Pragmatism-How America Was Corrupted by William James

8/12/2019 Pragmatism-How America Was Corrupted by William James

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THE NEW FEDERALIST March 16, 1992 Pages 6-7

American Almanac

Pragmatism: How America's Identity Was Corruptedby New Age Psychologist William James

by Mary ouise !houri

EIRNS/Philip Ulanowsky


2/18

Econo!c co""a#se, hoe"essness, an$ %he $es%r&c%!on o' %he ne(% genera%!on

)* %he ra$!ca" co&n%erc&"%&re+ a"" %o"era%e$ )* %he Aer!can #o#&"a%!on as

#ar% o' )e!ng #rac%!ca"

As a #s*cho"og!s%, I ha.e o'%en /on$ere$ /he%her #erha#s %here e(!s%s soe

#ec&"!ar c&"%&ra" an$ !$eo"og!ca" a(!o, e)e$$e$ !n %he #s*che o' Aer!-cans, %ha% !s "arge"* res#ons!)"e 'or o&r a)erran% )eha.!or as a na%!on A'%er a

grea% $ea" o' research, I ha.e )ecoe con.!nce$ %ha% #raga%!s !s 0&s% s&ch

a '"a/

As F&n an$ Wagna""s $!c%!onar* $e'!nes #raga%!s, !% !s %he #h!"oso#h*

%ha% !$eas on"* ha.e .a"&e !n %ers o' %he!r #rac%!ca" conse&ences The*

g!.e #rac%!ca" as !%s s*non*, an$ re'er %o %he 3ree /or$pragma, ean-

!ng %h!ng $one, as !%s $er!.a%!on

Aer!cans ha.e a"/a*s )een #rac%!ca" #eo#"e, no/n 'or ha.!ng a can-$oa%%!%&$e %o/ar$ ge%%!ng %h!ngs $one no a%%er /ha% %he o)s%ac"e Peo#"e ha.e

coe %o acce#% #raga%!s as soe%h!ng reasona)"e an$ a""-Aer!can

Ho/e.er, !' one acce#%s %he !$ea o' )e!ng #raga%!c, he !s !#"!c!%"* acce#%-

!ng a"" !n$s o' $angero&s &n$er"*!ng ass%!ons he /o&"$ #ro)a)"* no%

acce#%, /ere he cogn!4an% o' /here %hese ass%!ons co&"$ "ea$ h!

Praga%!s /as crea%e$ as a .er* !#or%an% #ar% o' %he Ne/ Age o.e-

en% )eg&n as an !n%erna%!ona" e''or% a% %he en$ o' %he "as% cen%&r* The Ne/

Age /as an e(!s%en%!a"!s% o.een% /h!ch H!%"er an$ M&sso"!n! )ro&gh% %o

#o"!%!cs, an$ e.en%&a""* %he roc-$r&g-se( co&n%erc&"%&re )ro&gh% %o Aer-!ca As %he Aer!can 'ace% o' %h!s, %he #h!"oso#h* o' #raga%!s /as

concoc%e$ )* Ang"o#h!"e W!""!a 5aes a% Har.ar$ 161-1987 I% /as a

con%!n&a%!on o' 3rea% :r!%a!n;s h!s%or!ca" co!%en% %o s%a# o&%


3/18

aena)"e %o %he !$ea %ha% cer%a!n races o' en are ore '!% %o s&r.!.e %han

o%hers, an$ sho&"$ %here'ore na%&ra""* r&"e o.er %he !n'er!or ones

In %he e*es o' %he ar!s%ocrac*, %hese "o/er races as 5aes ca""e$ %he,

sho&"$ on"* ser.e as s&)0ec%s or s"a.es, or e.en )e%%er, )e c&""e$ 'ro %he

h&an her$ en%!re"*

Mussolini's Pragmatism

The #h!"oso#h* o' %he 'asc!s%s /as e(ac%"* %he sae Soc!a" Dar/!n!s %he

as%er race an$ /ha%e.er /ors a##roach As W!""!a >an$e"" E""!o%%

$oc&en%s !n h!sPragmatic Revolt in Politics+ The o)ser.ers /ho ha.e

coen%e$ on Fasc!s ha.e agree$ on one %h!ng a% "eas%, %ha% !%s

e%ho$ !s essen%!a""* #raga%!c M&sso"!n! a%%r!)&%es h!s o/n !n%e""ec%&a"

sha#!ng %o W!""!a 5aes For #raga%!s, a *%h !s %r&e so "ong as !%

/ors M&sso"!n! o''ers h!se"' as %he ne/


4/18

:e!ng #rac%!ca" /as #er.er%e$ %o ean $o!ng an*%h!ng !n %he nae o'

a!ng one*, !n %he ser.!ce o' one;s #e%%*, he$on!s%!c /!"" Praga%!s

/as a #er'ec% echo o' /ha% A$a S!%h ha$ sa!$ ear"!er a)o&% %he econo*,

%ha% an sho&"$ concern h!se"' on"* /!%h #&rs&!ng #"eas&re an$ a.o!$!ng

#a!n, an$ "e% 3o$ /orr* a)o&% %he conse&ences 'or o.era"" soc!e%*

William James "right# and younger brother Henry loo$ o%er a gallery o& their

cothin$ers "le&t to right#: homas Hu(ley) *ertrand +ussell) Adol& Hitler)

,riedrich Niet-sche) and .atanist Aleister Crowley/


5/18

Praga%!s !s a"so e(#"!c!% !n !%s #ra!se o' 3nos%!c!s I% es#o&ses %he &se

o' a"coho" an$ $r&gs 'or ga!n!ng *s%!ca" e(#er!ences Sa%an!s% A"e!s%er


6/18

'a!"* )ecae es%a)"!she$ !n %h!s co&n%r* %hro&gh "an$ gran%s 'ro %h!s

Ang"o-D&%ch )an!ng e#!re

W!""!a;s 'a%her, Henr* 5aes, Sr, /as an e(%ra.agan% eccen%r!c /ho

#ro'esse$ %o )e a here%!c an$ *s%!c He /as a 'o""o/er o' &%o#!an soc!a"!s%

Henr*;s 'r!en$s /ere %he !$eo"og!ca" #re$ecessors o' %he one-/or"$ers o'

%he Ne/ Age o.een% %o$a* In 1CC, Henr*, Sr ha$ gone %o Eng"an$ %o

.!s!% 5ohn S%&ar% M!"" an$ o%hers o' %he :r!%!sh !n%e""!gence co&n!%* /here

he /as .as%a%e$, h!s ehe!s 'or )ra!n/ashe$ Dr 55 3ar%h an Ar*an

as%er race %heor!s% he"#e$ Henr* Sr o.ercoe h!s ner.o&s )rea$o/n )*

!n%ro$&c!ng h! %o s#!r!%&a"!s% Ean&e" S/e$en)org;s "!.e /!%h %he

an!a"s #h!"oso#h*

The 5aes 'a!"* /as #ar% o' a h!gh-"e.e" :r!%!sh !n%e""!gence o#era%!on %o

!n0ec% sers%!%!on an$ !rra%!ona"!%* !n Aer!ca The :r!%!sh connec%!ons

con%!n&e$ an$ $ee#ene$ /!%h W!""!a an$ h!s *o&nger )ro%her Henr* For

W!""!a, %a!ng $r&gs, e$!&!s%!c %rances, an$ seances /!%h %he $ea$ /eres%an$ar$ 'are The 5aes 'a!"*;s acce#%ance )* a"" %he '!nes% 'a!"!es o'

:os%on an$


7/18

5aes a"so )ecae !n.o".e$ !n %he 3a!a c&"%=no/ #o#&"ar aong ra$!ca"

en.!ronen%a"!s%s=/h!ch asser%s %ha% %he Ear%h !s a "!.!ng )e!ng=Mo%her

Ear%h 5aes /ro%e+ >o&r !n$!.!$&a" /!"" )ecoes so haron!4e$ %o

na%&re;s /!"" as cheer'&""* %o ac&!esce !n /ha%e.er she ass!gns %o *o&,

no/!ng *o& ser.e soe #&r#ose /h!ch /!"" ne.er )e re.ea"e$ %o *o&

He a"so a$!re$ %he #h!"oso#h* o'


8/18

A##o!n%e$ #ro'essor o' #h*s!o"og* a% Har.ar$ !n 172, he rea!ne$ %here 'or

%he res% o' h!s career &n%!" 1987 In 17, he /as !n.!%e$ %o 5ohn Ho#!ns

Gn!.ers!%* )* Dr D


9/18

/an%e$ %o )ecoe a"" s#!r!%, an$ o' co&rse none o' h!s ch!"$ren %r!e$ %o s%o#

h!

In 12, 5aes re%&rne$ %o E&ro#e aga!n, /here he s%&$!e$ /!%h %he

#ro!nen% #s*cho"og!s%s o' %he $a*+ Re*, De")oe&', S%', M&n,

L&$/!g, an$ Her!ng Wh!"e !n Lon$on, he 0o!ne$ %he Scra%ch E!gh% @"$Scra%ch eans Sa%an a #h!"oso#h!ca"-#s*cho"og!ca" gro 'o&n$e$ )*

E$&n$ 3&rne* 3&rne* an$ S!$g/!c e)ers o' :r!%!sh !n%e""!gence;s

'"o/!ng r!.er o' 'ee"!ngs Fee"!ngs are %he ger an$ s%ar%!ng #o!n% o' cogn!-

%!on, %ho&gh%s %he $e.e"o#e$ %ree, 5aes /ro%e

In 1C, 5aes 'o&n$e$ %he Aer!can Soc!e%* o' Ps*ch!ca" Research

ASPR, /!%h R!char$ Ho$gson as secre%ar* @n ass!gnen% !n In$!a,

Ho$gson /as %rans'erre$ )* :r!%!sh !n%e""!gence %o $!rec%"* anage %he

a''a!rs o' )o%h ASPR an$ 5aes In 198, Har.ar$ co!ss!one$ 5aes;s

Principles o! Psychology$ :* 19, he /as e"ec%e$ #res!$en% o' %he :r!%!sh

Soc!e%* 'or Ps*ch!ca" Research, an$ #res!$en% o' %he Aer!can Assoc!a%!on

o' Ps*cho"og!s%s So %he :r!%!sh /ere con%ro""!ng a!ns%rea #s*cho"og*

!n Aer!ca, no% 0&s% %he s#oo!er en$ o' !%

:* %he !$-198s, #s*ch!ca" research /as 5aes;s a!n #reocca%!on H!sch!e' #ro0ec% /as co#"e%!ng a


10/18

Cloc$wise &rom top le&t: James's top student)

0ertrude .tein) poses with lesbian lo%er Alice */

o$las) in%entor o& the mari1uana brownie) at a

New Age cult center in ,rance2 sel& portrait o&

Pablo Picasso) disco%ered and promoted by .tein2

another o& Picasso's Modernist e&&orts at portrai3

ture2 a closer loo$ at .tein2 transcendentalist

+alph Waldo 4merson) god&ather o& William

James/


11/18

@ne o' 5aes;s s%&$en%s, 3er%r&$e S%e!n, he"#e$ h! $o h!s #ro'!"!ng )*

%es%!ng %he reac%!on o' %he a.erage co""ege s%&$en% !n a s%a%e o' nora"

ac%!.!%*, an$ !n %he s%a%e o' 'a%!g&e !n$&ce$ )* %he!r e(a!na%!ons 5aes

#rac%!ce$ /ha% he #reache$ a)o&% %he #r!ac* o' %he 'ee"!ngs When 3er-

%r&$e S%e!n re'&se$ %o %ae her '!na" e(a )* s%a%!ng+ Dear Pro'essor, I a

so sorr* )&% rea""* I $o no%!eel "!e an e(a!na%!on #a#er !n #h!"oso#h*

%o$a*, he ga.e her %he h!ghes% ar !n %he c"ass 3er%r&$e S%e!n )ecae %he

Aer!can .ers!on o' Ma$ae $e S%ae", #roo%!ng a"" %he Ne/-Agers !n ar%

an$ "!%era%&re P!casso, TS E"!o%? an$ she cre$!%s 5aes as her en%or

S%e!n a"so )ecae a c&"% !$o" 'or %he 1968s se(&a" re.o"&%!on )eca&se o' her

"!'e-"ong "es)!an re"a%!onsh!# /!%h A"!ce : To"as=/ho !n.en%e$ %he ar!-

0&ana )ro/n!e Aong 5aes o%her s%&$en%s /ere WE: D&:o!s, an$ no%

s&r#r!s!ng"*, Te$$* Roose.e"%

D&r!ng h!s "as% %r!# %o E&ro#e, near %he en$ o' h!s "!'e, 5aes e% /!%h :er-%ran$ R&sse"", H3 We""s,


12/18

he Philosophy o& Pragmatism

5&s% /ha% !s %he /or"$ o&%"oo /h!ch %he Aer!can #o#&"a%!on has s/a"-

"o/e$ !n %he g&!se o' )e!ng #rac%!ca"J

The #h!"oso#h* o' Praga%!s !s a co)!na%!on o' Soc!a" Dar/!n!s an$E#!r!c!s E#!r!c!s asser%s /e can no/ on"* /ha% o&r #h*s!ca" senses

#erce!.e Soc!a" Dar/!n!s asser%s %ha% an !s 0&s% %he sar%es% o' %he

an!a"s, no%h!ng ore In h!sPrinciples o! Psychology, 5aes s%a%es c"ear"*

%ha% an;s ne&ro"og!ca" '&nc%!on!ng, as /e"" as h!s consc!o&s a)!"!%!es, are

o%!.a%e$ so"e"* )* %he #rac%!ca" $es!re %o #&rs&e #"eas&re an$ a.o!$ #a!n

He )e"!e.e$ an /as 0&s% a #h*"ogene%!ca""* ore co#"e( c"a 5aes

#ra!ses Ar!s%o%"e an$ Dar/!n !n $escr!)!ng an;s %h!n!ng a)!"!%* as s!#"* a

se"ec%!ng agenc* 'or choos!ng /ha% he 'ee"s /!"" ee% h!s !ns%!nc%&a" nee$s

Th!s !s /ha% 5aes %ers rea"!%* In o%her /or$s, %he )ra!n !s ere"* a

ore h!gh"* $e.e"o#e$ %oo%h or c"a/=ano%her )!o"og!ca" echan!s %o

ens&re an;s #h*s!ca" s&r.!.a"

S!nce #raga%!s asser%s %ha% %r&%h $oes no% e(!s% as soe%h!ng &n!.ersa"

an$ no/a)"e, 5aes $ecr!e$ %he 'ac% %ha%+ Reason;s %as has )een %o ae

%r&%h &n!.ersa" For 5aes, on"* an;s an!a"-"!e &rges an$ eo%!ons are

no/a)"e? %here'ore, %hese eo%!ons an$ &rges e(!s%, an$ h&an reason $oes

no%

Th!s !s no% an or!g!na" conce#% Ar!s%o%"e c"a!e$ %ha% an;s !n$ !s a ta%"la

rasa an$ %ha% no/"e$ge !s on"* %ha% /h!ch an !n$!.!$&a" ga!ns %hro&gh#h*s!o"og!ca" sense #erce#%!on no/"e$ge, %here'ore, !s ere"* %he s& o'

one;s $a* %o $a* e(#er!ences There'ore, %he e(!s%ence o' ne/ !$eas created

)* %he h&an !n$ !s $en!e$, or a% "eas% *s%!'!e$

To 5aes, %he %as o' #h!"oso#h* !s %o e$!a%e )e%/een $!''eren% o#!n!ons

a)o&% s&ch s%r!c%"* #r!.a%e a%%ers as %he !$ea o' /ha% %r&%h !s He regre%-

%e$ %ha% %h!s e$!a%!on re&!re$ %he &se o' /or$s? he e.en "aen%e$ %ha%

#eo#"e /ere co#e""e$ %o s#e"" %he sae

In 5aes;s s*s%e o' %h!n!ng, %r&%h !%se"' !s re"a%!.e There'ore, !' one nee$s%o )e"!e.e !n a h&an so&" or !n$, he can $o so, )&% on"* %hro&gh /ha%

5aes $escr!)es as a an%!an )"!n$ "ea# o' 'a!%h

These !$eas ha.e )een !n $!rec% o##os!%!on %o %he #h!"oso#h!ca" %ren$ o' %he

grea% h&an!s% an$


13/18

cr&c!a" $!s%!nc%!on )e%/een an an$ )eas% The #roo' o' %he asser%!on %ha%

an e(erc!ses crea%!.e #o/ers, an$ %here)* !#ro.es on %he &n!.erse "!es

!n %he 'ac% %ha% h&an soc!e%* has )een a)"e %o s&s%a!n an e.er-!ncreas!ng

#o#&"a%!on=/h!ch no an!a" s#ec!es can $o I' %he h&an !n$ /ere no%

$!s%!nc%"* crea%!.e, an /o&"$ s%!"" )e h&n%!ng an$ ga%her!ng !n co#e%!%!on

/!%h %he s%ronger an$ 'as%er )a)oons

The


14/18

a"" !s #er!%%e$ %ren$ o' $r&gs, &s&r*, an$ &n)r!$"e$ s#ec&"a%!on !n %he

econo*

Pragmatism in heology

Th!s )es%!a" .!e/ o' an na%&ra""* "e$ 5aes %o asser% #"&ra"!s !n %heo"og*,an$ %o s%ress !%s os% !rra%!ona" 'ors Praga%!s !ns!s%s on %he 3nos%!c

)e"!e' %ha% %here !s no ra%!ona" connec%!on )e%/een %he s#!r!%&a" an$ #h*s!ca"

/or"$s For 5aes, an*%h!ng s#!r!%&a" !s )* $e'!n!%!on &n!n%e""!g!)"e an$

*s%!ca"

Praga%!s e&a%es 'a!%h !n 3o$ /!%h !rra%!ona"!%*, /hereas %he


15/18

na%&re %ha% has en%!re"* $!s#"ace$


16/18

%o ear"* Is"a s#rea$!ng !%s re"!g!on )* &se o' %he s/or$ Th!s !s e(ac%"*

/ha% %he "!)era" c&"%&ra" re"a%!.!s%s sa* %o$a*+ Don;% g!.e c"ass!ca" c&"%&re

an$ sc!ence %o %he "!%%"e #eo#"e o' %he Th!r$ Wor"$, !% /o&"$ $es%ro* %he!r

#r!!%!.e #agan c&"%&res ee# %he !n a )ac/ar$, !e s%ar.!ng, #o/er"ess

s%a%e, an$ %e"" %he %he* can on"* )e %r&"* ha##* !n %h!s s#ose$"* na%&ra"

con$!%!on

Ar!s%ocra%s "!e 5aes o' co&rse /o&"$ ne.er conce!.e o' e"e.a%!ng %he

&n"e%%ere$ %o a##rec!a%!on o' Sch!""er or :ee%ho.en 3!.!ng %he s&ch

'ree$o o' !n$ /o&"$ ae %he ca#a)"e o' crea%!ng a )e%%er "!'e 'or

%hese".es Po.er%* !n an$ o' !%se"' !s recoen$e$ )* 5aes )eca&se !%

s#ose$"* ee#s one h&)"e, #&re, an$ %here'ore ore s&sce#%!)"e %o

con%ro" )* %he ar!s%ocrac*

A #r!e 'or o' en%er%a!nen% 'or %he "o/er c"asses, 5aes asser%s, !s

#s*cho%ro#!c $r&gs Ne.er a%%e#%!ng %o h!$e h!s o/n $r&g a)&se, 5aes

&na)ashe$"* recoen$s n!%ro&s o(!$e an$ e%her, es#ec!a""* n!%ro&s o(!$e,

/hen s&''!c!en%"* $!"&%e$ /!%h a!r, s%!&"a%es %he *s%!ca" consc!o&sness !n

an e(%raor$!nar* $egree De#%h )e*on$ $e#%h o' %r&%h see re.ea"e$ %o %he

!nha"er Soe *ears ago I *se"' a$e soe o)ser.a%!ons on %h!s as#ec% o'

n!%ro&s o(!$e !n%o(!ca%!on I% /as so /on$er'&", sa!$ 5aes, %ha% soe

#eo#"e /o&"$ screa %o )e !""e$ ra%her %han )e a""o/e$ %o coe )ac 'ro

s&ch a %r!#

5aes $escr!)e$ *s%!c!s as a #s*cho%!c e(#er!ence o' $ee# no/"e$ge%ha% !s co#"e%e"* !nar%!c&"a%e an$ /here one !s gras#e$ )* a h!gher

#o/er Th!s !s #&re gnos%!c!s For 5aes, %he &"%!a%e e(#er!ence !s

$e.o!$ o' an* rea"!%* %es%!ng, or sense o' se"' The serna%&ra"!s %hese

s%a%es o''er !s /ha% he re'ers %o as %/!ce-)ornness 'or %hose /ho e(#er!ence

!% These )orn-aga!n e(#er!ences )rea $o/n %he a&%hor!%* o' %he ra%!ona"

!n$, an$ o#en o%her or$ers o' %r&%h

In arieties o! Religio"s E#perience, 5aes #ra!ses %he a$.an%ages o' %he

#s*cho#a%h!c #ersona"!%* co"e$ /!%h a ser!or !n%e""ec% as %he

ha""ar o' re"!g!o&s gen!&s M*s%!ca" "!%era%&re, he sa!$, #ro.es %ha%&s!c !s %he )es% e"een% )* /h!ch /e are s#oen %o !n %h!s /a* I% /o&"$

)e !n%eres%!ng %o see /ha% !n$-a"%er!ng rh*%hs are !n %hese *s%!ca"

/r!%!ngs, an$ !' %he* are s!!"ar %o %o$a*;s roc &s!c o' %he co&n%erc&"%&re

an$ '&n$aen%a"!s% sec%s


17/18

To 5aes, %he os% !#or%an% s%e# 'or/ar$ !n #s*cho"og* an$ !n h!s #s*ch!c

research, cae /!%h %he $!sco.er* o' %he &nconsc!o&s !n 16 I' %here )e

h!gher s#!r!%&a" agenc!es %ha% can $!rec%"* %o&ch &s, %he #ossess!on o' %he

s&)consc!o&s /as %he $rea* s&)"!!na" $oor a0ar %o ae s&ch a %h!ng

#oss!)"e

In #raga%!c %ers, an* )e"!e', re"!g!o&s or sec&"ar, !s 0&s% /ha%e.er *o&

W!"" %o :e"!e.e /h!ch /as %he %!%"e o' %he "ec%&re /h!ch ha$ a$e h!

/!$e"* acc"a!e$ A"" #er.ers!ons are 0&s%!'!e$ !n %he nae o' %he ar)!%rar*

/!"" %o '&"'!"" one;s an!a" nee$s There'ore, #raga%!s &"%!a%e"* coes

)ac %o %he !ns%!nc%s as %he )o%%o "!ne %o e.en %he a)!"!%* o' an %o asser%

h!s /!""+ Gn"ess /e ha.e $!.!n!%or* #o/er, /e canno% 'oresee /ha% o.e-

en% "!es /!%h!n o&r #o/er? %here'ore No one can #er'or a .o"&n%ar* ac%

'or %he '!rs% %!e

@).!o&s"*, #raga%!s $oes no% so".e %he #ara$o( )e%/een necess!%* an$

'ree /!"" The grea% %h!ners o' /es%ern c!.!"!4a%!on recogn!4e %ha% 3o$;s

&n!.ersa" "a/s %r&%h e(!s% To %h!s /a* o' %h!n!ng, %he h&an /!"" !s no%

ar)!%rar*? an con'ors h!s /!"" %o %he /!"" o' %he


18/18

o' #raga%!s In March 1991, Time aga4!ne;s co.er s%or* 'ea%&re$ The

Ne/ Praga%!s=an ar%!c"e a)o&% go.ernen% )&$ge% c&%s I% rea$ "!e a

$ea%h /arran% 'or Aer!ca;s #oor, e"$er"*, an$ $!sa)"e$

Praga%!s, )* !%s nega%!on o' %he #r!ac* an$ sacre$ness o' h&an "!'e,

has ra%!ona"!4e$ 'or Aer!cans %he .!o"a%!on o' na%&ra" "a/ an$ %he s#rea$ o's&''er!ng here%o'ore no% seen on %he g"o)e An$, as h!s%or* has %a&gh% &s, a

soc!e%* %ha% $e#reca%es %he .a"&e o' h&an "!'e, "oses !% ora" '!%ness %o

s&r.!.e, an$ will not s"rvive$ So 'or %he sae o' o&r na%!on an$ h&an!%*, "e%

&s )e %r&"* #rac%!ca" )* %h!n!ng !n a non-#raga%!c /a*+ The ne(% %!e %he

go.ernen%, or *o&r ne!gh)or, %e""s *o& !%;s on"* #rac%!ca" %o #&"" %he #"&g

on gran$a !n or$er %o sa.e on hea"%h cos%s, or %o %o"era%e !ncreas!ng

&ne#"o*en%, hoe"essness, an$ s%ar.a%!on !n %he nae o' )a"anc!ng %he

'e$era" )&$ge%, ree)er %ha% %illions are )e!ng s&an$ere$ on )a!"!ng o&%

%he )aners The ne(% %!e %he go.ernen% re&es%s %ha% *o&r son g!.e h!s"!'e %o res%ore a s"a.e-o/n!ng onarch* !n %he nae o' a Ne/ Wor"$

@r$er, ree)er %he $eca$en% /or"$ or$er aga!ns% /h!ch %he Aer!can

Re.o"&%!on /as 'o&gh% Re0ec% W!""!a 5aes;s e.!" #raga%!s an$ s%ar%

%h!n!ng "!e an Aer!can aga!n

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Pragmatism-How America Was Corrupted by William James

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