))C0 /C'S

• P+I,CIP.)S

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EX# NEXC*+# ,E.EN/ EXPEON

Deixis 1 'he process of pointing ia language

"2 deictic expressions 3 indexical

'ypes of deixis1

4% Person deixis5% Spatial deixis

6% 'emporal deixis

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T!'es of deicticreference 0

• 4% Person deixis

• In conersations constant shift of you in .4 ac&uisition1 phase of confusion

•"2 in many languages include social status 0 and .8

• "2 indication of higher status 1 honorifics

• )xample1

• 9erman du/Sie

• French tu/vous

• Spanish USTED 3rd person indicates distance

• !! 3RD PERSON DISTANCE USED IN ACCUSIATIONS 

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'atial dei"is

• Modern )nglish1 here:there """ ;O,D)+ more distant from

speaker8

• 'his:here1 ac&uired early$ can #e seen$ close

• 'hat:there1 ac&uired late

• << /,'0+OPO.O9IC/. =/SIS OF SP/'I/. D)I*IS 1

PS;C0O.O9IC/. DIS'/,C)

•    physically close o#>ects can #e psychologically distant I?m

not going to touch that8<

•    physically close o#>ects are psychologically close

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eference , referringe"'ressions

• &eference act from speaker to ena#le listener to identify something

• +eferring expressions1

a% Proper ,ouns

 #% Definite ,P

c% Indefinite ,Ps

d% P+O,O-,

$!+,T)%+S

.Shared kno!ledge in shared isual context .ook at me<8

.

Shared memory Don?t you remem#er the reason you left me #efore8.Shared perception 1 inent names Mr% =rightside is coming8

.Shared world knowledge e need to find a cop  entity is unkno!n #ut can #e assumed to exist8

.Share knowledge a/out descriptie properties 0e needs a rich !ife8

000 Successful reference is ,%''(%&(T)*"

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efereing e"'ressions(contd’)

• In discourse1 colla/oration in reference

• /% Intention to identify

• =% +ecognition of intention

Context makes differences #et!een persons:o#>ects %

P)+SO, as O=E)C'  Can I 'orro& your Sa%espeare(

O=E)C' as P)+SO,  )ere is the cat sittin"(

4% CO,),'IO, /' O+A 

 I ated Sa%espeare at scoo# )e*re "oin" to see Sa%espeare in +ondion

Sa%espeare ta%es up to te se#f 

5% P+/9M/'IC CO,,)C'IO, =)')), P+OP)+ ,/M)S /,D O=E)C'S

Initing listener to make expected inference