PRAGYAN 8(2) settingsxa.yimg.com/kq/groups/15762155/343743146/name/PRAGYAN 8(2...Patron : Dr. Bhuban...

Patron : Dr. Bhuban GogoiAdviser : Anjan Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit

Editor in Chief : Rana K. ChangmaiExecutive Editor : Sushanta KarEditors : Monika Devi, Roshmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Monika Das,Manashi Rajkhowa, Santanu Borah, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, SatyajyotiGogoi, Dr. Kamalesh KalitaStudents’ Representatives : Pranjal Gogoi, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU)

Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125

Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now ; Blog : http:pragyan06now.blogspot.com ; Cell : 9954226966 email : [email protected] ; [email protected]

Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press)email : [email protected]/http://theassamcomputers.webs.com/ Tinsukia - 786125 (Assam)

Editorial Board

00 Editorial01 Editor’s Mail Box02 Campus Update ........................................................../ Surjya Chutia09 Academic World Around11 PanoramaPersonality15 Goal Setting .............................................................../ Nandita G. Sarma17 An Interview with Dr. Palash J. MazumdarExam & Education

19 "‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïÅº Î š́ìA¢¡-5../ ³èº : ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢à¹; ">å : ¤[”z³àºà ëƒ¯ã24 Types of Exceptional Learners ........................../ Ghanashyam DekaCareer27 Shift of Paradigm ..................................................../ Prashant Barooah30 Notes for Freshers ................................................../ Prasanta Borah31 Career and Career Counselling ......................................../ Rajiv Deka34 List of Unapproved and Unrecognized Universities/...... 237 Career TabloidScience & Tech.

40 í\[¯A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡ì¹ št¡}K [>Ú”|o ......................../ ¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡[t¡43 Critique to the Theory of Global Warming and ... (2)/ Dr. Bhuban Gogoi

46 Effect of GA3 and Alar and their .............../ Dr. Sushmita ChakrabortySocial Science51 A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ ë™ï> [>™¢àt¡> "à¹ç¡ ................................/ ¤[”z³àºà ëƒ¯ã56 Underneath that .../ Ogn. Indira Mukherjee; Trans. Mayuri Sarma Baruah58 Gender Budgeting : A Road to ........................./ Dr. Tanusree Sarker62 Abuse : Some Truths and Notions ............................../ Anita Baruwa64 Women Empowerment : An Analysis ......................./ Sangita Baruah66 Musings in Ideology - III .................................................... / Arup Baisya70 The Ahoms Effort to Urbanize.../ Dr. Diganta Kr. Phukan & Utpal Dutta

73 ¤à> Î³Î¸à "à¹ç¡ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ \º>ã[t¡ .............................../ í¤Aå¡–k¡ ƒàÎ75 March in Antiquarian Studies .............................../ Dr. Banikanta SarmaLanguage & Literature77 Mamoni Raisom Goswami’s Autobiographical Forays ..../ Dr. Juri Dutta

82 ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à¹ šøÒÎ> : &[i¡ "àìºàW¡>à ............................../ "gº ¤¹à85 ëƒl¡ü¹ã ®¡àÈà¹ ¤àA¡¸ Kk¡> ....................................../ ëÒ³àºÛ¡ã KîK87 A¡[¤t¡à : l¡0 A¡³ìºÅ A¡[ºt¡à, i¡³àW¡ ëÎàì>à¯àº, ®¡ì¤Å ¤Îå, t¡š> ³Ò”z, A¡³º

®¡j¡àW¡à™¢¸

The Editorial Board ofPragyan expresses gratitude toNandita G. Sarma, Dr. PalashJ. Mazumdar, Joseph FrankLandsberger, GhanashyamDeka, Prashant Barooah,

Prasanta Borah, Rajiv Deka,Rudra Narayan Borkakoty, Dr.Tanusree Sarker, Arup Baisya,

Dr. Diganta Phukan, UtpalDutta, Dr. Banikanta Sarma,Dr. Juri Dutta, Anjal Borah,

Bhabesh Basu, Tapan Mahanta& Kamal Bhattacharjee for

their invaluable contribution tothis Issue. We are looking

forward for more contributionsin future.

1 / /Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

Thank you for the trouble you have taken. It isindeed a labour of love. The effort must have

been stupendous.You may think of doing a feature on Akhil

Gogoi. I think he is the stereotype of leaders whoare now going to emerge all over India.

(Readers may choose whatever language they feel comfort to write in mailbox.But for better communication we prefer English and Assamese. — Editor)

Make feature on Akhil Gogoi

Shantikam HazarikaDirector,

Assam Institute of ManagementPO Box 30, Guwahati 781001, India

www.aimguwahati.edu.in/ [email protected]

The recent edition of PRAGYAN ( V-viii, I-i) seems great sir..all the topics were fresh & interesting...great job sir..

Lohit Dutta, B.Sc IInd YrOn Facebook group for Pragyan

Regards and May God give you everythingrequired to keep up your mission.

Great Job ....

89 ¤Så¡ƒà¹ K¿ ................................................................../ "° šàºStudents’ Column

91 "àÒA¡, "à[³* [¤`¡à>¹ ÎàK¹t¡ Îàìtò¡àì¹à................................../ ³à>Î KîK92 ³¹ào Î³à\t¡ [¤× : &[i¡ W¡³å "àìºàA¡šàt¡ ....................../ ³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡})94 ³à>[ÎA¡ Î³t¡à : >à¹ã šøK[t¡¹ ³èº³”| ................................./ë³ïWå¡³ã ëQòà¹àìW¡à¯à95 A¡[¤t¡à : "Û¡Ú\ã; ëšà„à¹, [A¡¹o³Úã [ƒ[ÒR¡ãÚà, Kã[t¡A¡à, ëÒƒàÚ; l¡üÀàÒ, šøoà³ã ¤¹k¡àAå¡¹,

¤àÑz¤ ³¹ào, XoCZmW qg, amOoe àgmX Jwám, Lohit Dutta

/ 2/Vol. VIII, Issue - II, Nov. '10

Surjya Chutia

The department of Chemistry, Tinsukia Collegeorganised a one day seminar programme on

‘Industrial Chemistry and Ancillary Industriesrelated to Assam Petrochemicals Ltd, Namrup’ on4th September 2010 in the College complex. Theprogramme was sponsored by the Internal QualityAssurance Cell (1QAC) of the College.

Dr. S.J. Khound, the Deputy Manager of theQuality Control Unit, APL, Namrup attended theseminar as resource person. In his keynote speechon the topic Dr Khound elaborated on theimportance of Chemistry in the development ofhuman society and civilization. He also referredto the scope of Industrial Chemistry for the AssamPetrochemicals Ltd. as well as the BrahmaputraPolymer and Cracker Ltd. coming up in Dibrugarhdistrict, Assam. The seminar was attended by theprincipal of the College Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, formerprincipal Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty and manyteachers besides students. The lecture session wasfollowed by ani n t e r e s t i n gi n t e r a c t i o nsession betweenthe resourceperson and participants.

T h eprogramme maybe considered as

A One Day Seminar on Industrial Chemistry held Successfully1

a promising step towards the efforts of industrialdevelopment in this eastern part of the Country.The government of Assam too organized a seminaron the same topic just after one month on 5thOctober, 2010 at Makum, Tinsukia. Mrs. MonikaDevi, head of the Chemistry department deliveredthe welcome address at the beginning of theprogramme. As a part of the day’s programme, anew issue of the departmental wall magazine‘Chroma’ prepared by the students of theChemistry department was also inaugurated by theresource person.

Moreover, the Chemistry Olympiad wasorganized on 10th October 2010 in the Collegepremises successfully. A large number ofstudents from different local Schools andColleges besides Tinsukia College participatedin it. Last year too students from TinsukiaCollege came out with flying colours in theChemistry Olympiad.


Marvellous Performance of Tinsukia College Students in ASTITVA-'102

The NIS Academy (An Anil Dhirubhai Ambani group initiative), Dibrugarh, organiseda two days programme of literary and culturalcompetitions among the College Students atDHSK College (Dibrugarh) on 28th August and18th September 2010 successfully. A large numberof students from different Colleges of Dibrugarhand Tinsukia districts took part in it. A group ofstudents from Tinsukia College under theguidance of Mr Abhishek Rana Borah, lecturer,Commerce department of the College participatedactively in various competitions held in the twodays and put up a tremendous performance. Thegroup bagged maximum prizes in the whole event.

The following is the list of students of the Tinsukia College group and respective positionswhich they bagged in different competitions ofthe programme.1) Essay Competition :

1st prize : Anupam Neog2) Debate Competition

2nd prize : Papu Kakoti

3) Mimicry Competition :1st prize : Arup Mahanta

2nd prize : Papu Kakoti4) Extempore Speech :

3rd prize : Anupam Neog5) Collage Competition

3rd prize : Anupam Neog and DiponjyotiBokolial

6) Business Quiz Competition :3rd prize : Anupam Neog and PrachurjaPran Borah

7) Mono Acting :1st prize : Papu Kakoti

8) Ad Mad Show (Staging of an advertisement):1st prize : Group of Sashikanta Borah,Deep Chetia, Bastav Moran, Papu Kakoti,and Jayanta Dutta.

9) Group Dance Competition : 1st prize : Group of Lalit Gogoi, Prafulla

Moran, & Ananta Gogoi 2nd prize : Group of Arup Mahanta,

Shravan Lohar and Akshayjit Poddar.

Students Elected New Union for the Session 2010-113

To constitute a new Students’ body for thesession 2010-11, the Tinsukia College

Students’ Union election was organized on 25thSeptember 2010 as per the academic schedule ofthe College. The election committee appointed forthe purpose, headed by Sri. Mriganka Choudhury,lecturer, English dept, conducted the wholeprocess of the election very sincerely andsmoothly. The result was also declared on the sameday evening. The office bearers got elected for the

new students’ body are :President ( ex officio) : Dr Bhuban Gogoi

(Principal)Vice President : Ashirwad GogoiGeneral Secy. : Deepjyoti ParasharAssistant General Secy. : Biswajit DuttaSecy. Outdoor Games : Nayan Nilim ChetiaSecy. Indoor Games : Pranjal Protim BaruahSecy. Cultural : Pranjal GogoiSecy. Magazine : Pranjal Gogoi


Secy. Social Service : Dikshit GogoiSecy. Boys’ Com Room: Nabajyoti GogoiSecy. Girls’ Com Room: Priyanka SaikiaSecy. Literary & : Raman Ranjan MoranDebating

Secy. Gymnasium : Homan KonwarThe new students’ body took over charge on

30th September 2010 in a general meeting whichwas held under the presidentship of Dr. BhubanGogoi, principal of the College.

principal. At the beginning of the session SriUmakanta Gohain, the general secretary, TCSU,addressed the invited guests and new comerstudents and extended a warm welcome into thefunction and as well as to the College.

Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty, Rtd. principal ofthe College was the chief guest of the openmeeting and in his address, he said that discipline,sense of obligation & responsibility play a vitalrole in building the future life of students whichcould be acquired mostly during the college life.

The meeting was also graced by Sri DigantaBora (IPS), the S.P, Tinsukia district. Sri Bora wishedthe new comer students a beautiful future and urgedthem to be sincere and devoted to their study. Healso urged the teaching community to upgrade thestandard of degree level by taking help of latestinformation technology so that our students cancompete in national and global level successfully.

The open meeting was followed by acolourful cultural programme performed by thenew comers and old students of the College whichwas very attractive and colourful.

Freshers’ Social Function 2010 held on 20th August, ’104

Tinsukia college is one of the most prestigiousand pioneering higher educational institutions

at the easternmost corner of India. The collegebegan its journey in a humble way on 1st

Dr. Mallika Kandali Delivered Lecture on the55th Foundation Day of Tinsukia College

5

Under the aegis of the Tinsukia CollegeStudents’ Union (TCSU), the much awaited

Freshers’ Social Function 2010 was organized on20th August with a day long programme. Thefunction is organized every year to formallywelcome the new students of HS 1st year and TDC1st year into the College hailing from variouscorners of Tinsukia district and outside too.

The programme started with hoisting of theCollege Flag by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal,Tinsukia College, the president TCSU, followedby hoisting of the Students’ Union Flag by Smt.K. Goswami, Vice Principal of the College. SriSomeswar Hazarika, the HoD, Botany Dept. thenformally initiated the programme of floral tributeat the Martyrs Column. A new issue of the Collegewall magazine the ‘ Bhaskar’ edited by Sri NagenDeka, the Magazine Secretary, TCSU, was alsoinaugurated by Smt. Bontimala Devi, the HoD,Assamese dept. of the College.

Then the open session of the Freshers’ Socialfunction was held at the College auditorium underthe presidentship of Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the


The College Bade Farewell to H.S Tomar6

September 1956, only with the Arts stream. Nowthe college has three streams (Arts, Science &Commerce) with seventeen full fledgeddepartments along with several professional andvocational courses.

The 55th Foundation Day of the college wasobserved with great enthusiasm on 1st September2010, with a day long programme. Theprogramme of the day started with hoisting of theCollege Flag in morning by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi,the principal of the College.

Then an open session was held on theoccasion of the 3rd Mayuri Bora Memorial lecturewhere Dr. Mallika Kandoli, Associate Prof. R.G.Baruah College, one of the specialists of ‘SatriyaDance’ in Assam delivered a lecture withdemonstrations on the topic ‘Satriyar Rup

Vornona’. The lecture session was followed byan interaction session on the topic. The sessionwas presided over by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, theprincipal of the College.

The Mayuri Bora Memorial Award was alsogiven in the meeting to the best graduate of theCollege for the year 2010. Sri Atanu Paul, Commercegraduate was awarded the honour this year. Theannual merit awards were also given to the total of40 students by IQAC, of the College who secured60% and above marks in BA, B.Sc, and B.Com.final examination from the College this year.

Earlier, Sri R.K Changmai, HoD, Englishdept. delivered the welcome address where heexplained the details of the foundation of theCollege and the Mayuri Bora Memorial Trust. TheMayuri Bora Memorial Trust was founded in the

year 2008, by her family inmemory of late MayuriBora who was a formerstudent of TinsukiaCollege, who died at anearly age. The Trustdecided to offer the‘Mayuri Bora MemorialAward’ to the best graduateof the College every year.

The day longprogramme ended up withlighting of earthen lampsin the College campus thein evening.

Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),the Tinsukia College Unit in collaboration

with the College authority organized a farewellfunction on 24th September, 2010 to bid a heartyadieu to one of the outstanding colleagues Sri HariSingh Tomar, HoD Hindi Dept. of the college, whohas superannuated from his colourful career asteacher of the college. The farewell meeting waspresided over by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the principalof the College. Sri Tomar was given warmfelicitation by both the college authority and thefellow members of the Teachers’ unit. He was

honoured with traditional Assamese Gamucha,Sarai and other gifts along with ‘Man Patra’ by thetwo organisations separately as a sign of gratitudefor his unforgettable sincere services to differentaspects of the college, he had rendered for a veryl o n g period. Most of


members of the teaching and non-teaching staffsof the college were present in the farewell meeting.

Sri Tomar delivered a speech and recalled hisglorious experiences in the college during his

NCC Unit Adjudged the Best in Independence Day Parade7

The Tinsukia college NCC ( ‘D’ Coy) unit isone of the best NCC units under 10th Assam

Bn. NCC, Dibrugarh, which has both the Boys’and Girls’ wings. Apart from the participation invarious social work and NCC training Camps, theCadets of the unit take part regularly in the

‘Independence Day’ and ‘Republic Day’ paradesorganized centrally by the district authority ofTinsukia. The Cadets of the unit performed well inthe last ‘Independence Day’ parade on 15th August2010, where the unit was adjudged the best unit inthe district and awarded the first prize in its category.

Inter College Debate Competition held at Tinsukia College8

On the occasion of the ‘Independence Day’2010, the department of Information &

Public Relation, Govt. of Assam, in collaborationwith Tinsukia district administration organized anInter College Debate competition at TinsukiaCollege on 10th August 2010. The topic of thedebate competition was ‘Multi Party System is amust for a Vibrant Democracy’ The participantstudents were from Tinsukia College, Tinsukia,Women’s College, Tinsukia, G.S. Lohia College,Tinsukia, Doomdooma College, Doomdooma,Margherita College, Margherita, Digboi MahilaMahabidyalaya, Digboi etc.

Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty, Rtd. principal,Tinsukia College was the chairperson and Dr. A.KBorthakur, HoD, History dept. Tinsukia College,Sri Uttam Dowarah, HoD, English dept, Women’sCollege, Tinsukia, Sri R.K. Changmai, HoD,English dept, Tinsukia College were the judgesin the competition. The results were :

1st prize : Mridusmita Phukan, Women’sCollege, Tinsukia

2nd prize : Feruj Rohman, DoomdoomaCollege

3rd prize : Trishna Deb Choudhury,Women’s College, Tinsukia.

In order to enable the students to choose rightcareers in future, academic institutions arrange

career counselling programmes. Specially for thestudents of Colleges and Universities, it is theneed of the hour. Keeping the view in mind thePragyan Editorial Board in collaboration with theIQAC, Tinsukia College, organized a CareerAwareness Workshop at the College on 27thSeptember 2010 successfully. The main topic ofthe workshop programme was “Education forTomorrow, Career Vision 2010 and Beyond”Sri Prashant Barooah and Sri Debojit Das fromNE Career Guidance Cell, (an autonomous CareerGuidance Group, who have been arranging a

series of career counselling programmes indifferent educational institutions of North Eastregion since its inception, in association with FASS— an international ‘Think Tank’ NGO for theWelfare of NE Indian States) were the resourcepersons of the programme.

The workshop was presided over by Dr.Bhuban Gogoi, the principal of the College wherestudents from different educational institutions likeTinsukia Commerce College, Women’s College,Tinsukia, Senairam HS School, Sarvajanin H.SValika Vidyalaya, Bangiya Valika Vidyalaya alongwith their teachers were present besides the studentsand teachers of Tinsukia College.

A Career Awareness Workshop Conducted by NE Career Guidance9

service period. He also gave some valuablesuggestions for the future betterment of the college.The farewell function ended with vote of thanksoffered by Leela Sen Tamuli, the secy. of the unit.


Information Technology has now emerged as adominant industry and is expected to continue

to be so in the years to come. Technology itself isever changing. It has both good and evil effectson the society and civilization. Resistance to oracceptability of change is also of prime importanceas this reflects the characteristics of close or openmindsets of a society. One of the measuringfactors of open mindsets may be determined bythe multi-linguistic ability of a community or asociety. Since IT sector requires interacting withpeople from various background and culture, aclose look at the culture of the NE region withspecial emphasis on local areas remain one of the

most critical factors. It is the right time to preparea suitable plan for a better future on the strengthof unity.

Keeping all these things in mind, a smallgroup of individuals having three membersnamely-Bikram Mazumder Boruah, Pallav Saikiaand Priyanku Sarma initiated to introduce an On-line Dictionary the ‘XOBDO’ containing all thenative languages of North East India in the year2004. Since its perception, the volume of wordsbelonging to the different local languages of thisarea have been increasing day by day. Now itcontains about 30053 Assamese words, 14637English, 2881 Dimasa, 2038 Karbi, 1320

Bikram Baruah Delivered a Talk on ‘XOBDO’ Online Dictionary10

In his deliberation Sri Barooah highlightedthe employment scenario of the country in generaland North East in particular. He also talked aboutthe available scopes of employment, which theyouths of this region have failed to clutch on. SriDas advised the students of the area to study hardand to develop the habit of reading news papersand journals regularly and prepare themselves tocompete with the students of other States of India.He further informed the students about supportservices being offered by the NE Career Guidancein this regard and called upon the studentscommunity to take full advantages of suchservices. The deliberations were followed by aninteraction session where most of the studentspresent were interacted with both the resourcepersons. NE Career Guidance can be reachedthrough their site : www.necareerguidance.comPragyan also provides regular updates on thegroup through its Blog.


Meeteillon, 1039 Tei, 838 Bodo, 655 Mising, 633Hmar, 410 Khasi, 306 Kok-Borok, 234 Bengali,233 Bishnupriya, 160 Garo, 141 Nagamese, 134Deori, 120 Mizo (Lushai), 87 Chakma, 75Apatani, 73 Ao, 30 Rabha, 20 Tiwa, 19 Hindi, 18Monpa and 8 Reang words. Sri Bikram Boruah,an Abu Dhabi, UAE based Reservoir Engineerand the founder of the dictionary, visited thecollege on 9th September, 2010 and delivered atalk on using Unicode and writing NE Indianlanguages including Assameses on Internet ingeneral and Xobdo Online dictionary in particular.

The Pragyan Editorial Board incollaboration with the IQAC, Tinsukia Collegeorganized fruitful talk. Dr Bhuban Gogoi, theprincipal of the College, presided over the talk.Apart from the students and teachers of the

As per UGC guidelines, the Cell for WomenStudies and Development (CWSD) of

Tinsukia College was set up in the year 2005.Since its inception, the Cell has been organizingvarious programmes and workshops for bringingawareness in different aspects among thewomenfolk in different times.

As a part of its social responsibility whichstrongly espouses the cause of education, the Cell

distributed books and other teaching materialsamongst the female prisoners of the Tinsukia Jailon 15th August 2010.Besides, the members assuredthe jail authorities of further help if necessary.

The Cell is going to organize a 5 days UGCsponsored workshop on ‘Capacity Building ofWomen Managers in Higher Education’, referred toas sensitivity, awareness and motivation, in TinsukiaCollege from 8th to 12th November 2010.

CWSD Gifts Books and Materials to the Prisoners at Tinsukia Jail11

Mathematics Olympiad held Successfully at the College12

The Mathematics Olympiad 2010 wassuccessfully organized by the Assam

Academy of Mathematics at Tinsukia College on19th September 2010, like each year, along withwith 48 other centres of the state. Students fromdifferent schools of this locality ranging from class

V to XII participated in the competition. Prizewinners are eligible for Regional MathematicsOlypiad (RMO) which is held in November eachyear. For results of these competitions, studymaterial or any other query log on :www.aam.org.in.

College, a group of students from Women’sCollege, Tinsukia too participated theprogramme. Sri Boruah explained in details thehistory of the dictionary and its present position.He also explained the procedures and techniquesto contribute words and prove its authenticityof different languages into the On-linedictionary. Sri Sushanta Kar, the executiveeditor, Pragyan helped him to demonstrate thetechniques lively with LCD projector andinternet. Both Sri Boruah and Kar urged thestudents and teachers to come forward andcontribute words to the infant dictionary as faras possible. One can reach the dictionary atwww.xobdo.org. The talk ended with vote ofthanks offered by Sri Surjya Chutia, one of theeditors of Pragyan.


With an aim to address the career needs ofthe students of North Eastern states of India,

NE Career Guidance (www.necareerguidance.com)in association with Friends of Assam and SevenSisters (FASS) — an international ‘think-tank’NGO for the welfare of the North East, has comeup with a plan for welfare services for the studentsand unemployed youths of NE states.

In an endeavour to ‘help-guide-inform andmotivate’ the students and theeducated unemployed as well asuneducated but talented youthsin their own capacity of Assamand seven other sister states ofNorth India, NE Careerguidance has conducted severalworkshops on “Life andLivelihood, Career Vision 2020and beyond.” Recently,awareness workshops wereconducted at Tezpur University,organized by TU and atTinsukia College, organized byPragyan Editorial Board andPlacement Cell, IQAC,Tinsukia College. The focus ofthese workshops was on theemployment scenario of theCountry in general and Assamin particular. Emphasis wasgiven on current unemploymentproblems of the state, and alsoon the available employmentopportunity which generallyyouth from this region fail to

clutch on to. NE Career Guidance also stressedupon how to increase one’s employability. Themission of FASS and NE Career Guidance is tocreate a pool of well trained, skilled and ready toinduct individuals to address the major humanresources needs of the highest and fastest growingindustries.

Those workshops also intended to createawareness among youths and our citizens and entire

Education fraternity. FASS hasstarted an initiative with NECareer Guidance to help reachout for the development of theentire North East Region.Awareness workshops areintended to create awarenessabout the following careeraspects –Bridging the Gap –Generating Skilled andEmployable Resources, Skillenhancements, Future ofeducation – New ways ofLearning and New Technology,keeping the pace with futuristicmodern learning, our educationand New Career Scope fortomorrow, Future job scenariosand how do we prepareourselves. SocialResponsibility of FASS and NECareer Guidance -Eradicateunemployment, PromoteDiminishing Heritage of NorthEast, Promote North EastCultural Heritage Globally,

Career Guidance Workshop for NE States

Tezpur University and Tinsukia College


RTI Awareness Camp held SuccessfullyHandique Girls’ College, Guwahati

A RTI awareness camp was organised bySociety for Promotion of Appropriate

Development Efforts (SPADE), Guwahati, incollaboration with the department of Politicalscience, Handique Girls’ College. The resourceperson of the camp and visiting faculty ofAdministrative Staff College, I.H. Borbora, deftlyhandled the queries of the students attending the

camp. Borbora interacted and held discussionswith the students and teachers on how, why andwhere RTI can be used for transparency and tominimise corruption in public institutions,government offices and development activities.Beside the faculty members and others, the campwas attended by a good number ofstudents. [PEB]

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>à¹ã šå¹ç¡È Î³¹ê¡št¡ "àK¤à[Øn¡¤îº Ò’ìº ƒåìÚàì¹³à>[ÎA¡ Î³t¡à ">àt¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒìºìÒ "[‹A¡ A¡à™¢A¡¹ã ó¡ºëšà¯à ™à¤ú ³à>[ÎA¡ Î³t¡à¹ "=¤à [W¡”zà¹ Î³¹ê¡št¡à "à[>¤ë>à¯à[¹ìº >à¹ã¤àƒ, Î}¹Û¡o "à[ƒ Û¡oÑ‚àÚã ‹à¹oàì¤àì¹ëA¡[t¡Úà* ³[ÒºàA¡ "àP¡¯àÒü [>¤ ë>à¯à[¹¤¡ú &J> Î³à\šøK[t¡¹ ¤àì¤ šå¹ç¡È-³[Òºà ƒåìÚàšÛ¡ì¹ Î³à> P¡¹ç¡â« "àìá¡ú³[ÒºàÎA¡ìº [>\¹ P¡¹ç¡â« t¡=à [>\¹ l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡A¡ [>ì\ šø[t¡Ë¡àA¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú šå¹ç¡È &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ ¤à‹à ¤å[º ®¡à[¤ ëºà¯àìi¡àìÚÒü³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ šø‹à> ³à>[ÎA¡ ƒå¤¢ºt¡à¡ú

(ëº[JA¡à Ñ•àt¡A¡ [‡t¡ãÚ ¤È¢¹ áàyã¡ú)

(99 šõË¡à¹ š¹à) ³à>[ÎA¡ Î³t¡à : >à¹ã šøK[t¡¹ ³èº³”|

Provide platform for the Industries to reach toour youths, Industrialization Promote North EastTalents, Research based approach to promoteNorth East Bio-diversity, Technology drivenawareness campaign on right utilization ofNatural Resources across North East and protectNorth East from exploitation and Projectingresources for Regional development. With thisendeavour, FASS and NE Career Guidance havelaunched an initiative “gift a career” to help the

poor, talented and the needy youths of North EastIndia. They have made an appeal to all Citizensand NRI to contribute for upliftment of ourtalents. This is for the under privileged / poor,who is talented but cannot afford even Rs. 500for his own career development, who is fightingfor a livelihood, but is not skilled and providehim/her with a job after he/she is trained andmade employable, that will be a biggest gift forhim/her this coming New Year. [PEB]


Saina’s Grandmother Wanted a Grandson1

She is one of the most sought after femalesporting stars in India. She won Gold in

Women’s Badminnton final match in CWG 20101and thus secured 2nd Place for Indian in the MedalsTally. But when Saina Nehwal was born inpatriarchal Haryana, her own grandmother refusedto look at her because of the inherent discriminationagainst the girl child in the state. Haryana is one ofthose infamous states in India where sex ratio hasdeclined to about 900 girls per 1000 boys in the 0-6 age group. Haryana, with a skewed sex ratio of847 women to every 1000 men, is notorious forfemale infanticide and honour killings.

“I was really surprised when I was told thatmy grandmother did not come to see me till amonth after my birth. I was born seven years aftermy only sister Chandranshu and my birth was abig disappointment for her.’’ — She wrote in acolumn for India Today magazine.

“But in it there is a message that I understandvery well now about the discrimination againstthe girl child,” she wrote.

Saina still counts her blessings for havingparents who were liberal enough to allow her topursue sports. Rarely a middle-class family canthink of spending half of the monthly income onan eight-year-old child’s training without knowing

if the gamble would pay off. But her father HarvirSingh, a Scientist with the Directorate of OilseedsResearch Hyderabad, opted to go by the adviceof PSS Nani Prasad Rao, the then badminton coachof the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh(SAAP), who saw immense potential in the girl.The rest is history.

“My mother Usha Rani had representedHaryana in badminton and she was consistent inher encouragement. That helped me build mycareer successfully and at just 14, I had a sponsorin Bharat Petroleum and Deccan Chronicle. Now,we live in an apartment bought with my prizemoney and my parents have takencare that it is in my name,” sherevealed.

The 20-year-old revealedthat her ties with her relativeshave strained on theissue of how thewomen in thefamily should betreated.

“Myu n c l e sand otherrelatives


The Catholic Scholars Started to Deconstruct Hawking’sDeclaration on Absence of the Creator God

2

release of his new book The Grand Design inSeptember last. Prior to that, an extract of thatbook appeared in the Times, where the most famousphysicist of this century sets out to contest Sir IsaacNewton’s belief that the universe must have beendesigned by God as it could not have sprung out ofchaos. The very name of the book was taken fromNewton’s those words. After that Hawkingpersonally appeared in front of many electronicmedia, where he has reiterated his words again andagain. But still, those paid Scientists of Church areready with juggling tools to deconstruct his words.

Hawking concludes in his book by sayingthe Big Bang was an inevitable consequence ofthe laws of physics. There is no need to invokeGod to set the Universe going. In his own words,“Spontaneous creation is the reason there issomething,” He also wrote,”Because there is alaw such as gravity, the universe can and willcreate itself from nothing. In his 1988 bestseller,A Brief History of Time, Prof Hawking wrote,”Ifwe discover a complete theory, it would be theultimate triumph of human reason - for then weshould know the mind of God.” The whole worldhas been debating his coined phrase ‘the mindof God.’ since then. To some it appeared thathe had accepted the role of God in the creationof the Universe. For opponents of that view thisphrase was just a metaphor, nothing beyond that.Hawking remains silent for all these years. Andhe made him clear in this new book.

Now, Brother Guy Consolmagno, SJ, anastronomer at the Vatican Observatory, explainedhow the preconditions for the universe’s unfoldingand operations were not a form of “nothing,” asHawking considers them to be. Rather, he said, theyare the conditions created by God for the ordering ofthe world. “God is the reason why space and timeand the laws of nature can be present for the forcesto operate that Stephen Hawking is talking about,”

It seems that those Vatican ‘Scientist’ might

are against encouraging girls in every aspect andthat includes sports. I hardly interact with them.

My parents are more open. They back me all theway,” she said. [PEB]

The Catholic scholars started to deconstructHawking’s declaration on absence of Creator

God, while the globally acclaimed ScientistStephen Hawking is still alive to explain his ownwords. One can just imagine what they’ll do to confusetheir takers while he will not be here to counter.

A Jesuit priest and scholar, former presidentof Gongaza University Fr. Robert Spitzer, says thatHawking’s dismissal of God in favour of physicsreflects fundamental confusions about theChristian concept of God, as the creator of all thatexists— both the physical universe, and the lawsof physics which apply to it. When this isunderstood, Fr. Spitzer said, Hawking’s basicconfusion becomes clear. Although Hawking talksabout the universe “creating itself from nothing,”he is presupposing that this “nothing” somehowinvolved gravity and other fundamental laws ofphysics, Fr. Spitzer explained. “Let’s take the lawmentioned by Dr. Hawking above – the law ofgravity,” Spitzer wrote. “It has a specific constantassociated with it and specific characteristics, andit has specific effects on mass-energy and evenon space-time itself. This is a very curiousdefinition of ‘nothing’.” “Now,” he continued, “ifwe rephrase Dr. Hawking’s statement in the abovefashion, then he has clearly not explained whythere is something rather than nothing. He has onlyexplained that something comes from something,”by describing the development of a functioning

universe on the basis of lawssuch as gravity.

Almost all the Globalmedia covered the news on


Linguists reporting from a National Geographicexpedition to India’s remote northeast corner

have identified a language completely new toscience. The language, known as Koro, belongsto the Tibeto-Burman language family, a groupof some 400 languages that includes Tibetan andBurmese, the linguists said. Although some 150Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in Indiaalone, the expedition team has been unable toidentify any language closely related to Koro, sodistinct is it from the others in the family.

The expedition was part of NationalGeographic’s Enduring Voices project (http://on.natgeo.com/dDyLox), led by NationalGeographic Fellows Gregory Anderson and K.David Harrison. Before the expedition, the teamhad targeted the remote Arunachal Pradesh statein North-Eastern India as one of its “LanguageHotspots” — a place on the world map that hostsa rich diversity of languages, many unwritten thatare little studied or documented.

“On a scientist’s tally sheet, Koro adds justone entry to the list of 6,909 languagesworldwide…. But Koro’s contribution is muchgreater than that tiny fraction would suggest,”Harrison writes in “The Last Speakers,” newlypublished by National Geographic Books. “Korobrings an entirely different perspective, history,mythology, technology and grammar to what wasknown before.” A scientific paper on the newlyidentified language will be published in volume71 of the journal Indian Linguistics.

The revelation of the new language wasbittersweet: Koro is highly endangered. Onlyabout 800 people are believed to speak it — fewunder age 20 — and the language has not beenwritten down. Arunachal Pradesh is considered a

“black hole” on the linguistic map: Because aspecial permit is required to enter the region, fewlinguists have worked there, and no one has drawnup a reliable list of languages spoken there, theirlocations or numbers of speakers.

The Enduring Voices team began its searchin Arunachal Pradesh in 2008 for two poorlyknown languages — Aka and Miji — known tobe spoken in one small district. The team, whichincluded Indian linguist Ganesh Murmu of RanchiUniversity, climbed steep hillsides to reachspeakers’ villages, going door-to-door among thebamboo houses that sit on stilts. As they listenedto and recorded the vocabularies of these poorlyknown tongues, Harrison, Anderson and Murmubegan to detect a surprise third language, onelocally known as Koro. None of the scientificliterature they had studied had reported theexistence of a third and completely distinctlanguage in the region — it’s not listed in standardinternational registries of languages or even inIndian language surveys or censuses.

To reach the tiniest Koro village, the teamcrossed a rushing mountain river by bamboo raft.They sat on shaded verandas of the stilt-supportedhouses, making recordings as people shared theirvocabularies and life stories in the hidden languageof Koro. Thousands of words were captured —the first known time that Koro was recorded as itsown distinct language, Harrison said.

Koro shaped up as distinct from the region’sother languages on many levels, the linguists said.Its inventory of sounds was completely different,and so was the way sounds combine to formwords. Words also are built differently in Koro,as are sentences.For example, the Aka word for“mountain” is “phù” while the Koro word is

Koro : A New Language Identified inRemote Corner of Arunachal Pradesh3

not spend a seconds to explore new horizon ofgalaxy, but, will say and write thousands of wordsto refashion the great scientist’s historicdeclaration. Br. Consolmagno has unique designto accomplish his job. He says “The ‘god’ thatStephen Hawking doesn’t believe in, is one I don’t

believe in either. God is not just another force inthe Universe, alongside gravity or electricity. Godis not a force to be invoked to .... ‘start a scene ortwo’ and fill the momentary gaps in ourknowledge...God is the reason why existenceitself exists.” [PEB]


Kachim, a speaker of the hidden language Koro, talks toNational Geographic Fellow Gregory Anderson. Anderson anda team made the first known recordings of Koro, an endangeredlanguage that is new to science. The expedition is featured ina new National Geographic book, “The Last Speakers,” by K.David Harrison. (Credit: Photo by Chris Rainier)

[©inputs taken from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101005133339.htm]

Bridges aren’t Built —They’re Grown here, in NE India4

In the depths of North-Eastern India , in one ofthe wettest places on earth, bridges aren’t built

— they’re grown. Grown from the roots of arubber tree, the Khasis people of Cherapunjee usebetel-tree trunks sliced down the middle andhollowed out, to create “root-guidance systems.”When they reach the other side of the river, they’reallowed to take root in the soil. Given enoughtime a sturdy, living bridge is produced.

The root bridges, some of which are over ahundred feet long, take ten to fifteen years tobecome fully functional, but they’reextraordinarily strong. Some can support theweight of 50 or more people at once.

One of the most unique root structures ofCherrapunjee is known as the “ UmshiangDouble-Decker Root Bridge.” It consists of twobridges stacked one over the other!

Because the bridges are alive and stillgrowing, they actually gain strength over time,and some of the ancient root bridges used dailyby the people of the villages around Cherrapunjeemay be well over 500 years old. One can checkthese Blogs for details:

1) http://rootbridges.blogspot.com/2)http://www.babakoto.eu/Articles/India/

Cherrapunjee/Cherrapunjee-English.htm. [PEB]

“nggõ.” Aka speakers call a pig a “vo” while toKoro speakers, a pig is a “lele.” “Koro couldhardly sound more different from Aka,”Harrison writes in “The Last Speakers.” “Theysound as different as, say, English andJapanese.” Strangely, the Aka and Korospeakers didn’t seem to see — or hear — it thatway. Aka speakers considered their Koro-speaking neighbors and cousins as speaking adialect of the same language as they did.Anderson and Harrison said that Aka is thetraditional language of the region’s historicslave traders; they hypothesize that Koro mayhave sprung from the slaves, though they saymore study is needed to determine preciseorigins.

Languages are dying around the world; oneblinks out about every two weeks. Linguists considerabout half of the world’s nearly 7,000 tongues areendangered, the victims of cultural changes, ethnicshame, government repression and other factors.

National Geographic’s Enduring Voicesproject works to identify language hotspots,document vanishing languages and cultures, andassist with language revitalization. Harrison, an

associate professor of linguistics at SwarthmoreCollege, and Anderson, director of the LivingTongues Institute for Endangered Languages,work with National Geographic Fellow andphotographer Chris Rainier on the effort.

The National Geographic Enduring Voicesscientific team will return to India in Novemberto continue studying this enigmatic, newlyclassified language. [PEB]


Thomas Carlyle once said ‘‘A man without aGoal is like a ship without a Rudder.’’ Goal

setting is something most of us recognize asnecessary for our success. So, dear students inthis topic we have chosen to talk something onGoal setting. Let us first see what is meant byGoal ? Simply said , a Goal means the desiredend-point. It is a specific and measurableoccurrence, object, or state of affairs that one plansor intends to achieve or obtain in the future.

Next comes Goal setting. Goal setting is apowerful process which helps us to choose wherewe want to go in life. The main importance ofgoal setting is that it provides us direction andpurpose. When we set goals, we will knowprecisely what we want to achieve, so that we canfocus our minds on a single worthwhile target andalways channelize our efforts to achieve that goaland not get distracted easily. It can also be highlymotivating once we get into the habit of settingrealistic goals and achieving them.

You cannot hit a target without knowingwhat the target is. So, the initial step in Goalsetting is to identify your goal. You must first findout what you really want to achieve in your life.Think forward 5 to 10 years and ask yourself whatyou want to achieve in your life. You can try withsmaller goals to start with. As you reach one goal,set a new one and then move on. That is how youwill grow and become a more powerful person.

Dear Students, while setting goal for

yourself always keep in mind the followingimportant tips :

Set goals that really motivate you :When you set goals for yourself, makesure it is something that’s important to youand there is value in achieving it. To makesure your goal is motivating , write downwhy it’s valuable and important to you.Motivation is key to achieving goals.Set goals that relate to the high prioritiesin your life : Without this type of focus youcan end up with far too many goals, leavingyou too little time to devote to each one.Always set realistic goals : It importantto set goals that you can achieve. Otherpeople can set unrealistic goals for youwithout knowing your own desires andambitions. Alternatively you may also setgoals that are too high, because you maynot appreciate either the obstacles in theway or understand how much skill youmay need to develop to achieve that levelof performance.Set time bound goals : Your goals musthave a deadline. When you are workingon a deadline, your sense of urgencyincreases and achievement will come thatmuch quicker.Set goals in writing : Write down yourgoals and carry it with you always. Thisis to remind yourself that you have

Nandita G Sarma


missions to accomplish in your life andhence it will lead you to destination.Make an Action Plan and take action :Plan and write down all of the steps thatare needed along the way to arrive at thegoal. Then take consistent action as per planeveryday to move closer towards your goal.Many people fail to achieve the goalsbecause of lack of action. Success is aboutgetting things done. If you want to besuccessful you must be a doer.Review and update : Once you havedecided your first set of plans, keep theprocess going by reviewing and updatingyour to–do list on a daily basis. Your enddestination may remain quite similar overthe long term but the action plan you setfor yourself along the way can changesignificantly. Make sure the relevance,value and necessity remain high.

So, in short, Goal setting techniques give uslong-term vision and short-term motivation. Theyfocus our knowledge acquisition and help us toorganize our time and resources, so that we canmake the most of our life. By setting realistic,clearly defined goals we can raise our self-confidence, as we would be able to recognize ourability and competence in achieving those goals.

Students, a few key points for you as a partof goal setting. Clarity – Use clear and specific

goals. Challenge – Goals should have enoughchallenge to sustain the interest.

Commitment : Goal achievement requirescommitment, so to maximize the possibility ofsuccess, you need to feel a sense of urgency andhave an ‘‘I must do this’’ attitude.

Feedback : Feedback on goal performanceprovides opportunities to clarify expectations,consider complexity of the task and adjust goaldifficulty. If you follow these simple rules, yourgoal setting process will be much more successfuland your overall performance will improve.

Yes, you should also know how to celebrateyour success ! Whenever you have achieved a goal,take the time to enjoy the satisfaction of havingdone so. Realize the implications of goalachievement and watch the progress you havemade towards other goals. All of this would helpyou build the self-confidence you deserve.

At the same time be prepared for failures aswell. Failure to meet goals does not matter much,as long as you learn from it. Add your learningback into the goal setting program forimprovement.

Finally, remember too that your goals willchange as time goes on. Adjust them regularly toreflect growth in your knowledge and experience and– if any particular goal does not hold any attractionany longer, then let it go. Because, the whole pointof goal setting is to facilitate success.

Dr. P.J.M: Yes, I have discussed all the 6schools of Vedic philosophy, plus other non-vedicIndian philosophical schools like Carvaka,Buddhism and Jainism. I have compared andcontrasted them with Advaita.

Pragyan:What is your opinion on famousmodern Indian philosopher Debi PrashadChottopadhyay and his observation on Science andReligion?

Dr. P.J.M: I am familiar with his writings tosome extent. Debi Prasad Chattopahyay dealt

mainly with the non-Vedic schools of Indianphilosophy, specially the atheist schools which hetermed Lokayata. These schools are based on a verystrong rationalism and are very interesting.However, I feel that the Advaita philosophy offersa more logical ground to explain the phenomenaof the world than these schools.

Pragyan: Thank You sir. We wish you keepon exploring new horizon in the arena ofphilosophy and enrich us with many such bookswith deep intellectual perceptive.

(Contd. from Page 18)

An Interview with Dr. Palash J. Mazumdar

(The author is a resident of Digboi and professionally a psychological counsellor)


Mazumdar on publication of the book. ‘The Circleof Fire’ in America by North Atlantic Books, whichis receiving high acclaim from readers. We’vepublished here in Pragyan (Vol.Viii, I. I; June,10, page 65) a write up about your book by RajenBarua, a Houston, Texas; US based freelancewriter and CMD of Friends of Assam and SevenSisters, who has also written a good review ofyour book in Amazon.com. Do you have anycomments?

Dr. P J Mazumdar: Thank you very much.I am very happy and honored that you have chosento give space for my book and interview in yourPragyan. The book is the culmination of severalyears of effort. I had always been interested inthe philosophy of Advaita with which I becameacquainted through reading the works of SwamiVivekananda and Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. Iam happy to think that my thoughts are nowavailable for others to read.

Pragyan: We shall be much obliged if youkindly answer a few questions we’re asking ,which we had a plan to publish along with SriBarua’s write up in the last issue. But we couldnot make it then. Now we want to have thisinterview for the next one, which will be publishedin November, 2010. At the very outset what wewant to know is being a Medical Doctor wheredid you get the inspiration to write such a bookon Science and Spirituality?

Dr. P.J.M: My inspiration was entirely from

‘‘.... I have been exploring on my ownlimited way to find a happy synthesis betweenscience and religion. In view of above, it was apleasant surprise when the American publishersent me for reviewing a courtesy copy of the book,“The Circle of Fire, (The Metaphysics of Yoga)’written on similar subject. I was doubly pleasedand surprised because the book was written byan Assamese. Frankly speaking, I was starting toread the book with certain skepticism in my mind.However, once I started the book, I could not stopbefore finishing the 400 page long book. Afterreading it, I realized that ‘The Circle of Fire’ isindeed another outstanding book where scienceand metaphysics meet….” —This was how RajenBarua, described the book ‘The Circle of Fire’,written by Dr Palash J Mazumdar and publishedin America by North Atlantic Books, in his review(‘The Circle of Fire — The Metaphysics of Yoga’)published in the June, ’10 issue of Pragyan. Thebook is not yet available in Indian Market, butone can try it from www.Amazon.com. We had aplan to publish an interview of Dr Mazumdaralong with that review itself. Due to time constrain,Dr Mazumder couldn’t made it then but he waskind enough to respond our request latter on andhere it is. Dr. P.J.Mazumdar holds an MBBS andMS from GMC, Assam. He works as an ENTsurgeon and has published his poetry in India andabroad. The questionnaire for his interview wasprepared by Sushanta Kar, executive editor ofPragyan, with the help and inputs received fromSri Rajen Barua

Pragyan: Congratulations ! Dr. P. J.


Swami Vivekananda and RamakrishnaParamahamsa. I had begun going to theVivekananda Kendra in Guwahati and also theRamakrishna Mission from my teenage years. Ifound the Advaita philosophy on which my bookis based to be the most logical and rational, and itstruck me as the one philosophy which was mostin harmony with science and reason.

Pragyan: How long it took to write the book?Dr. P.J.M: It took me nearly 3 years to write

the book, because I had very limited time for it inthe middle of my medical career.

Pragyan: Did you write any other articleson similar topic before?

Dr. P.J.M: Yes, I have written short articleson various topics. I have now collected them andput them on my website,www.thecircleoffire.com

Pragyan: How did you get the Americanpublisher?

Dr. P.J.M:The process began way back in2002, when I wrote a brief synopsis of a proposedbook and sent it to several publishers through theinternet. One publisher then offered to publish mybook when completed. I began writing the bookearnestly despite my lack of time due to my medicalcareer and completed it in 2005. By that time, myproposed publisher had been taken over by anothercompany, so I had to find a new publisher, whichtook a lot of effort till I finally found my presentpublisher. I sent my synopsis to a wide range ofpublishers including several from India, but Ireceived a firm offer only from North AtlanticBooks, Berkeley. From there, it was another longwait as the manuscript went through the publishingprocess for 2 years till it was finally published inDecember, 2009.

Pragyan: Are you planning to write more onthe subject ?

Dr. P.J.M: Perhaps yes, if I can get sufficientsuccess through this book.

Pragyan: When do you think, your book willbe published in India?

Dr. P.J.M: The distributors of my book areRandom House, the largest book publishers in theworld, and I am in negotiations with them to try toget it published here. It is their decision thoughand they will take it entirely on commercialgrounds. I hope they will take a decision soon

enough.Pragyan: Are you planning to translate the

book into Assamese if publisher is available?Dr. P.J.M: Yes, certainly. I have sold only

the English rights and still retain the rights in otherlanguages. But I would like to have a collaborator,since I am not familiar with the technical words ofphilosophy in Assamese. I hope to find someonewho is interested and comes forward for a jointeffort in translation. Perhaps even through thisinterview.

Pragyan: You mentioned Buddhism andAdvaitya are the two branches of IndianPhilosophy which are not in contradiction toScience. Can you explain this?

Dr. P.J.M: Yes, this is the main argument ofmy book. Both Buddhism and Advaita arecompletely rational philosophies which can bereached through logical arguments. Buddhismbelieves in no-absolute while Advaita believes inan Absolute. Either one or the other must be true,there must be either an Absolute beyond this worldor there may be no-absolute. So either one or theother must be the truth.

Pragyan: Do you believe in a personal God?Can God be justified through science?

Dr. P.J.M:No, I do not believe in a personalGod. I believe only in the Absolute of Advaita.When we see the Absolute through our mind, wesee it as a personal God.

Pragyan: The Circle of Fire is a term coinedby Buddhist scholar Nagarjuna. Are Buddhism andAdvaitya similar?

Dr. P.J.M: I have used the term, the Circleof Fire, because it is an evocative term, and becauseGaudapada, the teacher of Sankaracharya, used thisterm to define Advaita as different from Buddhism.Hence this sutra is very important both forBuddhism and Advaita. Buddhism and Advaita arecomplete opposites in their metaphysical roots, andthis sutra is an important way to understand thisdifference.

Pragyan: As we know that most of the Indianschool of philosophy was silent on existence of Godexcept Vedanta, have you touched that school inyour book? What about Samkhya and Carvaka ?

(Contd. on Page 16)


"àuà>åÅàÎ> @ (Self-discipline)

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šå¹[o "®¡¸àÎ¹ ºKt¡ >tå¡> "®¡¸àÎ Î}ì™à[\t¡A¡¹A¡¡ú ™[ƒ "àìšà>à¹ [ƒ>ìi¡à¹ "à¹ ±́[o &A¡àš W¡àÒ¤à A¡[ó¡ì¹ A¡¹à¹ "®¡¸àÎ "àìáÒü ët¡ì”z JàÒü º*A¡¡út¡à¹ [šát¡ [>[ƒ¢Ê A¡[¹ ëºà¯à ³ìt¡ A¡à³ "à¹ ±́ A¡¹A¡¡ú

l¡üšA¡à¹ @ &ì>îA¡ šå¹[o "®¡¸àÎ¹ ºKt¡ >tå¡> "®¡¸àÎ¹Î}ì™à\ì> "àìšà>àA¡ ">àÒA¡ ëÒòW¡à¹ š¹à l¡ü‡ý¡à¹ A¡[¹ ÎÒ\A¡[¹¤¡ú >Ò’ìº >tå¡> "®¡¸àÎA¡ "àÚv¡ A¡[¹¤îº ™à*òìt¡"àìšà>à¹ ">®¡¸Ñz ³>ìi¡àA¡ šå¹[o¹ š¹à [¤[ZáÄ A¡¹à¹ ƒåìJA¡³¢-ÎèW¡ã¹ ºKt¡ "àìšà>àA¡ &A¡àu ëÒà¯àt¡ ëÒR¡à¹¹ Îõ[ÊA¡[¹¤ šàì¹¡ú šøàt¡¸[ÒA¡ A¡³¢ì¤à¹ìi¡à A¡[¹¤Òü ºà[K¤,š[¹A¡[¿t¡ A¡à³ì¤àì¹à [>ì\ [k¡A¡ A¡[¹ ëºà¯à Î³Ú³ìt¡A¡[¹¤îº "àNøÒ "iå¡i¡ ¹à[J¤¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ìA¡à A¡¹oãÚ ¤å[º

"àìšà> A¡[¹ º’¤ šà[¹ìº &ìA¡à Î³Î¸àÒü >à[Ò¤ ¡ú>tå¡> A¡³¢ t¡à[ºA¡à¹ "NøK[t¡ [W¡[Òû¡t¡A¡¹o @"àšå[> šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹ ëºà¯à A¡³¢-t¡à[ºA¡àJ>¹ &ìA¡ài¡àA¡à³ Î´šÄ ëÒà¯à¹ šàát¡ [W¡> [ƒ ë™à¯à¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚àA¡¹A¡¡ú &Òü A¡à³ìi¡à =à*A¡ìt¡ A¡[¹¤ š¹àîA¡"àìšà>à¹ Kà ë‹à¯à Q¹t¡ =A¡à ëA¡ìºr¡à¹J>t¡,ëJà¯à ëi¡¤åºt¡ ¤à A¡[´šl¡üi¡à¹ìi¡àììt¡ ëÎÒü ¤¸¯Ñ‚àìi¡à¹à[J¤ šàì¹¡ú

l¡üšA¡à¹ : &ì>îA¡ ëƒ[J =A¡àîA¡ A¡¹à [W¡[Òû¡t¡A¡¹ìo A¡à³¹"NøK[t¡ Î´šìA¢¡ "àìšà>àA¡ \>àÒü =à[A¡¤¡ú ³>t¡ "™=àë\à¹ [ƒ Îåò¯[¹¤ ºKà >Ò’¤¡ú [šá¹ A¡à³¹ A¡à¹ìo ëšø¹oà*šà¤¡ú"àƒ¢Å ¤¸[v¡û¡â« : \ã¯>t¡ "àšå[> ºK ëšà¯à "àA¡È¢oãÚ,[¤J¸àt¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡ÎA¡ºîº ³> A¡¹A¡, ¤å[\¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡¹A¡ët¡ìJt¡ÎA¡º¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ Îó¡ºt¡à¡ú [A¡ìÒ ët¡ìJt¡ÎA¡ºA¡š[¹Åã[ºt¡ "à¹ç¡ ÎåÅõ}Jº \ã¯> KØn¡àt¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹ìá, \ã¯>¹ºÛ¡¸ šè¹ot¡ "àuà>åÅàÎ> "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ÎÒì™àKã "®¡¸àÎì¤àì¹[A¡ƒì¹¡šø®¡à¯à[Þt¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú &Òü[¤ÈìÚ \à[>¤îº ³Ò; "à¹ç¡"àƒÅ¢¤à> Îó¡º ¤¸[v¡û¡ÎA¡º¹ \ã¯>ã "‹¸Ú> A¡¹A¡¡úš¹àšÛ¡t¡ ºK šà¤š¹à ÎA¡ºA¡ ºK A¡¹A¡, A¡=à šàt¡A¡,\à[>¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡¹A¡ "à¹ç¡ š¹à³Å¢* [¤W¡à¹A¡¡ú t¡à¹ [šát¡³>t¡ ëÎÒüì¤à¹ ¤×¯àÒü [>ì\* ët¡ì> "àƒìÅ¢ì¹ "àK¤à[Øn¡™à¤¹ ¤àì¤ šø[t¡Åøç¡[t¡¤‡ý¡ Ò*A¡¡ú [>Ë¡à, Ît¡t¡à, "àu[¤Å«àÎ,í‹™¢¸, Î[ÒÌå¡t¡à, t¡¸àK, ƒàÚ¤‡ý¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ "àuàÎ³àìºàW¡>à-ÿ- &Òüì¤à¹ì¹à A¡È¢o A¡¹A¡¡ú ³åk¡ìt¡ ºÛ¡¸ [Ñ‚¹ A¡[¹ A¡³¢-"òàW¡[> ™åP¡t¡àÒü íº l¡üƒ¸ì³ì¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹ ™à*A¡¡ú ëƒ[J¤,Îó¡ºt¡à A¡àÈ W¡à[š "à[Òìá "à¹ç¡ &[ƒ> "àšå[> ®¡¤à³ìt¡[>\ìA¡ šø[t¡[Ë¡t¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú

and research activities. Some of them are alsointerested in administrative job. The studentsconsidered the college as their platform for futuredevelopment and basic needs. According to them,if they get the proper guidance and skill from theirown institution they can perform an all-roundperformance. Therefore they sought for a careerguidance cell and a community information center

for them. As the college already cross the 50th yearsmilestone, the students think that college will dosomething new innovation in favour of them. Mostof them sought in favour of semester system ofeducation. Thus, I would like to conclude that,though the students are facing some problems, butstill they feel very proud as students of PUC—the‘Best of the Best’ college of Mizoram.

REFERENCES1. Dasgupta, D.N. Principle and Practice of Educational Programming, Pointers Publishers, Jaipur, Rajasthan2. Hewad, W.L., & Orlansky, M.D. Exceptional Children—an Introductory Survey of Special Education, 4th edition,

Merrill, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Co.

(The author teaches Geography at Pachunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram)

Types of Exceptional Learners....Contd. from Page : 26

(">å¤à[ƒA¡à "Î³ãÚà [¤®¡àK¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã)


All children exhibit differences from oneanother in terms of physical attributes and

learning abilities. The differences among mostchildren are relatively small, enabling them tobenefit from the general education programme.The physical attributes and/ or learning abilitiesof some children, however—those we callexceptional learners—differ from the norm tosuch an extent that an individualized programme ofspecial education is required to meet their needs.The term exceptional learners both students whoexperience difficulties in learning and learners whoseperformance are so superior that special educationis necessary to help them fulfill their potential. Thus,exceptional learner is an inclusive term that refersto children with learning and/ or behaviour problems,children with physical disabilities, and children whoare intellectually gifted.

Disability refers to reduced function or lossof a particular body part or organ; the termimpairment is often used synonymously. Adisability limits the ability to perform certain tasks(e.g. to see, hear, walk, etc) in the same way thatmost nondisabled persons do.

Handicap refers to the problems a personwith a disability or impairment encounters ininteracting with the environment. A disability maypose a handicap in one environment but not inanother. The student with an artificial limb may behandicapped when competing against nondisabledpeers on the basketball court but experience no

handicap in classroom. The term handicappedstudent is more restrictive than exceptional learnersand does not include gifted and talented student.

At Risk refers to students who are notcurrently identified as handicapped or disabledbut are considered to have a greater-than-usualchance of developing a handicap. The term is mostoften applied to infant and preschoolers who,because of conditions surrounding their births orhome environments, may be expected toexperience developmental problems at a latertime. The term also refers to students who areexperiencing learning problems in the regularclassroom and therefore ‘at risk’ of beingidentified as handicapped. Besides, these, someother so-called defining characters of differentcategories of exceptional learners are:

1. Mental Retardation, 2. Learning Disabilities,3. Behaviour Disorder (emotional disturbance),4. Communication Disorder (speech or language),5. Hearing Impairments 6. Visual Impairments,7. Physical and other Health Impairments,8. Severe Handicap, 9. Gifted and Talented

Special education may be defined from manydifferent perspectives. One may, for example, viewspecial education as a legislatively governedenterprise. From this view point, one would beconcerned about the legal implications of informingparents of handicapped students about their rightto participate in planning their children’sindividualized education programmes. From apurely administrative point of view, special

Ghanashyam Deka


education might be seen as that part of a schoolsystem’s operation that requires certain teacher-student ratios in the classroom and has specialformulas for determining levels of funding accordingto the category of exceptional children served. Or,from a sociological or political perspective, specialeducation can be seen as an outgrowth of the civilrights movement, a demonstration of society’schanging attitudes about people with disabilities ingeneral. Each perspective has some validity, andeach continues to play a role in defining what specialeducation is and how it is practiced. None of thoseviews, however, would yield the essence of specialeducation.

Exceptional children, their teachers, and theirfamily may need a wide range of special educationand related services from time to time. Today, most

schools provide a continuum of services—that is, arange of different placement and service options tomeet students’ needs. The continuum is oftensymbolically depicted as a pyramid, with placementsranging from least restrictive (regular classroomplacement) at the bottom to most restrictive (specialschools or institutions) at the top. The fact that thepyramid is widest at the bottom indicates that thegreatest number of exceptional children should be

served in regular classrooms, and the number ofchildren who require more restrictive, intensive, andspecialized placements gets smaller as we move up.As we have already noted, the majority of childrenreceiving special education services have mild ormoderate disabilities. The number of children withmild mental retardation e.g. is far greater than thosewho experience severe retardation. It is worth notingthat, of the seven levels of service depicted in tablethe first five is available in regular public schoolbuildings. Children at levels 1 through 4 attendregular classes with non handicapped peers;supportive help is given by special teachers whoprovide consultation to the children’s regularteachers or in special resource rooms. A resourceroom usually has a specially trained teacher whoprovides instruction to exceptional students for part

of the school buildings are gaining acceptanceas an appropriate placement for many childrenwith severe and multiple disabilities.A CASE STUDY OF A FEWSELECTED STUDENTS:

Regarding the problems, facilitiesand different aspects, I made a case studyof some selected students fromPachhunga University College. For thecase study I have conducted aninterview of 10 students selectedrandomly from different streams. Inthe time of interview the followingquestions were considered for betterresults to fulfill the objectives. Thequestions are like:1. What are his or her aim/ambition?2.Are they satisfied withcurrent system of education?

a) If yes, upto what level?b) If no, why ?

3. What are the problems they faced in theclassroom?

4. What are the facilities they are getting fromthe authority?

5. Are they interested in semester system ofeducation?

6. Remarks (if any).After the interview different aspects of the

students come out in the form of this write up. The


write is purely based on an imperial observation. Thestudents’ response and my personal judgment duringthe time of interview combined herewith the writeup. Generally all of them are not satisfied fully withthe current education system. Basically, the studentsare belonging to a state where the literacy rate issecond highest in the nation after Kerala. Therefore,most of them are very conscious regarding their highereducation. But in the field of higher education thestate’s contribution is very limited. It is because oflack of proper motivation and innovation. Most ofthe students are belonging to a very fun lovingcommunity living with the nature. Their ignorancenature is the big factor that affecting the entire scenarioof higher education. The students believe that onlywith the syllabus study of their course is not enoughfor good results. They need some extra care/help fromthe concerned teacher. As they responded that withinthe limited period of class time the thorough studyfor the teacher is not possible. Moreover the teachersusing lecture method inside the class is not satisfactoryto them.

Most of the students suppose to go outsideof the state for their higher education. But due tothe lack of proper guidance and motivation theyare not able to anything beyond the averageperformance. Again the library strength is verygood of the institution. But most of the books areoutdated for their syllabus. That is the big problemsfor the students. Most of them faced the problemsof ready reference. It is because of the changingnature of the syllabus. As mentioned, most of thereferences are either very old edition or not suitablefor their present syllabus.

In response of the course structure, all of themresponded in favour of semester system. Accordingto them the yearly system is not suitable for bettermarking and to gear up to a high percentage. Insemester system it is easy to score high percentageof marks within the limited time spun in comparethe old yearly syllabus. So far the teachers, thosefollowing the lecture method only in the class arenot effective to them. Most of them are notinterested in such method. According to them it iseasy to understand if the teacher follows the chalk-talk method instead of giving lecture. Also thestudents prefer the study materials instead ofreference. Among them some are also argued

regarding the problems of pronouncing difference,spoken English problems, and extra load of severeclass test etc. with some teacher. Thus acommunication gap is there with some teacherwhich is also demoralized the students. So farmaintenance discipline among the students areconcerned, they ignored the matter. Inefficiencyamong the students is very common in the studyarea. The lack of equipped classroom, well timingroutine, distance from the town etc are also someproblems faced by the students.

In the said institution, there is no careerguidance cell to serve the students. In the presentday world communication is most significant factorregarding the career development. To know the jobvacancy, modern and updated information centersare also necessary for a good institution. Still thecollege not connected with the internet facility.There is now a newly established IGNOU studycenter to serve the students with some newdiscipline like tourism etc. But in the field ofvocational and professional course college notshowing a serious interest. Such type of course mayhelp the students in their career. Also someprofessional course may help the students as anearning source. During the time of interviewstudents shows a deep concern regarding thismatter. However, in the field of informationtechnology the college is tacking some initiatives,but it is yet to open for the students. Only fewselected departments are availed the net facility.

So far the institution provides well infrastructurefor the students. In compare to other colleges of thestate the said college has advantages in theinfrastructure and accommodation facilities. Studentscoming from far are getting hostel facilities inminimum cost. Regular bus services, well facilitiesof laboratory, canteen services, playground etc. areprovided by the authority. For some selecteddepartment the students are also getting financial helpfor their field trip every year. From this view pointstudents feel lucky to studying this college. Thecollege library is also one of the biggest in north-east.

Belonging to the second highest literate state,the students are very much conscious about theirfacilities and aspiration. Their ambition is veryclear. They want to look further with further studies

Contd. on Page 23


Education has been seen as animportant instrument of social

ascent and personal development.The objective of education systemtoday should be to guide peoplethrough the change and prepare torespond to the needs of a changingsociety. The continuously improvinglevel of education will contribute tosocial progress and consequentlyrapid economic development.

Knowledge is the mostprecious resource in the 21st century& success of our future generationin the North East depends on itsability to innovate and adapt tochange. Our Education system playsthe most vital role for thedevelopment and further upliftmentof the Region. With the induction ofnew technologies, new courses &introducing new ways of learning isthe need of the hour. Professionaleducation and skill enhancementtrainings are the ones that studentshould focus on and develop theabilities to flourish in a world thatis fundamentally diverse andirredeemably different. The entire

Prashant Barooah

North East Region need to focus on how, we become aknowledge generating society, rather than only knowledgeabsorbing society.

To uplift the entire Region to world standards, it canbe possible only through higher and professional education,research and development. We need to realize what the worldneeds from us and what our future needs from the worldand engage ourselves for all needed development in aholistic and co-operative manner. Education system has tobe distinctively contributing for further developments.Survey shows that college degrees no longer commandauthority in the job industry and are now needed to go furtherto professional, Master’s and PhD levels. Another studyshow, percentage of students from NE Region taking uphigher and professional education is still very low comparedto other places. Focus should be to promote and impartvocational courses and trainings. Through such practical


courses one can gain skills and experience, whichis directly linked to a career in future and in turn,offers better employment opportunities. This wouldhelp our students in our rural areas in a big way.

In the absence of exact causes, hitherto noqualitative & quantitative evidence to prove it, asto why North East still lagging in development to

One of the major natural resources of North EastIndia is its forests. And forestry is an important

and interesting subject of study in today’s world whenthere is big need for save our environment and toprotect, conserve our ecosystem. North East is hometo the most amazing herbs, medicinal compounds,natural cosmetics etc. Forestry and Wild Life gotogether since forests serve as home for wildlife.

Forest wealth contributes significantly to theeconomy of our Region. Specially trained personnelare therefore needed to maintain and regenerate theforest cover, forest wealth and resources. Thisinvolves the services of forestry specialists, forestrymanagement experts and forest officers. Forestryinvolves protection of forests and farming.

Eligibility: The minimum qualificationsrequired to pursue a 3-4 years, B.Sc (forestry) is tohave passed the 10+2 examination with physics,chemistry and biology or agriculture as subjects.

The major courses in forestry and wildlife inIndia are: B.S.C Forestry M.S.C Forestry

M.S.C wood science and technologyInstitutions and colleges in India that providescourses on forestry and wildlife:

Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke,Ranchi - 6.Forestry Research Institute, Dehra Dun -248 006.Indian Institute of Forest Management,Nehru Nagar, Bhopal.Orissa University of Agriculture andTechnology, Bhubaneshwar - 751 003.

Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani,Dehra Dun.Agricultural College and ResearchInstitute, Coimbatore( Tamil Nadu )Coimbatore ( Coimbatore Dist. ) – 651003Chaudhary Charan Singh (C.C.S.) HaryanaAgricultural University, Hisar( Haryana )Hisar ( Hisar Dist. ) – 125004College of Agriculture, Mysore( Karnataka)Hebbal , Mysore(Mysore Dist.)– 560024College of Agriculture, Pantnagar(Uttarakhand ) Pantnagar ( UdhamsinghNagar Dist. ) – 263145College of Agriculture and RegionalResearch Station, Dharwad( Karnataka )Dharwad ( Dharwad Dist. ) – 580005College of Forestry, Srinagar ( Jammu andKashmir ) Srinagar ( Srinagar Dist. )College of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan(Himachal Pradesh) Solan (Solan Dist.) –173230College of Technology and AgriculturalEngineering, Udaipur(Rajasthan) Udaipur(Udaipur Dist.) – 313001Dolphin (P.G.) Institute of Bio-Medical andNatural Sciences, Dehradun(Uttarakhand)Manduwala, Chakrata Road , Dehradun(Dehradun Dist.) – 248007Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Dapoli(Maharashtra) Dapoli(Ratnagiri Dist.) – 415712Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi

the level where it can be, but at the very first glancethere seems to be need of generating awareness,motivate, inform and expose to world ofinformation. As our students are the building blocksof our society, they have to be provided access toknowledge, enhance their skills and expose themto world of opportunities.


Vidyapeeth, Akola(Maharashtra) POKrishinagar , Akola (Akola Dist.) – 444104Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya :College of Agriculture, Jabalpur(MadhyaPradesh) Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur (JabalpurDist.) – 482004Kerala Agricultural University,Vellanikkara(Kerala) Vellanikkara(Thrissur Dist.) – 680654Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana(Punjab) Ludhiana (LudhianaDist.) – 141004University of Agricultural Sciences,Bangalore(Karnataka) Gandhi KrishiVignan Kendra, Bellary Road , Bangalore(Bengaluru) Dist.) – 560065College of Agriculture, Jorhat, Assam(Assam Agricultural University)North Eastern Regional Institute of Scienceand Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli,Arunachal Pradesh - 791109

Job Prospects and Career Options: There are amplejob opportunities available in the government sector.The Indian Forest Services is another good option.The Indian Council of Forestry Research andEducation (ICFRE) and its affiliated Forestry researchinstitutes employ trained personnel. NGOs whichhave taken up the job of preserving forests also appointsuch individuals. Timber or plywood manufacturersalso employ forestry specialists as consultants. Foodand Agricultural Organization also hire forestryspecialists for various functions in their organization.The job prospects in the education sector are also verybright. One can also opt for research work in variousinstitutions. There are also jobs abroad as wildlifeconsultants for esteemed organizations.In forest and wildlife conservation people can beemployed as

Foresters DendrologistsEntomologist EthologistSilviculturist Forest range officersZoo curators.

Having said as above look at one of the Surveyon North East

“Rich biodiversity of Northeast India needsconservation’’

Northeast India, a mega-biodiversity centreand a hotspot, comprises eight states, viz.

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. Itoccupies 7.7% of India’s total geographical areasupporting 50% of the flora (ca. 8000 species), ofwhich 31.58% (ca. 2526 species) is endemic. It isa transitional zone between the Indian, Indo-Burman-Malaysian and Indo-Chinese regions. Itis also a part of the Vavilovian centre of biodiversityand origin of many important cultivated plantspecies and some domesticated animals.

The region supports a rich biodiversityspanning from tropical rainforests to alpine scrubs.Takhtajan describes the region as the ‘cradle offlowering plants’ because of its diversifiedangiosperms. This rich biodiversity has asignificant role in the maintenance of theecosystem. Besides, the biodiversity of the regionis used ethnologically by locals for various socio-economic and developmental purposes.

The region is rich in orchids, ferns, oaks(Quercus spp.), bamboos, rhododendrons(Rhododendron spp.), magnolias (Magnolia spp.), etc.

With the shrinkage of green cover everywhere,the region is also experiencing an impact on itsecological system. The major threats to the richbiodiversity of the region are expansion ofagricultural activities, over-exploitation of forestsfor firewood, shifting cultivation, extensivetimbering, grazing, urbanization, manmade forestfires, introduction of exotic plants, ill-managed roadconstruction, mining, etc. which lead to habitat lossand habitat fragmentation that ultimately results inbiodiversity loss. Natural calamities such aslandslides, floods and forest fires also result inbiodiversity loss to some extent. The region is knownfor its age old institutional mechanisms on culturaland social values for biodiversity conservation,namely sacred groves or forests in Meghalaya,Manipur and Nagaland; sacred landscapes in Sikkimand sacred hilltops in Arunachal Pradesh.

Conserved as the abode of local deities, theseecosystems represent remnants of ancient forests. Butthese practices are rapidly vanishing due to moderneducation and conversion of religion, which have leadto the giving up of traditional and ethnic beliefs.

The region has four biosphere reserves, 48sanctuaries, 14 national parks, and two world

(Contd. on Page 36)


A few words from the writer: The contents of this write up is actually have been reproduced forPragyan from my career blog: www. careerquips.blogspot.com. As the contents was actually made for the blog,to present it to the students as a published form we needed some minor edits.

Full potential of the knowledge imparted here can be found only online at the blog, since many contentscan not be presented in hard published form – say for example, the video on demo GD in section “GroupDiscussion”. Also we may not be in position to write in details about links of other sites those our blog have.We’ll try to mention the related web IDs here. Students are advised to visit those sites or our blog to search it,simply type “Career Quips” or “careerquips” or any combination of these two words. The first result shown is

Quest for the first job always bogs down astudent even before the student appears in his/

her final examination. And most of the time, thatmost-in-demand first job is always elusive. Fearof becoming an unemployed haunts majority ofstudents.Are you one of them?

Than you are in the right place! Through thisblog, we are trying to take you through a guidedtour to tell you various ways of getting that firstjob.How would we go about it?

We are doing it through two sections of ourblog: www. careerquips.blogspot.com.For absolute beginners: Section-Freshers JobTools

This section tells a novice what channels of jobsare available to him/her, how to make that first resume,the patterns of various job tests, what is a psychometric

[Editors Note : Prasanta Bora is an Engineer by profession. His blog Career Quips is world’s 5th bestcareer blog. Its Google page rank is 4th. With more than 3,500 blog subscriber Career Quips gets more than3,50,000 visitors per month, but, very few of them are from NE India, for whom it’s created. To make such awonderful blog popular among NE Indian students and Pragyan readers we invited Prasanta to write for us.We are grateful that he has started a new series.]

Prasanta Borah

test, how to appear in a Group Discussion and Interviewas well as the Post selection processes that a selectedstudent goes through.

For experienced ones : Section-Discover yourselfThis section tells an experienced one (or the one

who has already gone through the section “1-2-3 Are


you ready?”) aboutthe variousresources that areavailable in Internetto hone their skillsto perfection.

In addition toabove two sections,we are publishinghere spotlights on

specific areas from time to time on our continued postsin the blog. We’ll write here in Pragyan serially.Would you be successful in getting the first job aftergoing through the contents of our blog/ writing ?

The answer lies in your hand. No amount ofteaching can get you the first job, until and unlessyou try for it yourselves.

For this you must:1.0 Try to attempt as many “Written Test”

questions from the resources given in thisblog as well as from other career relatedbooks/web-sites.

2.0 Improve your communication-skills (therequired lingua-franca being Englishalways!) to shine in following two areas: i)Group Discussion ii) Interview.

You must conduct as many mock-GD &mock-Interview sessions among your friends aspossible so that you are confident of yourself well-ahead of the real time. Also you must be familiarwith Psychometric Tests, Resume-making etc.

Be positive about yourself... Yes, you aregoing to get that job! Best wishes for the job-haunt.

(to be continued)

Among the present day’s students, the veryfamiliar words are ‘Career’& ‘Counselling’

or ‘Career Counselling’. Counselling is a veryfield and over the years, it has acquired specializationin its areas of operation- parental, child, marriage,personality development, psychological, sex andcareer counselling. Among all these areas, the onesector that is in great demand and also we are goingto discuss is Career Counselling.

Let us first see what we mean by these twowords ‘Career ‘ and ‘counselling ‘.According toUNESCO, definitions of these words are asfollowing :

Career: The interaction of work roles andother life roles over a person’s lifespan includingboth paid and unpaid work in an individual’s life.People create career patterns as they make decisionsabout education, work, family and other life roles.

Rajiv Deka [Editors Note : The author Rajiv Deka is states well known career counsellorand writes regular column on career in popular dailies of the state. He owns a

career counselling centre named ‘Decaz’ at Guwahati. Established in 2002 ‘Decaz’ is the first Career Guidance andCounselling Centre in Guwahati and the whole of NE India. We are grateful that he has started to write for Pragyanand hope he will continue to do so. Visit his site on :www.decaz.org]


Counselling: Actively listening to anindividual’s story and communicatingunderstanding, respect and empathy; clarifying goalsand assisting individuals with the decision aremaking process. Counselling is a mutual relationshipbetween a counselor (a professionally trained helper)and a client (a consumer of counselling services).

Career counselling: A largely verbal processin which a counsellor and counselee(s) are in adynamic and collaborative relationship, focused onidentifying and acting on the counsellee’s goals, inwhich the counselor employs a repertoire of diversetechniques and processes, to help bring about selfunderstanding, understanding of behavioral optionsavailable, and informed decision making in thecounselee, who has the responsibility for his or herown actions (Herr& Crammer’96).

There is no doubt about it that careercounselling is gaining more popularity amongstudents gradually. One of the major contributingfactor for the popularity of the field is the increasingnumber of student that are coming out of schools,looking for some ‘help’ which the school may ornot provide. All that these students are looking foris someone who knows the various careers availableas well as advice on which field wills suit theiracademic and psychological temperament. There aremillions of career options available and now, morethan ever, youngsters are open to considering moreoffbeat career options. But these students needguidance and assistance in making the right choice.And that’s where career counselors play a crucialrole. Globalization and the technology drivenknowledge era have opened up a myriad careeropportunity. There are so many choices and optionsthat students arte getting confused. Moreover parentsalso feel the need to know the latest trends. Thusalong with counselling the students, parentalcounselling has become an urgent need. Thus thereis an increasing requirement for career counsellors.

So, what does the career counselors do? Anindividual is naturally presented with careerchoices through out his/her life and a careercounselor assist the individual to explore, pursueand attain his/her career goal. Career counsellingbasically consists of four elements.

a) Helping individuals to gain greater selfawareness in areas such as interests, values,

abilities and personality style,b) Connecting students to resources so that

they can become more knowledgable aboutjobs and occupations,

c) Choose a career path that is well suited totheir own interests, values, abilities andpersonality style and

d) Associating individuals to be activemanagers of their career paths.

(including managing career transitions andbalancing various life roles) as well as becominglearners in the sense of professional developmentover the lifespan.

Becoming a career counselor is not as easy asit sounds. A career counselor apart from being verywell informed and up to date on educational andcareer trends, must also posses all these qualities-perception, understanding, motivation, analytical yetsensitive to the needs of the others and a greatcommunicator. Most importantly, a careercounselors should be aware of the latest opening invarious areas and should maintain a databank of thetraditional, conventional and up-coming careeroptions so as to offer a wide range of options to thestudents. Besides this, a counsellor should also bein a position for further assistance to their clients inrelated areas such as job search, resume writing,arranging financial assistance and scholarships forhigher studies etc. A career counselor helps peoplewith career indecision on a number of fronts.Developmental problems such as career immaturityare resolved by exploring the client’s interest andcareer alternatives and applying decision makingstrategies. Situational problems such as job stressare worked on within the context of a supportive,problem solving relationship to develop alternativeresponses. In recent years, however there has beena gradual yet perceptible shift in emphasis forvocational issues to personal/emotional issues andthe systemic context for career development. Manystudies devoted to career counselling focus oncontemporary problems that involve personal as wellas work-related issues, such as workaholics and re-entry for women in the workplace. In addition,whereas previously counselling efforts have beendirected primarily towards helping people find jobs,now there is much more attention dealing with workadjustment issues.


Women’s education is a priority sector in thegovernment’s policy planning. The National

Policy on Education 1986 states that educationwill be used as an agent of basic change in thestatus of women in society. Education for womenis a vital component of the overall strategy ofsecuring equity and social justice for women.Special support services are needed to remove theobstacles inhibiting the access of women to highereducation. Lack of adequate infrastructure requiredto meet the special needs of women students andteachers, including non-teaching staff, is one of themajor factors responsible for obstructing the greater

participation of women in higher education.A large number of institutions do not have

proper infrastructure for women. In certaininstitutions there are no common rooms and evenseparate toilets for women students, teachers andnon-teaching staff members. A general feeling hasbeen expressed at different forums that theavailability of facilities for women would improvetheir enrolment, attendance and participation inhigher education. The Commission has, therefore,designed this scheme of assistance for

S.No. Facility Percentage of allocated grant

1. Ladies’ toilets (both Indian and Western) with possible self-flushing 30facilities. Preferably one toilet per 100 women (including students,teachers & non-teaching staff/researchers).

2. Women’s common room with adequate furniture for sitting, 30working and for special needs.

3. Gym facilities, separate for female students and teachers, equipped 30with treadmills, cycles, etc., and sufficient place for other exercises,including yoga. Lockers as well as a shower room may also be provided.

4. For maintaining/upgrading existing infrastructure meant for women. 10This grant may also be utilised for making appropriate arrangementsfor special needs and for any medical infrastructure requirementsof women.

infrastructure for women students, teachers andnon-teachers in universities.

Eligibility/Target : All Colleges underSection 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act are eligibleto receive grant under this scheme. The targetgroup is women students, teachers and non-teaching staff of all eligible universities.

Nature of Assistance Available Under theScheme: Under the scheme, a maximum of Rs. 10lakh as a one-time grant in the Plan period will beprovided to a university for creation andupgradation of infrastructure as per ratio mentionedbelow.

Procedure for Applying under theScheme: Institutions should submit proposalscomplete in all respects along with requireddocuments to the UGC office by 31 October ofeach year. The Commission will not entertain anincomplete proposal. Terms and conditionsapplicable to UGC-approved building projectswill apply for the creation and upgradation ofinfrastructure under this scheme also. Universitiesare advised to observe these terms and conditionsstrictly.


: An NE Career Guidance Presentation - 2

NE Career Guidance is working towards helping students in North Eastern States to choose right career for theirlife. It is very crucial for students to choose right Institution or College and be careful that they don’t fall into

trap of choosing an UNAPPROVED or UNRECOGNIZED Institute, College or a Course.To ensure that student’s do not make any mistakes choosing an unapproved Institute or College or a course

which are not recognized by Government or UGC, we share here the list available in public domain.Please note that students taking up such courses or getting admitted to such institutes may not affect in some

instances getting employment but at the same though it does not guarantee. Studying in such institute may impactyour higher educational ventures or taking up any Government job or employment.

However, NE Career Guidance suggests further investigation by admission seeker should be done priorto taking admission.

(1) http://www.ugc.ac.in/financialsupport/guideline_14.htmlCompiled by Anita Baruwa from the UGC website

1. Bangalore Institute of Aeronautical Engg.& Information Technology, Bangalore – 72Programmes : Aeronautical Engg.Information Technology, MechanicalEngg., Electronics & Telecommunication,Chemical Engg., Computer Science,Electrical, Engg.Marine Engg.

2. Indian Institute of Aeronautical andMarine EngineeringPadmanabhanagar, Bangalore – 560 070Programmes : Aeronautical Engg.Information Technology, Computer Science& Technology, Electronics &Telecommunication, Electrical Engg.

Procedure for Approval: Institutions maysubmit their proposal for assistance under this schemeon the pro forma (given in Annexure I of UGC’swebsite)¹. The proposal will be examined andprocessed in the concerned bureau of the UGC. Incase it is found fit in terms of the conditions governingthe scheme, necessary approval of the Commissionwill be conveyed to the concerned insitution. Thefollowing categories of universities/colleges will begiven priority while approving proposals:

Universities/colleges located in backward/rural and semi-urban areas; andUniversities/colleges with higher percentageof women teachers, non-teachers and students.

Procedure for Release of Grant: Once theproposal is approved, the grant will be released inthree instalments:

The first instalment (50 per cent) of the grantwill be released with the letter of approval.

The second instalment (40 per cent) willbe released on receipt of the utilisationcertificate of the first instalment of the grant(Annexure II), submission of statement ofactual expenditure and progress report ofconstruction project undertaken.The remaining 10 per cent of the grant willbe released on the receipt of completioncertificate (in respect of building projects),utilisation certificate and statement ofactual expenditure incurred Annexure III.

Procedure for Monitoring: The UGC willmonitor the utilisation of grants through its ownmechanism and can call for any information fromthe institution. However, the UGC reserves theright to get physical verification done if deemednecessary.

Proforma for Applying under the Scheme:Attached as Annexures I, II, III and IV.(¹).


3. Maharashtra Academy Of NavalEducation & Training, Pune-SolapurHighway, Pune-412201Programmes : B. Tech Marine, Engineering

4. National Institute Of AeronauticalEngineering And InformationTechnology, Pune-19Programmes : B.E./B.Tech In Engg., Courses

5. P.K. Institute of TechnologyPushp Vihar, Masani Road, MathuraProgrammes : B.Tech. & Polytechnic

6. Singhania Institute Of Law ManagementScience & Technology,Dist. Jhunjhunu– 333515Web site :www. singhaniainstitutes.comProgrammes : B.Tech. in CivilMechanical, Automobile, Communication,Electronics & Instrumentation, InformationTechnology, Computer Sc. ElectricalPetroleum & Hydrocarbon and MiningEngg.,MCA Polytechnic Diploma inAutomobile, Civil Computer ScienceElectronics & Comm, Electronics &Instrumentation Information, Technology,Electrical, Mechanical Petroleum &Hydrocarbon,Web Designing, FashionDesigning, HMCT.

7. The ICFAI Institute of Science & Tech.,CPAD, Unit No.107 A, BangaloreProgramme : B.Tech. Prorgamme inBio – Technology Computer Science &Engg., Electrical & Electronics Engg.Electronics & Comm. Engg.

8. The Institute of Engineering Science &Technology, Shivabasavanagar, BelgaumProgramme : Degree Courses inAeronautical Mechanical, ComputerScience, Electronics & CommunicationInformation Technology.

9. Abhinav College of Engineering &Polytechnic, Thane(w)Programme : MBA, Deg/ Dip. Engg. courses

10. Academy of Business Management,Tourism & Research, Bangalore – 560068Programme : MBA/Doctorate Degree(Full time & Part Time)

11. Advisor the Educational Academy, LucknowProgramme : MBA, B.Tech., B.Pharma,

MBA, MCA, Bio-Technology12. Agra Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Agra – 7Programme : B.Tech. & PolytechnicDiploma, MBA, MCA.

13. Akruti Institute of Real Estate Managementand Research, Andheri (E), Mumbai –93Programme : PGD:REDM

14. Amity School of Distance LearningPO Box. 503, NoidaProgramme : PGDBM

15. Amity School of Distance LearningNew DelhiProgramme : Distance Learning,PGDBM-2 Yrs

16. Annie Besant College of Engineering &Management, Lucknow (U.P.)\Programme : MBA

17. Apex Institute of Management, Pune-28Programme : MBA, PGDBM

18. IMET, GoaProgramme : MBA/ Hotel Management

19. Bells Education & Research SocietyChandigarhProgramme : MBA, BBA, MCA, PGDCA,M.Sc, Distance Learning Programmes

20. Cosmic Business SchoolNew Delhi – 110044)Programme : PGDM-FT, MBA-FT

21. D.B. Jain Institute of BusinessManagement & Research, Chennai-600 034Programme : MBA – 2 Yrs in 8Specializations, International Programme,Executive MBA – 1 Yr, MBA – 2 Yr

22. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Institute ofManagement & Higher StudiesKanpur (U.P.)Programmes : MBA

23. Devi Mahalaxmi College, Mumbai-78Programmes : PGDMLT, Pharm,. BusinessMgmt.

24. Elphinstone College, Mumbai-32Programme : Dip, P.G.Dip in HMCT, MBA(Hospitality Management)

24. Excel Institute, Navi Mumbai-400705Programme : MBA, HMCT, ENGG

26. FHRAI Institute of HospitalityManagement, Greater Noida-201 306(U.P.)


Programme : 4-Year InternationalHospitality Administration

27. GCS Computer, ChandigarhProgramme : MBA, MCA, PGDCA, PGDBMBBA BCA, Distance Education Programme ofPunjab Tech. University Jalandhar

28. Globsyn Business SchoolSalt Lake Kolkata-700 091Programme : PGDBM

29. GSC, PatialaProgramme : MBA, MCA

30. GSC – SCO, Chandigarh Collaborated with – As per advertisementon 28.9.06 in The Tribune, Under SikkimManipal Univ.,Programme : MBA, MCA

31. Hindustan Institute of Technology &Management, Mumbai-92Programme : MBA, MCA

32. Hospitality Training Institute, MumbaiProgramme : Advanced Dip, Diploma &P.G.Dip.in Hotel Management

33. ICE College, Dadar, MumbaiProgramme : MBA, MCA, PGDCA, HotelManagement

34. ICEI – SCO, ChandigarhProgramme : MBA, MCA

35. ICFAI, KarunamayeeProgramme : MBA

36. ICFAI Business School,Gurgaon & ChandigarhProgramme : MBA-FT

37. ICFAI National College, Gurgaon38. ICFAI National College, Lucknow (U.P.)

Programme : MBA39. IILM for Higher Education, Gurgaon ,

Programme : PGDM-FT40. IMET, Mumbai-64

Programme : MBA/ Hotel Management41. Indian Business Academy Bangalore 560062

Programme : PGPM42 Indian Institute of Management Training

(IIMT), Pune-411026Programme : Various MBA degree Courses

43 Indian Institute of Pharmaceutical MarketingProgramme : MBA (Pharma Marketing,Hospital Management, Finance, HumanResource Development, Insurance)

44 IIPM, Indian Institute of Planning andManagement, New Delhi – 110016Programme : BBA, MBA

45. Indian Institute of Professional Studies,Luknow-10Programme : MBA

46. Indo German Training Centre, Mumbai-20Programme : PGDBA

47. Institute of Business Management &Research, Bangalore- 27Programme : Executive – MBA (one Year)

48. Institute of Business Studies & Research(IBSAR), Navi Mumbai – 400 614.Programme : PGD in InternationalBusiness (FT), PGD in Management (FT)

49. Institute of Management &Technology,Bangalore – 560 085Programme : MBA, MBM-Tech.,PGDBM, PGDM, MPIB, BCA, BBA,B.Com, B.Sc (Comp. Sc.) (to be concluded)

heritage sites. But lack of awareness at thegrassroots level hampers the process of biodiversityconservation. Awareness Programmes such asseminars and workshops should be held in schoolsand colleges and even for the local folks. Publicdisplays in the form of billboards and handing outpamphlets with about the importance ofbiodiversity and the need of its conservation are

needed. It is time for concerned authorities to takeup the necessary actions to conserve this richbiodiversity, before it is too late. Therefore thereis a big need for saving our Region and we needGovernment to step forward aggressively and alsoother activists, NGOs and this whole drive willneed skilled manpower.Save our Region, save the planet !!!

Source : Botanical Survey of India(Prashant Barooah works as Global Deployment Manager, Business excellent Nokia Siemens

Networks at Gurgaon, Haryana. To know more about his works visit his site : www.necareerguidance.com)

Careers in ForestryContd. from Page : 29

The complete list can be read on www.necareerguidance.com


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The Journal of Entomology and Nematology(JEN) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed

journal published monthly by Academic Journals.JEN is dedicated to increasing the depth of the

subject across disciplines with the ultimate aimof expanding knowledge of the subject.Editors and reviewers

JEN is seeking qualified researchers to join

The Journal of Entomology and Nematology (JEN)has invited papers from Researchers


org/JEN/Instruction.htm JEN is an Open Access Journal : One key requestof researchers across the world is unrestrictedaccess to research publications. Open access givesa worldwide audience larger than that of anysubscription-based journal and thus increases thevisibility and impact of published works. It also

enhances indexing, retrieval powerand eliminates the need for

permissions to reproduceand distributecontent. JEN is fullycommitted to the

Open Access Initiativeand will provide free

access to all articles assoon as they are published.

Best regards,Franklyn Monyei

Editorial AssistantJournal of Entomology and

Nematology (JEN)E-mail: [email protected] www.academicjournals.org/JEN.

its editorial team as editors, subeditors orreviewers. Kindly send your resumeto [email protected] Call for Papers : JEN will cover all areas of thesubject. The journal welcomes the submission ofmanuscripts that meet the general criteria ofsignificance and scientific excellence, and willpublish:

1. Original articles in basic andapplied research

2. Case studies3. Critical reviews,

surveys, opinions,commentaries and essays

We invite you to submit yourm a n u s c r i p t ( s ) t o [email protected] for publication.Our objective is to inform authors ofthe decision on their manuscript(s)within four weeks of submission.Following acceptance, a paper willnormally be published in the next issue. Instructionfor authors and other details are available on ourwebs i t e ; h t tp : / /www.academic journa l s .


The purpose of wildlife adventure yields tremendous satisfaction when combined with a touch of photography. Everyday adventuretours fail to address photographic capabilities bleaching out the experience one can have with some expert crash tutoring on

camp site. More so is the delight to discover new vistas for outdoor travels and explore more off beat tracks then normally found inLonely Planet or Rough Guides.An eco-friendly rendezvous concept of Venture Pursuits - 3 Day Basic Wildlife Adventure PhotographyAppreciation Camp is organised by Lenzworx Productions and supported by AssamTimes.org proposes to tour-camp in one of themost scenic and the largest dense tropical forest covered hills district of Assam called "Karbi Anglong" beginning its journey fromDiphu, its head quarter town.WHO CAN PARTICIPATE? Age no bar. Anyone who is interested in Adventure, Photography, WildLife and Camping can participate.Interested foreign nationals please contact us in advance to arrange permissions, etc.CERTIFICATES : Certificates will be awarded on completion of the Program.

Transport Collaborator: Trans Himalayas Camp/Venture Site: Dhansiri RF (Karbi Anglong West Division) and Longnit

DCRF (Karbi Anglong East Division). See google map here: http://bit.ly/99Wdi6 Expected Temperature:12°C - 15°C (approx) Humidity: 65% (approx) Suggested Clothing: Warm wintry casuals Dates: November 27-29, 2010 (3 nights) Capacity: 25 individuals maximum Camp Fee (per individual): Rs. 3000.00

Camp Fee shall cover:1.Train fare: (Guwahati-Diphu-Guwahati); 2.Travel fare during camp, where/whennecessary; 3. Accommodation in indigenousbamboo elevated camps; 4. Refreshments andFood; 5. Other fee like entry fee; 6. Misc.costs for adventure/fun activities; 7. CampKit: Tee Shirt, Sleeping bag, Flash Light, FirstAid, Insect Repellent, ..

ITEMS FOR BACKPACKING : For any kind of outdoor trip apart from a venture seeking mind and soul the kind of gear or takealong differ from activity to activity. Some must haves to check list are:

CHECKLIST 1 : 1. Sleeping Bags; 2. Wind Cheaters; 3. Jeans; 4. T -Shirts / Shirts preferably cottons.; 5. Cargos; 6. Caps;7. Toiletries; 8. Swiss Knives; 9. Trekking Boots; 10. Absorbent white socks; 11.Towels; 12. Angling Equipment; 13. Ideas forGames & Activities; 14. Recipe ideas to cook in the Camp; 15. Sense of humor

Checklist 2 : For a Basic WildLife Adventure Photography Camp here are some of the things to include on your travel photographychecklist we suggest:1. A camera is the foremost basic photography equipment you'll need. You have the option of using the tradi-tional film camera or go digital. There are also choices between point-and-shoot cameras and single lens reflex (SLR cameras).2.While travelling, there are many possible activities that involve water like fishing, boating, kayaking and canoeing. And to makesure that your camera is kept dry, it's good to carry a waterproof camera bag. Always have a small towel handy to wipe off anywater that gets on your camera.3. A tripod comes in handy when you are waiting to conspicuously take a photo of an animal whichwon't get anywhere near as long as you're in sight.4. Use of Flash units will not be appreciated as it is against eco concerns. Weencourage ambient light photography and making the most of it.5. We recommend to use couple of small sized memory cards thanhave one card with enormous size so that not all photos are lost if the memory card gets misplaced or damaged. Also, be sure toalways carry extra film.6. Extra rechargeable batteries are always a good option along with a charger else rechargeable batteriesare useless.7. Cleaning gear which includes a lens and a cloth for wiping the surface of the camera is mandatory.

Camp Facilitators : Our Camp Facilitators born and brought up in the region will share their relative experiences about Wildlife,Adventure, Photography and Camping and include interesting activities as much possible.Please Note : Only postpaid GSM services will work in northeast India. Narcotics of any description are strictly prohibited.Participants are expected not to litter camp site.For details contact : Email : [email protected] : +91-9013497859, + 91-9613222362http://www.assamtimes.org/adventure_photography_camp.htmlhttp://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=160835530609196


Úà 1887-88 W¡>¹ A¡=à¡ú ºàìÒ ºàìÒ => ‹[¹l¡ük¡à ëA¡[ºó¡[>¢Úà¹ ë>³åìi¡R¡à¹ l¡üìƒ¸àKì¤à¹ &A¡

®¡Úà¤Ò ®¡à¤å[A¡¹ Î–µåJã> Ò’º¡ú A¡i¡> Aå¡Å«> ëÑHº(Cottony cushion scale) >à³¹ št¡}K [¤‹¹ "àyû¡³ot¡Îìt¡\ ë>³åìi¡R¡à¹ ¤à[KW¡àì¤à¹ \Ú š[¹ ™à¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ šƒà=¢Òü* &Òü št¡}KA¡ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹¤îº "Û¡³Ò’º¡ú \àt¡ãÚ "=¢>ã[t¡t¡ ®¡Úà¯Ò ‹¹ìo "àQài¡ Ò>à &Òüšt¡}K [¤‹A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ ¤àì¤ [W¡”zà-W¡ZW¢¡à "à¹´± Ò’º¡ú[W¡.[®¡.[¹ìº (C.V. Riley) >à³¹ [¤[ÅÊ št¡}K[¤ƒ \ì>ÎÒA¡à¹ã &º¤ài¢¡ A¡’ìÚì¤[º (Albert Koebele)A¡ &ÒüÎ}yû¡à”zt¡ &A¡ A¡à³t¡ [>ìÚàK A¡[¹ìº¡ú "šA¡à¹ã št¡}K[¤‹¹ šøAõ¡t¡ l¡üŠ±¯ Ñ‚º "ìÊ¡ö[ºÚà "à¹ç¡ [>l¡ü[\ìºr¡ ëÒà¯à¹Îèìy ÒüÒòt¡¹ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡Î³èÒ ëÎÒü "e¡ºÎ³èÒt¡ l¡üšº§¡Ò’¤ ¤å[º ët¡*ò ‹à¹oà A¡[¹ìº, ºKìt¡ A¡’ìÚì¤[ºA¡ ët¡ì>í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ Î}NøÒ¹ ¤àì¤ "ìÊ¡ö[ºÚàîº ëšø¹o A¡[¹ìº(Srivastava, 1996a)¡ú ™[ƒ* *š¹¯àºà¹ [>ì„¢Å yû¡ì³,"ìÊ¡ö[ºÚàîº ¹à*>à Ò’¤ ºKàt¡ š[¹º, št¡}K Î}NøÒ¹ƒì¹ "à³[>ƒàÚA¡ A¡à³¹ ¤àì¤ [>ìÚà[\t¡ íÒ A¡’ìÚì¤[º™ì=Ê "ÎåJã Ò’º¡ú t¡àîº íK ët¡*ò °³o-[¤ºàÎ A¡[¹ "[‹A¡Î³Ú A¡i¡àÒü "à¹ç¡ &J> ë>³åìi¡R¡à¹ ¤à[KW¡àt¡ "àyû¡³o A¡[¹=A¡à ëÑHº ëšàA¡¹ A¡àÈt¡ ëšà¯à Ûå¡‰A¡àÚ ‘ë®¡ƒà[ºÚà [¤i¡º’(Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis) ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> Î}NøÒA¡[¹ [¹ìº¹ *W¡¹îº 1888 W¡>¹ >ì¤´¬¹ ³àÒt¡ ëšø¹oA¡¹à¹ ºKìt¡ W¡àA¡¹ã t¡¸àK A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ [=¹à} A¡[¹ìº¡ú[A¡”ñ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ A¡=àìi¡à Ò’º, -ÿ-ÿ-ÿ- A¡’ìÚì¤[ºìÚ >\>àîA¡ìÚšt¡}K [>Ú”|o¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎt¡ ët¡*ò [>ì\ &K¹àA¡ã ™åKà”zA¡à¹ãšàyîº ¹ê¡šà”z[¹t¡ Ò’º¡ú ‘ë®¡ƒà[ºÚà [¤i¡º’ ë³[º [ƒÚà¹šàá¹ ¤á¹¹ š¹à ë>³åìi¡R¡à¹ l¡ü;šàƒ> ƒåP¡oîº ¤à[Øn¡º¡ú\à³¢à>ÎA¡ìº A¡’ìÚì¤[º¹ Î–µà>àì=¢ &Òü š‡ý¡[t¡A¡‘A¡’ìÚì¤[º š‡ý¡[t¡’ (Koebele method) "àJ¸à [ƒìº¡ú

¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡[t¡

"à[\ š™¢”z ‘ë®¡ƒà[ºÚà [¤i¡º’¹ P¡¹ç¡â« ëA¡[ºó¡[>¢Úàt¡[¤ƒ¸³à>¡ú ëÅÒt¡ãÚà Î³ãÛ¡à ³ìt¡, šø[t¡ l¡ºà¹ ¤¸Ú¹ ó¡ºt¡,¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ ¤à¤ƒ ºà®¡ ëÒà¯à šòàW¡ l¡ºà¹¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ ‡à¹à [yÅ l¡ºà¹ ºà®¡ ÒÚ¡ú

1975 W¡>t¡ ®¡à¹t¡¹ >àÒü[>t¡àºÑ‚, šøà=[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºÚ&J>¹ t¡ƒà>ã”z> [ÅÛ¡A¡, W¡–ƒøìÅJ¹ º’ìÒà[³ìÚ "štõ¡oëºsi¡à>à(Lantana camera)¹ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ št¡}K ëºW¡¤àK(Teleonemia scrupulosa)A¡ "à[¯ÍHà¹ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Aõ¡[È Kì¯Èoà Î}Ñ‚à>(Indian Council ofAgricultural Research) ëÚ šå¹ÍHà¹ Ñ¬¹ê¡ìš >Kƒ15,000 i¡A¡à "à¹ç¡ šøÅ[Ñz šy šøƒà> A¡ì¹¡úí\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oì>à [A¡ ?

šøàW¡ã> A¡àºt¡ W¡ã>àÎA¡ìº *W¡¹à-*W¡[¹îA¡ =A¡à Ká¹l¡àº, ¤òàÒ¹ A¡à[k¡ì¹ Î}™åv¡û¡ A¡[¹ ¹R¡àš¹ç¡¯àA¡ "àÒ-™àÒ¹¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¹ "šA¡à¹ã \ã¯¹ šºåì¤à¹ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹[áº¡ú í\[¯A¡[>Ú”|o (Biological control) Å¦ìi¡àA¡ Î¤ÿ¤¢šø=ì³ [Ñ¶=(Smith) >à³¹ [¤`¡à>ã\ì> 1919 W¡>t¡ ¤¸¯Òà¹A¡[¹[áº¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|A¡ Î³èÒA¡ ëA¡ïÅìºì¹ "šA¡à¹ãšt¡}K¹ *š¹t¡ šøìÚàK A¡¹àìA¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú

ÎÒ\ ®¡àÈàt¡ ³à>åÒ, šÇ¡‹> ¤à l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ Û¡[t¡A¡à¹A¡\ã¯ì¤à¹ (Pest)A¡ ">¸šøàoã ¤à šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ Åyç¡¹ ‡à¹à [>Ú”|oA¡¹à š‡ý¡[t¡ìA¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú [>K[>¹ l¡üš‰¯¹š¹à ë¹ÒàÒü šà¤îº ë³Aå¡¹ã ëšàÒàìi¡à í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ &A¡l¡üƒàÒ¹o¡ú

št¡}K¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ í\[̄ A¡ [>Ú”|oA¡ì¤à¹A¡ ëš¹àW¡àÒüi¡ (Para-site), ëš¹àW¡àÒüi¡Òül¡ (Parasiotoid) "à¹ç¡ [šøìl¡i¡¹ (Preda-tor) "à[ƒ ®¡àKt¡ ®¡àK A¡¹à ÒÚ (Ragumoorthi et al., 2003b)¡ú

[šøìl¡i¡¹ @ &Òüì¤à¹ ³åv¡û¡®¡àì¯ [¤W¡¹o A¡[¹¤ š¹à \ã¯¡ú[šøìl¡i¡¹ì¤à¹ ÒüÒòt¡¹ Jàƒ¸¹ê¡št¡ ¤¸¯Òê¡t¡ \ã¯ (Prey)


t¡à[ºA¡à @ (1) ®¡à¹t¡îº ¤[Ò@¹àÊ¡ö¹ š¹à "à³ƒà[>Aõ¡t¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o¹ Îàó¡º¸

[W¡y @ Î¤¢šø=³ št¡}K [>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ št¡}K [>ìÚàK¹ l¡üƒàÒ¹o-ÿ- ‘Vedalia beetle’ A¡ ë>³å¹ ‘Cottony cushion scale’[>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ ¤¸¯Òà¹ A¡¹à íÒ[áº (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y¡ @ šøàW¡ã> A¡àºt¡ W¡ã>ìƒÅt¡ ¤¸¯¸Òê¡t¡Ká¹ l¡àº, ¤òàÒ¹ A¡à[k¡ì¹ Î}™åv¡û¡ A¡[¹¹R¡àš¹ç¡¯àA¡ "òàÒ-™àÒ¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¹ í\¯[>Ú”|o¹ &A¡ l¡üƒàÒ¹o (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y @ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}K [l¡´¬¹ *š¹t¡ í\¯[>Ú”|A¡i¡öàÒüA¡’Nøà³à¹ [l¡´¬-šøÎ¯ (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y @ ‘ë³Ki¡’ "àyû ¡³o¹t¡"¯Ñ‚àt¡ ƒåi¡à í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡št¡}K (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y @ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ št¡}K ‘yû¡àÚW¡’šàº¢àA¡à[o¢Úà’ -ÿ- A¡) šøàœ¤ÚÑH "à¹ç¡ J) k¡à[¹¹"àKt¡ Îå¹[Û¡t¡ [l¡´¬ (Pedigo, 2006)

ë¤à¹t¡îA¡ "àA¡à¹t¡ l¡àR¡¹ ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ Î´šèo¢ [¤A¡àÅ¹¤àì¤ &A¡à[‹A¡ Jàƒ¸ì™àK¸ \ã¯¹ šøìÚà\> ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : ‹à>ëJ[t¡¹ "[>Ê¡A¡à¹ã KàÞê¡ãìšàA¡ (Leptocorisa acuta)¹[šøìl¡i¡¹ ‘i¡àÒüKà¹ [¤i¡º’ (Cicindella sexmaculata) "à¹ç¡ë³à¯àìšàA¡¹ ®¡Û¡>A¡à¹ã yû¡àÚW¡’šàº¢à A¡à[o¢Úà, Chrysoperlacarnea [šøìl¡i¡¹¹ &A¡ šøAõ¡Ê l¡üƒàÒ¹o¡ú

ëš¹àáàÒüi¡ "à¹ç¡ ëš¹àáàÒüi¡Úl¡ @ ëš¹àáàÒüi¡ì¤à¹ëšàÈA¡t¡îA¡ ™ì=Ê Ûå¡‰ \ã¯¡ú "Î}J¸ ëš¹àáàÒüìi¡ &ìA¡Î³Úìt¡ &ìA¡i¡à ëšàÈA¡A¡ "àyû¡³o A¡[¹¤ šàì¹ "à¹ç¡ A¡à[W¡;ìÒëšàÈA¡¹ ³õtå¡¸ ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : *A¡[>, ³’Ò "à¹ç¡ Aõ¡[³ "à[ƒ¡úëš¹àáàÒüi¡Úl¡ì¤à¹ &A¡ [¤ìÅÈ ‹¹o¹ ëš¹àáàÒüi¡, [™ì¤à¹

Îà‹à¹oìt¡ ëšàÈA¡¹ Î³àAõ¡[t¡¹¡ú ÒüÒòìt¡ ëšàÈA¡A¡ Òt¡¸à A¡¹à¹ºKìt¡ ³åv¡û¡ [¤á¹oA¡à¹ã šèo¢à}K št¡}Kîº [¤A¡[Åt¡ Ò’¤¹¤àì¤ ³ày &i¡à ëšàÈA¡¹ìÒ šøìÚà\> ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> -ÿ- ‹à>¹³\òàìJà¯à ëšàA¡¹ [l¡´¬-ëš¹àáàÒüi¡Úl¡ (Egg parasitoid)Trichogramma japonicum "à¹ç¡ T.chilonis "à[ƒ¡ú"štõ¡o >àÅA¡¹ ®è¡[³A¡àt¡ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡¡: "Î³Út¡"ºàK[t¡Úàº®¡àì¯ Aõ¡[È®è¡[³t¡ \–µ l¡ü[Š±ƒA¡ "štõ¡o "àJ¸à[ƒÚà ÒÚ¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> "štõ¡oÎ³èÒ [>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡š‡ý¡[t¡¹ [¤A¡¿¹ê¡ìš í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡¹ *š¹t¡ ³ì>à[>ì¤Å A¡¹àíÒìá¡ú "à[\A¡à[º W¡¹oãÚà š=à¹, ë¹º ºàÒü> "à¹ç¡ š=¹ƒòà[t¡ A¡àÈ¹ãÚà "e¡ºìA¡ ‹[¹ Î¤¢yìt¡ ®¡à¤å[A¡ Ñ¬¹ê¡ìš ëƒJà

W¡> í\¯[>Ú”|A¡¹ šøAõ¡t¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}K í\¯[>Ú”|A¡l¡ü;š[v¡Ñ‚º

1920 Òü}ìºr¡ "àìšº Eriosoma lanigeram Aphalinus mali1958-60 W¡ã> "àìšº Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Prospatilla perniciosi1960 "àì³[¹A¡à "àìšº Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Aphytis diaspidis1964 [>l¡ü[K[o &¹ã Achaea janata Telenomia sp.1965 \à[g¯à¹ >à[¹A¡º Oryctes rhinoceros Platymeris laevicollis


1. A Text of Applied Entomology by K.P. Srivastava.(1996 Edition and 1st Volume)2. Entomology and pest Management by L.P.Pedigo (2006 Edition)

šøÎ}K šå[= :

[>Kòà* ("Î³)¹ &Òü\> Aõ¡[È[¤`¡à>ã "Î³ãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ [¤`¡à> [¤ÈÚ¹ &\> º§¡ šø[t¡Ë¡ ëºJA¡ "à¹ç¡ Kì¯ÈA¡¡ú Î´ß[t¡‘št¡}K ¹ÒÎ¸’ >àì³ì¹ ët¡*ò &J> [A¡t¡àš šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ l¡ü[ºÚàÒüìá¡ú]

[ƒÚà šàì=¢[>Úà³ ¤à A¡}ìNøW¡NøàW¡A¡ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ ë³[GA¡’¹š¹à 1983 W¡>t¡ Zygograma bicolorata >à³¹št¡}K[¤‹ "à³ƒà[> A¡[¹ ®¡à¹t¡îº ">à ÒÚ¡ú "à>ó¡àìº \º\"štõ¡o šà>ãì³ìi¡A¡àA¡ [>³è¢º¹ ¤àì¤ 1982 W¡>t¡ [y-"[¹šà>ã ë³ìi¡A¡à ëšàA¡ (Chevroned water hyacinth,N.bruchi) "à¹ç¡ [W¡[yt¡šà>ãì³ìi¡A¡à ëšàA¡(Mottledwater hyacinth weevil, Neochetina eichhorni) A¡AllIndia Co-ordinated Research Project on Biologi-cal Control of Crop Pests and Weeds; W¡³åîA¡ AICRPon Bio-Control(¤àUàìºà¹ç¡)¹ t¡â«à¯‹à>t¡ ®¡à¹t¡¤È¢îº"à³ƒà[> A¡[¹ \ºàÅÚt¡ ³åA¡[º A¡¹à¹ ">å³[t¡ šøƒà> A¡¹àÒÚ (Borkakati and Basit, 2005)¡úí\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡¹ l¡üšA¡à[¹t¡à

1¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ šàÅ«¢[yû¡ÚàÒã> ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡Òü šøƒèÈo³åv¡û¡ ëÒà¯à¹ ¤àì¤ ÎåÑ‚ š[¹ì¤Åt¡”|¹®¡à¹àÎà³¸ ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ™ì=Ê l¡üšì™àKã¡ú

2¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ Ñ¬-šø\>>Û¡³ (Self propa-gating) "à¹ç¡ Ñ¬-¹Û¡o™åv¡û¡ (Self perpetuating)

3¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡t¡ [>ìÚà[\t¡ [>Ú”|A¡ \ã¯(Biocontrol agent)¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}KÒü

šø[t¡ì¹à‹ Û¡³t¡à K[Øn¡¤ ë>à¯àì¹¡ú ÎW¡¹àW¡¹ [™ìi¡àQi¡>à ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡t¡ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú

4¡ú ³à>åÒ, šÇ¡‹> ¤à ">¸à>¸ \ã¯¹ *š¹t¡ í\[¯A¡[>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡¹ šøìÚàK¹ ó¡ºt¡ ëA¡àì>à Û¡[t¡A¡à¹A¡šø®¡à¯ š¹à š[¹º[Û¡t¡ >ÒÚ¡ú

5¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ tå¡º>à³èºA¡®¡àì¯ Ñ‚àÚã¡ú6¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oÎ³èìÒ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}KÎ³èÒ¹ ÎÞê¡à>

[>ì\Òü A¡[¹¤ šàì¹ ëÎìÚìÒ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡¹‡à¹à* [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯¹à A¡ãi¡ št¡}K¹ ëÛ¡yìi¡àí\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡ Îó¡º ëÒà¯à ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú

7¡ú í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|A¡Î³èÒ¹ l¡ü;šàƒ> ¤¸Ú ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡šƒà=¢¹ l¡ü;šàƒ> ¤¸Út¡îA¡ ™ì=Ê A¡³¡ú

í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|o š‡ý¡[t¡¹ "šA¡à[¹t¡à1¡ú í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡Î³èìÒ "šA¡à¹ã št¡}KA¡ Î´šèo¢¹ê¡ìš

[>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤îº "Û¡³¡ú2¡ú ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ š‡ý¡[t¡t¡îA¡ í\[¯A¡ [>Ú”|oÎ³èÒ¹

A¡à™¢¸A¡ºàš ™ì=Ê ‹ã¹¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Aõ¡ÈA¡ÎA¡ìº &Òüš‡ý¡[t¡¹ šø[t¡ [Î³à> "àNøÒ ë>ìƒJå¯àÚ¡ú

3¡ú "[‹A¡ P¡oKt¡ ³à>ƒr¡ í\¯ [>Ú”|A¡ l¡ü;šàƒ> ÎÒ\>ÒÚ¡ú

It is these women that the capitalists most willingly employ as home-workers, who are prepared for amonstrously low wage to “earn a little extra” for themselves and their family, for the sake of a crust

of bread. It is from among these women, too, that the capitalists of all countries recruit for themselves(like the ancient slave-owners and the medieval feudal lords) any number of concubines at a most“reasonable” price. And no amount of “moral indignation” (hypocritical in 99 cases out of 100) aboutprostitution can do anything against this trade in female flesh; so long as wage-slavery exists, inevitablyprostitution too will exist. All the oppressed and exploited classes throughout the history of human societieshave always been forced (and it is in this that their exploitation consists) to give up to their oppressors,first, their unpaid labour and, second, their women as concubines for the “masters”.

Slavery, feudalism and capitalism are identical in this respect. It is only the form of exploitation thatchanges; the exploitation itself remains.

(V. I. Lenin; CAPITALISM AND FEMALE LABOUR; Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1971, Moscow, Volume 36, pages 230-231.)


Regarding the theory of Global Warming and Climate Change, IPCC and the UN are

in great mendasity, did manipulation of data andare fear mongering with fraud data presentation

by concealing data and denying a peer review oftheir findings. IPCC in its concluding part of the

scientific report says – ‘‘The fact that global meantemparature has increased since the late 19th century

and that other trends have been observed does notnecessarily mean that an anthropogenic effect on the

climate system has been identified, climate has always variedon all time scales, so the observed change may be natural.’’ (IPCC

2001 a, p 97). But later it was changed to be 100% anthropogenic bypolitical delegates (scientists) in the IPCC meeting under UN.

The following are figures of scientific findings that will explain themselves while going throughthem. There is found no consistency in relationship between CO

2 and temparature but rather consistency

exists between sunspot cycles and temparature and other events.

Dr. Bhuban Gogoi

The graph above shows thetemperature changes of the lower tropospherefrom the surface up to about 8 km asdetermined from the average of two analysesof satellite data. The UAH analysis is from theUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville and theRSS analysis is from Remote Sensing Systems.The two analyses use different methods toadjust for factors such as orbital decay andinter-satellite difference. The best fit line fromJanuary 2002 indicates a declining trend.Surface temperature data is contaminated bythe effects of urban development. The Sun'sactivity, which was increasing through most ofthe 20th century, has recently become quiet,causing a change of trend. The green lineshows the CO

2 concentration in the

atmosphere, as measured at Mauna Loa,Hawaii. The ripple effect in the CO

2 curve is

due to the seasonal changes in biomass. There is a far greater land area in the northern hemisphere than thesouth that is affected by seasons. During the Northern hemisphere summer there is a large uptake of CO

2 from

plants growing causing a drop in the atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Cool periods in 1984 and 1992 were caused by the El Chichon and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions. Thetemperature spike in 1998 was cause by a strong El Nino.

Natural climate change is much stronger than any effect from carbon dioxide.

THE EARTH IS COOLING


Climate always changes without any help from man.

CO2 IS NOW AT THE LOWEST LEVELS IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON THE PLANET

NORTHER HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE HISTORY SINCE THE LAST ICE AGE

Its Been HotterEarth's climate has been hotter in the past. Millions of years ago, alligators lived in the Arctic, and palm treesgrew in Alberta. Since the last ice age, temperatures were warmer during the Holocene Optimum when thegreat pyramids were built in Egypt, during the Roman Empire expansion and during the Medieval WarmPeriod.

THE SUN CLIMATE CONNECTION OR ITS THE SUN STUPID !


Global hurricane activity has continued to sink to levels not seen since the 1970s. During the past 60 yearsNorthern Hemisphere ACE undergoes significant interannual variability but exhibits no significant statisticaltrend. The northern hemisphere 2008 ACE was 66% of the 2005 ACE as shown in the stacked bar chart.

IPCC scientists refuse to work with otherscientists in this direction expressing their inabilityto keep away themselves from ‘manufacturedbiasness’ giving it top priority with the UN (Mann).Scientists find inconsistency in tree ring recordsof temparature at Polar Urals, Zohak, Nadim,Khedyta, etc. which donot show any definite trendin temparature rise an fall in consistency with therise and fall of CO

2 throughout geological times.

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE HURRICANE ACTIVITY (ACE)

Computer models are found not true all the timeswith rare cases. Statistically found events are notreal events which may have 100% probability ofno occurance and also donot occur in reality. Sodepending on these dicisions our development (e.g.industrialisation) should not be stopped in the nameof savings the environment from imaginary causeof crisis following the theory of Limits of Growthand others.

Acknowledgement ; Friends of Science(The author is Ex HoD, Geography and presently, Principal of Tinsukia College)

Al Gore presented graphs in the movie "An Inconvenient Truth" showing carbon dioxide (CO2) and

temperature change from Antarctic Vostok ice core records as evidence that CO2 causes climate change.

But he got cause and effect reversed! The record actually shows that the CO2 increase lagged the warm-

ing by about 800 years. Temperature increases cause the oceans to expel CO2, increasing the CO

2 content of

the atmosphere.

The ice core data proves that CO2 is not a primary climate driver.

VIOLENT WEATHER ISN'T GETTING WORSEClimate alarmists claim the global warming may increase severe weather events.There is absolutely no evidence of increasing severe storm events in the real world data. The AccumulatedCyclone Energy (ACE) is the combination of a storm's intensity and longevity.


Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) , an important cash crop of the family Fabaceaeis known for high oil and protein contents. Thisvegetable oil is extensively used for cookingpurposes and also for the manufacturer ofhydrogeneted vanaspati, soap and toilet requisites.The groundnut protein is used in the manufacturerof a sythetic fibre called ‘ardil’. In India, the cropis grown mainly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, AndhraPradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu andKarnataka. It has not yet been extensivelycultivated in the North Eastern States includingAssam.

Plant growth regulators have now-a-daysbeen widely used to modify vegetative andreproductive parameters of crops. Gibberellic acid(GA

3) the most active form of giberellins induces

and enhances germination, even in photoblasticseeds (Kahn 1960, Wareing and Saundars 1971,Chawan and Sen, 1970)

GA3 also stimulated the germination and

seedling growth of Raphanus sativus (Sharma1987) and wheat (Chakraborty 1993). GA

3

increased plant height and number of leaves andmaximum yield of flax crop (Abo-El-Saod et al1975) and tobacco (Yamaguchi et al 1983). GA

3

also caused an increase in the number ofchloroplasts (Borzenkova and Mokronosor 1976)resulting in increased rate of photosynthesis(Zhukova 1965) and yield in vegetables.

B-9 (Alar) inhibits biosynthesis and GA

activity (Maiko and Musat 1977). Uprety andYadava (1985) recorded that guar plant(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L) treated with B-9 (10,100, 1000, 2500, 5000) exhibited markedreduction in shoot elongation. Reddy and Patil(1981) reported that after 60 days of applicationof alar to groundnut significantly decreased plantheight, but increased secondary branches per plantand leaf area index. Boonstra and Jansen (1977)reported that daminozide (alar) treatment cansuppress vegetative growth, resulting in increasedflowering and control of disease and pests.Enhancement of chlorophyll content was alsonoticed with B-9 (Humphries 1968). Yadava andSreenath (1975) reported that alar on foliarapplication of cowpea reduced plant heightsignificantly, but increased the number of leavesand subsequently increased seed yield. This paperreports on interaction between (GA

3 and alar on

growth, metabolism and yield of groundnut.Materials and Methods :

Certified freshly harvested seeds of groundnut(CVJL24) were collected from the National SeedCorporation, Guwahati Branch. Pods were shelledand the kernels were treated with 1.0 per centCeresan (Ethyl Mercuric Chloride). They were driedunder the fan. The seeds were soaked at differentconcentrations of GA

3 (0, 100, 250, 500, 100 μg/

ml) for 12 hr before sowing. Then at 4-5 leaf stagealar was sprayed. Experiments were carried out inRandomised Block Design (RBD).

Light sandy loam soil was selected forexperimentation. Since the pods develop

Dr. Sushmita Chakraborty


underground, soil was prepared making atilth upto 12-15 cm. FYM at the rate of 10mtq/ha was mixed thoroughly beforeploughing. Heptachlor at the rate of 25 kg/ha was drilled in before final harrowing toclear the field of white grubs. Fertilizer atthe recommendation doses of 25 kg/ ha eachof urea, super phosphate and 20 kg/ ha ofmuriate of potash were evenly mixed beforefinal preparation of the beds.

The length of shoots was recorded after20 days of spraying of alar and continuedupto 26 days. The number of branches wasrecorded after 27 days of spraying andcontunued upto 33 days and the number ofleaves was recorded after 34 days ofspraying and continued upto 40 days at anequal interval of 48 hr.

Protein content was estimated from drynuts following Lowry’s Method (1951).Kartha and Sethi’s (1957) cold extractionmethod was followed for determination offat from the kernels.Results and DiscussionSeeding growthLength of shoots

Alar alone caused retardation of growth.After 26 days at the concentration 100, 250,500 and 1000 μg/ml of alar the length wasmeasured as 16.33, 14.51, 13.11 and 12.33cm as against 22.42 cm at the control. On theother hand, all concentrations of 100, 250,500 (optimum) and 1000 μg/ml of GA

3, the

length of the shoots was measured as 23.01,23.81, 25.36 and 23.72 cm as against 22.42cm at control. GA

3 could not completely

nullify the growth retarding effect of alar andthe combined effect of both the compoundsresulted in higher growth rate than alar alonebut lower vegetative growth rate than GA

3

alone. Thus the combination GA3, 1000

μg/ml plus alar 100 μg/ml resulted in bringingabout growth to 15.80 cm while it was 23.72at GA

3 1000 μg/ml and only 12.33 cm at alar

1000μg/ml (Table-1).Number of Branches :

After 33 days at all concentrations of 100,250, 500 (optimum) and 1000 μg/ml of GA

3

Conc. of GA3 and Length of shoots (cm, after days) Alar (µg|ml) 20 22 24 26GA

3 0 + Alar 0 20.91 21.41 21.91 22.42

GA3 0 + Alar 100 15.11 15.51 15.92 16.33

GA3 0 + Alar 250 13.32 13.70 14.11 14.51

GA3 0 + Alar 500 12.11 12.42 12.74 13.11

GA3 0 + Alar 1000 11.40 11.71 12.02 12.33

GA3 100 + Alar 0 21.05 21.71 22.36 23.01

GA3 100 + Alar 100 15.42 15.90 16.41 16.51

GA3 100 + Alar250 15.60 15.60 16.10 16.51

GA3 100 + Alar 500 14.20 14.61 15.01 15.41

GA3 100 + Alar 1000 13.93 14.20 14.61 15.01

GA3 250 + Alar 0 22.01 22.61 23.21 23.81

GA3 250 + Alar 100 19.81 20.41 20.95 21.50

GA3 250 + Alar 250 18.10 18.53 18.97 19.51

GA3 250 + Alar 500 17.10 17.65 18.19 18.72

GA3 250 + Alar 1000 15.40 15.91 16.42 16.93

GA3 500 + Alar 0 23.48 24.13 24.73 25.36

GA3 500 + Alar 100 20.70 21.33 21.95 22.57

GA3 500 + Alar 250 19.10 19.55 19.99 20.42

GA3 500 + Alar 500 18.40 18.91 19.35 19.80

GA3 500 + Alar 1000 16.20 16.53 16.86 17.31

GA3 1000 + Alar 0 21.63 22.33 23.03 23.02

GA3 1000 + Alar 100 17.91 18.55 19.20 19.85

GA3 1000 + Alar 250 16.42 16.30 16.85 17.41

GA3 1000 + Alar 500 15.70 16.30 16.85 17.41

GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 14.30 14.81 15.31 15.80

GA3 (N= 15) CD

AT 5% = 0.23.. , =0.23 =0.23. =0.23Alar (N= 15) CD = 0.31 =0.31 =0.31 =0.31at 1%

Table – 1 : Mean length of shoots (cm) of groundnutseedlings (CV JL 21) after spray of Alar

Conc. of GA3 and Number of branches ( after days)Alar (hg|ml) 27 29 31 33GA

3 0 + Alar 0 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3

GA3 0 + Alar 100 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.7

GA3 0 + Alar 250 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3

GA3 0 + Alar 500 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7

GA3 0 + Alar 1000 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0

GA3 100 + Alar 0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

GA3 100 + Alar 100 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0

GA3 100 + Alar250 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.0

GA3 100 + Alar 500 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9

GA3 100 + Alar 1000 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.6

GA3 250 + Alar 0 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.5

GA3 250 + Alar 100 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.0

Table – 2 : Mean number of branches of groudnutseedlings (CV JL 24) after spray of Alar


GA3 250 + Alar 250 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.0

GA3 250 + Alar 500 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.5

GA3 250 + Alar 1000 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

GA3 500 + Alar 0 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

GA3 500 + Alar 100 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

GA3 500 + Alar 250 9.6 9.7 9.8 10.0

GA3 500 + Alar 500 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2

GA3 500 + Alar 1000 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9

GA3 1000 + Alar 0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

GA3 1000 + Alar 100 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

GA3 1000 + Alar 250 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.9

GA3 1000 + Alar 500 9.1 9.2 8.8 8.9

GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

GA3 (N= 15) CD

at 5% = 0.18 , =0.18 =0.18 =0.18Alar (N= 15) CDAT 1% = 0.23 =0.23 0.23 0.23

the number of branches was recorded 6.4, 6.6,6.7, 6.4, as against 6.3 at the control. Alar causesretardation of elongation growth with an increasein number of branches. At the concentration 100,250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml of alar the number ofbranches was recorded as 6.7, 7.3, 7.7 7.0 asagainst 6.3 at the control. The combined effectof GA

3 and alar resulted in an increase in the

number of branches which was more than theybrought individually (Table - 2).Number of leaves

Both GA3 and alar were highly

stimulatory in the production of leaves. After40 days at the concentration of 100, 250, 500(optimum) and 1000 μg/ml of GA

3 the number

of leaves was recorded as 53.4, 54.6, 55.8 and53.8 as against 52.4 at control. Alar causedan increase in the number of leaves along withan increase in number of branches. Thecombined effect of both GA

3 and alar

produced more number of leaves which washigher than the numbers produced by GA

3 and

alar individually (Table - 3).Stimulatory effect of gibberllic acid on

seeding growth has been widely elucidatedin a number of plants (Biswas et al 1983,Roychowdhury 1989, Noggle and Fritz 1989).The stimulation of vegeetative growth by GAmay be due to cell elongation, cell divisionor both (Jones 1973). While stoot elongationconsists of two cellular processes, cellproliferation and cell ellongation, substantialcontribution to the increase in plant size canbe attributed to the latter process. By studyingthe kinetics of growth and the cell cycle,Sauter and Kende (1992)proposed that thefirst effect of GA is to induce cell elongationin the intercalary meristem. This process isfollowed by a round of cell division, primarilyof cells that have already duplicated theirDNA and are at G

2 phase of the cell-division

cycle. Plant cell elongation is a dynamic andcomplex process of biochemical andbiophysical events leading to water absorptionand cell wall expansion (Taiz 1984, Cosgrove1986, Ray 1987). Some evidences suggestthat GA decreases cell osmotic potential(Katsumi et al 1980, Kazama and Katsumi

Conc. of GA3 and Number of leaves (after days)

Alar (hg|ml) 34 36 38 40GA

3 0 + Alar 0 49.1 50.2 51.3 52.4

GA3 0 + Alar 100 51.1 52.3 53.5 54.7

GA3 0 + Alar 250 58.7 60.0 61.3 62.6

GA3 0 + Alar 500 61.0 62.3 63.6 64.9

GA3 0 + Alar 1000 55.7 57.0 58.3 59.6

GA3 100 + Alar 0 50.1 51.2 52.3 53.4

GA3 100 + Alar 100 59.7 60.9 62.1 63.3

GA3 100 + Alar250 63.2 64.6 66.0 67.4

GA3 100 + Alar 500 64.2 65.6 67.0 68.4

GA3 100 + Alar 1000 60.8 62.1 63.4 64.7

GA3 250 + Alar 0 51.3 52.4 53.5 54.6

GA3 250 + Alar 100 61.5 62.7 63.9 65.1

GA3 250 + Alar 250 67.5 68.8 70.2 71.6

GA3 250 + Alar 500 69.8 71.2 72.6 74.0

GA3 250 + Alar 1000 64.3 65.7 67.1 68.5

GA3 500 + Alar 0 52.5 53.6 54.7 55.8

GA3 500 + Alar 100 67.8 69.1 70.2 71.4

GA3 500 + Alar 250 71.9 73.3 74.7 76.1

GA3 500 + Alar 500 79.4 80.8 82.2 83.6

GA3 500 + Alar 1000 68.5 69.9 71.3 72.7

GA3 1000 + Alar 0 50.5 51.6 52.7 53.8

GA3 1000 + Alar 100 60.8 62.1 63.2 64.4

GA3 1000 + Alar 250 67.9 69.3 70.7 72.1

GA3 1000 + Alar 500 69.2 70.6 71.3 73.4

GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 61.2 62.5 63.8 65.0

GA3 (N= 15) CD 1.06 =1.06 =1.06 =1.06

at 5% =Alar (N= 15) CD = 1.39 =1.39 =1.39 =1.39at 1%

Table – 2 : Mean number of leaves of groundnutseedlings (CV JL 24) after spray of Alar


1983), which may affect cell hydraulicproperties. Gibberellins have also been shownto effect cell hydraulic properties.Gibberellins have also been shown to effectcell wall extensibility (Kawamura et al 1976,Stuart and Jones 1977, Cosgrove andSovonick – Dunford 1989). Gibberellinswhich stimulate cell elongation have beendemonstrated to induce transverse orientationof microtubules (Mita and Shibaoka 1984,Mita and Katsumi 1986).

Combined effect of GA3 and alar

revealed an antagonism between the twocompounds. Corocoran (1975) envisaged thatthe inhibitory effect of most retardants couldbe completely overcome by the addition ofGA

3. Similarly, the promotive effect of GA

3

could be completely nullified by addingretardants. If suitable ratios of GA

3 and

retardants were used, desirable growth canbe achieved. The present finding oninteraction between GA

3 and alar are in

conformity with the findings of Chakrabotyand Sarma (1979).

Ryugo et al (1973) reported a decreasesof endogenous gibberellins in cherry after theapplication of SADH. Besides counteractingthe effect of exogenous GA

3, SADH may also

decrease endogenous GA like substances(Badawi et al 1978) and auxin level in treatedplants.Protein and fat contents

At all the concentrations of GA3, alar

and in their combinations, protein and fatcontents were higher than control. At theconcentration of GA

3 500 μg|ml plus alar 500

μg|ml the highest protein content wasestimated as 28.5 per cent as against 24.5 percent at control (Table 4)

The highest fat content was estimatedas 50 per cent at GA

3 500 μg|ml plus alar 500

μg|ml (Table 4).Yield

Yield was also higher in all theconcentrations of GA

3 and alar and in

combination of both the chemicals. The highestyield was recorded as 3,755 kg/ha at GA

3 500

μg|ml plus alar 500 μg|ml as against

Conc. of GA3 and Per cent of Per cent of fat

Alar (µg|ml) protein content content(±SE(±SE)

GA3 0 + Alar 0 24.5 ± 0.055 42.8 ± 0.005

GA3 0 + Alar 100 25.35 ± 0.005 43.4 ± 0.005

GA3 0 + Alar 250 25.74 ± 0.005 44.0 ± 0.01

GA3 0 + Alar 500 25.9 ± 0.005 44.5 ± 0.005

GA3 0 + Alar 1000 25.5 ± 0.01 43.5 ±0.005

GA3 100 + Alar 0 24.6 ± 0.055 42.85 ± 0.005

GA3 100 + Alar 100 26.98 ± 0.005 47.3 ± 0.02

GA3 100 + Alar250 26.9 ± 0.055 47.3 ± 0.02

GA3 100 + Alar 500 27.35 ± 0.005 48.0 ± 0.01

GA3 100 + Alar 1000 26.31 ± 0.005 46.1 ± 0.005

GA3 250 + Alar 0 24.9 ± 0.055 43.0 ± 0.055

GA3 250 + Alar 100 26.55 ± 0.005 46.4 ± 0.01

GA3 250 + Alar 250 27.13 ± 0.005 47.6 ± 0.005

GA3 250 + Alar 500 28.1± 0.01 49.4 ± 0.005

GA3 250 + Alar 1000 27.07 ± 0.005 47.2 ± 0.055

GA3 500 + Alar 0 25.05 ± 0.005 43.1 ± 0.02

GA3 500 + Alar 100 27.5 ± 0.005 48.2 ± 0.005

GA3 500 + Alar 250 28.3 ± 0.005 49.8 ± 0.01

GA3 500 + Alar 500 28.5 ± 0.055 50 .0 ± 0.055

GA3 500 + Alar 1000 27.9 ± 0.005 48.85 ± 0.005

GA3 1000 + Alar 0 24.75 ± 0.005 42.9 ± 0.02

GA3 1000 + Alar 100 26.13 ± 0.005 45.1 ± 0.01

GA3 1000 + Alar 250 27.72 ± 0.005 48.5 ± 0.005

GA3 1000 + Alar 500 28.1 ± 0.005 49.1 ± 0.055

GA3 1000 + Alar 1000 26.74 + 0.005 47.0 + 0.01

Table – 4 : Interactions between GA3 and Alar oProtein and Fat Contents

Alar GA3 Concn (μ g/ml) Mean

Concn for Alar(μg/ml)

0 100 250 500 1000 0 3,490 3,500 3,512 3,525 3,508 3,507100 3,530 3,595 3,641 3,698 3,610 3,614.8250 3.560 3,656 3,691 3,740 3,702 3,669.8500 3,572 3,673 3,730 3,755 3727 3,691.41000 3,542 3,641 3,677 3,716 3,658 3,646.8

Mean 3,538.8 3,613 3,650.2 3,686.8 3,641 for GA

3

Table – 5 : Interactions between GA3 and Alar onYield (kg/ha)

CD GA3 (n = 15) at 5% probability level = 1.74 and for Alar

(n=15) = 1.74CD GA

3 (n = 15) at 1% probability level = 2.29 and for Alar

(n = 15) = 2.29


(The author teaches Botany in the College)

3,490 kg/ha at control (Table 5 and 6).The application of plant growth regulators improve

fruit quality was also reported by Banker and Prasad (1990),Kale et al (2000). Babu (2000) and Nawalagatti et al (1991).

Sources of DF SS MSS Variance RatiovarianceGA

34 184,201.68 46,050.42 7,726.58 **

Alar 4 313,720.08 78,430.02 13,159.4 **Interaction 16 34,209.12 2,138.07 358.74 **Error 50 2985.96Total 74 532,428.88

Table – 6 : Analysis of Variance

**Significant at 1 % level of probability.**Significant at 5 % level of probability.

The increase in growth and chemicalcomposotion of fruits by GA

3 due to

its IAA retention effect by preventingIAA system and thereby raising moreof the native plant hormones necessaryfor improvement of quality (Pilet1959).

The reaction catalyzed by kaurenesynthetase has been proved to be the siteof inhihition by growth retardants andstructurally related compounds (Frost andWest 1977). Thus the growth retardantsprevent the biosynthsis of GA

3 resulting

in the retardation of plant growth.

1) Corocoran MR (1975). Gibberellin antagonists andantigibberellin, Gibberellins and plants growth.(Ed. HN Krishnamoorthy, Wiley Eastern Ltd. NewDelhi) 289-333.

2) Cosgrove DJ (1986). Biophysical control of plant cellgrowth. Annu. Rev Pl. Physiol. 37 : 377-405.

3) Cosgrove DJ and Sovonick – Dunford SA (1989).Mechanism of gibberellin dependent stemelongation in pea. Pl. Physiol, 89:184-191.

4) Frost RG and West CA (1977). Properties of kaurenesynthetase from Marah macrocarpus. Pl. Physiol. 59:22-29.

5) Humphries EC (1968). The effect of growth regulatorsCCC and B-9 on protein and total nitrogen of bean leaves(Phaseolus vulgaris) during development. Ann. Bot.32:497-507

6) Jones RL (1973). Gibberellins, their physiological role.Anm . Rev. Pl. Physiol. 35:333-339.

7) Kahn A (1960). Promotion of lettuce seed germinationby gibberellin. Pl. Physiol. 35:333-339.

8) Kale VS, Dod VN, Adpawar RM and Bharad SG (2000).Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit characters andquality of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana L). Crop Res.20(2):327-333.

9) Kartha Ars and Sethi AS (1957). A cold percolationmethod for rapid gravimetric estimation of oil is smallquantities of oilseeds. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 27:211.

10) Katsumi M, Kazama H and Kawamura N (1980).Osmotic potential of the epidermal cells of cucumberhypocotyls as affected by gibberellin and cotyledons.Plant Cell physiol. 21:933-937.

11) Kawamura H, Kamisaka S and Masuda Y (1976).Regulation of lettuce hypocotyl elongation bygibberellic acid. Correlation between cell elongation,stress relaxation propertis of the cell wall and wallpolysaccharide content. Pl.Cell Physiol. 17:23-34.

12) Kazama H and Katsumi M (1983). Gibberellin-inducedchanges in the water absorption, osmotic potential andstarch content of cucumber hypocotyls. Pl.Cell Physiol.24: 1209-1216.

13) Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall RJ(1951). Protein Measurement with the Folin-PhenolPreagent. Bio. Chem. 193:265-275.

14) Maiko TK and Musat IK (1977): The effect of retardantsCCC, B9 and ethrel on gibberellin activity in peaches.Introduktsiya ta Aklimatiz Roslin na Ukraini Resp.Mizhvid Zb (1977), 10:90-92. (cited from Pl.Gr.Reg.Abstr. 1978, 4:165).

15) Mita T and Katsumi M (1986). Gibberellin control ofmicrotubule arrangement in the messocoty epldermalcells of the d

5 mutant of Zea mays L.Pl.Cell Physiol.

27:615-659.16) Mita T and Shibaoka H (1984). Gibberelljn stabilizes

microtubules in onion leaf sheath cells. Protoplasma.119: 100-109.

17) Nawalagatti CM, Panchal YC, Manjunath S andChannappagoudar BB (1991). Effects of different levelsof plant growth regulators on growth and yield ofgroundnut. J. of Mahrashtra Agric. Univ. (1991)16(1)122-123[En. 5. ref]. University of Agricultural Sciences.Dharwad 5 0005. Karnatak, India, Abst. No. 362.pp.46.

18) Noggle GR and Fritz GJ (1989). Introductroy PlantPhysiology Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. NewDelhi, PP 429.

19) Pilet PE (1959). Quoted by phinney BO and West CA(1960)(Loc city).

20) Ray PM(1987). Principles of plant cell growth. In :Cosgrove DJ. Knievel DJ eds. Physiology of cell expansionduring plant growth. Symposium in Plant PhysiologyPennsylvania State University. Rockville, Maryland :American Society of Plant Physiologists. PP.1-17.

21) Reddy SCS and Patil SV (1981). Effect of growthretardants on the vegetative and physiological charactersof groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mysore J.Agric.Sci. 15(2):242-244.

22) Roychowdhury N (1989). Acta Hort., No. 246, PP. 259.23) Ryugo K, Sansarini S and Cristoferi G (1973). Effects

of SADH on the levels of diffusible and extractablegibberellins in the apices of sweet cherry. Acta. Hort.34:54-64.

REFERENCES :


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— A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ ë™ï> l¡ü;šãØl¡> šø[t¡ì¹à‹¹ ¤àì¤ šèì¤¢ÒüÚà¹ [™ìi¡à Î}`¡à [>¹ê¡[št¡ A¡¹à íÒìá ëÎÒüìi¡à ÎA¡ìºàì¹`¡àt¡àì=¢ “...should be notified, published and cir-culated in appropriate ways.”

— W¡¹A¡à¹ã "à¹ç¡ ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡¹àÎA¡º¹¤àì¤ Î}[ÅÃÊ A¡t¢õ¡šÛ¡Òü [>‹¢à¹o A¡¹à [¤[‹-¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¤à¹¹ ºKìt¡ë™ï>-[>™¢àt¡> šø[t¡ì¹à‹¹ ¤àì¤ =A¡à [¤[‹-¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¤àì¹à"”z®å¢¡v¡û¡ A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú &ì> [A¡¤à Qi¡>à Q[i¡ìº ëƒàÈã ¤¸[v¡û¡¹[¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ Î[k¡A¡ Åà[Ñz¹ A¡=à l¡üìÀJ =A¡à¹ ºKìt¡ ëÎÒü³ìt¡A¡à™¢ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à NøÒo A¡¹à¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à =à[A¡¤ ºà[K¤¡ú

‘[¤ÅàJà ëA¡’W¡’ìi¡à¹ ¤àì¤ t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà Î}[¤‹à>¹ƒó¡à[¤ºàA¡¹ "à‹à¹t¡ ëºJ "àì¤ƒ> (Writ petition) [ƒÚàíÒ[áº¡ú ëA¡’W¡ìi¡àt¡ l¡üìÀJ "àìá šø=³ìt¡Òü &Òü¤å[º —(A) Constitution of India — “Articles 14, 19 & 21and 15 (1), (3), 42, 51-A (a), (e) and 32 & 141 —Rights of working women against sexualharrasment in workplaces — Held, they have rightsto gender equality, to work with dignity and to aworking environment safe and protected fromsexual harrasment or abuse...... These guidelinesand norms must be strictly observed in all work-ing places by treating them as law declared underArt, 141.

(B) — Constitution of India — Art. 32 —PIL seeking gender justice for protection and en-forcement of fundamental and human rights ofworking women.

1995 W¡>t¡ W¡ã>¹ ë¤Òü[\R¡t¡ ">å[Ë¡t¡ ëÒà¯à ‘W¡tå¡=¢[¤Å« ³[Òºà Î[–µº>’t¡ “All forms of Discriminationagainst women” Î´šìA¢¡ W¡à[º-\à[¹ ëW¡à¯à¹ [šát¡

³[Òºà¹ "[‹A¡à¹, Ñ¬à‹ã>t¡à, Îå¹Û¡à "à¹ç¡ ³™¢àƒà ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤[¤W¡à¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚àìi¡à Å[v¡û¡Åàºã A¡[¹¤îº [A¡áå³à> ‘Statementof Principles’ [>‹¢à¹o A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü >ã[t¡-[>ìƒ¢ÅÎ³èÒ&[áÚà¹ ³åJ¸ >¸àÚà‹ãÅÎA¡ìº NøÒo A¡ì¹¡ú ®¡à¹t¡ W¡¹A¡àì¹*ëÎÒü Î[–µº>ìt¡ ³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ Î³èÒãÚà Ñ¬à=¢t¡ &i¡à ‘\àt¡ãÚ>ã[t¡’ (National policy) NøÒo¹ ëšàÈA¡t¡à A¡ì¹ [™ –“will continuously guide and inform action at everylevel and in every sector ; to set up a Commissionfor Women's Rights ; to act as a public defender ofwomen's rights ; to institutionalise a national levelmechanism to monitor the implementation of thePlatform for Action.” K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ Î}[¤‹à>t¡ šøƒv¡[ºU Î³t¡à¹ "[‹A¡à¹ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤îº ³[ÒºàÎA¡º¹ Îå[¤‹à"àìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü Îå[¤‹à šà¤¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[‹Kt¡®¡àì¯ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡l¡üšÑ‚àš> A¡[¹ >¸à™¸ šøà[œ¡¹ ÒìA¡ šøt¡¸Ú "à¹ç¡ "àÑ‚àì¹ íÎìt¡"àK¤Øn¡à¹ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú

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I shall recline on the ground underneath that seatI shall fade behind the dust of thy feet.Why do you alienate me with honour?Please do not ignore me thus forever,Drag me to thy feet with disrespect, ………….Whatever is remnant I shall accept,I shall fade behind the dust of thy feetOnce again, the honorable Supreme Court

has touched my heart. I felt as if it is the only placein India that has still kept its door wide open forthe Draupadi and Sita of 21st century and aboveall for the numerous housewives of my stature. Itfirmly accommodates them underneath that seat.Yet a day has arrived when the topic of a commonhousewife becomes a news item. The whole issuewas initiated by the death of Renu Agarwal, ahousewife from Uttar Pradesh in a road accident.

Few years back her husband approached the courtto claim compensation worth an amount of 19.2lakh from the insurance company. With therejection of the claim from both the Allahabad HighCourt and Motor Accident Claim Tribunal beganthe housewife alias homemaker chapter. It wasdebated whether a housewife has any contributionto her family since she is a non-earning memberof it. Some tried to assess her due value if any andso on. As per The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, incase of road accidents, a housewife deserves onethird of her husband’s income, which is just anarbitrary sum. If it is so, we can easily calculatethe net present value (NPV) or the worth of ahousewife’s life. Obviously, we can use the samemethod to assess the income potential of ahomemaker. However, here arises a question – arewe to apply the same rule to calculate the life value

Original in Bengali : Indira MukherjeeTranslated by: Mayuri S. Baruah

(ëº[JA¡à "Î³ãÚà [¤®¡àK¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã)


of the Master degree holder homemaker whose lesseducated husband draws a meagre salary? Hence,it is high time for serious discussion on this matter.Already the parliament has initiated dialogues toestimate the accurate value of a homemaker.Simultaneously it intends to form a parole structurewith the help of a yardstick in order to make athorough evaluation of her contribution inside thefamily. The purpose of the parliament is evident;any person who loses his wife in a road accidentshould receive the compensation without difficulty.It is quite shocking to learn that according to Census2001, 36 crore housewives share the same positionwith beggars, prostitutes and prisoners. Theridiculous reason behind this is that they are uselessand hence belong to the non-productive populationof the nation. Infact nothing has changed exceptthe coinage of a pleasant term ‘homemaker’ – sheis deprived, she is neglected, without anyrecognition for her hard labour, neither in terms ofmoney nor with words. We wonder if she wouldreally find a place underneath that seat.

It is obvious that beggars do not contribute tothe nation’s economy. However, the beggarhomemaker too, creates and nurtures her household(with rags and trash) on the footpath, under the shadeof a tree. Who will bestow her with due honour? Eventhe prisoners do not contribute to the national economy,rather the government has to spend a huge amount ofmoney on them. On the contrary, I place the prostitutesamong stage performers because they entertain thepublic. Indeed, the gentle women are safe and secureto some extent due to their presence in society. Ourconcern is definitely not to judge whether this trade ismorally justified or not – nevertheless, we have toacknowledge their contribution to the GDP of thenation or to its productivity. Honestly speaking, if weterm a prostitute as unproductive so is a cigarette or aliquor merchant.

How can one place a homemaker along withthese three? Is her contribution to the gross domesticproduct a big zero? On the one hand, we declarechildren as the future of a nation and on the other;we deny acknowledgement to the grand contributionof a homemaker mother who right from conceptionto childbirth risks her life, who rears the child withmaternal affection, who faces every adverse situationboldly for the welfare of her children. She is the same

homemaker who handles her household withdexterity in the absence of the house cleaner, looksafter every family member with sincerity, depositselectricity and telephone bills and so on and so forth.In short, she provides customized service to eachfamily member. Well said that petty work is worthless– so the homemaker’s labour goes unrecognized.How conveniently people make careless commentsthat a housewife has nothing to do at home, she doesnot have to go out like the service holder ladies, shehas to cook food only and anybody can do that etc.etc. I have met one grieved mother in law who has tolook after her granddaughter as both her son anddaughter in law are service holders – entireresponsibility of the kid is on her shoulders but againwithout the slightest recognition!

Many thanks to the Honourable SupremeCourt! We are grateful to it for identifying thehomemaker’s day-to-day household drudgery aseconomically productive. Else, they would have hadto live forever with the tag of productivity, dielabeled as the sole reason for population explosion.We all know very well that in the annual report of acompany, two parallel tables are prepared – one isthe balanced sheet and the other profit and lossaccount. With reference to this, with the sole job ofrearing the future generation, a homemaker createscapital asset for the economic statement of a nation.There is no need to include cooking, cleaning andwashing in the profit and loss account. The potentialpreserved in her child is powerful enough to proveher worth! Indeed, she is the proud producer of someastronaut or scientist or automobile engineer or ofSaurav,Leander, Viswanathan or of Rabindranathor of a Nobel Laureate like Amartya Sen!

Just imagine the situation if this homemakerwould have put her foot down and stopped workingfor the household round the clock. One might arguethat nothing stops for anyone – true, but unless onebecomes toothless one cannot realize the worth ofteeth! Moreover, the savings made by thishomemaker is equivalent to a handsome salary. Itis noteworthy that an American organization namedNational Network For Women Employment hasmade a study which shows that after calculating thevalue of her daily labour the opportunity cost of anordinary American homemaker comes around30,000 dollar per annum!


The Indian scenario is quite different due tothe availability of maids or servants. Yet very oftenwe have seen old people brought abroad for lookingafter their grandchildren. It is disheartening to noticethat only in times of crisis we realize the value of amother or a nanny. Is it possible to assess the worthof an all -rounder homemaker in terms of money?She is a wife, a daughter in law, a nanny and whatnot. Since time immemorial, these housewives havebeen performing their duties without a single wordof protest or objection – certainly a word ofappreciation and recognition is sufficient for theirsatisfaction, they do not demand monetary benefit.

(A poet and prose writer in Bengali Smt. Indira Mukherjee is also a known singer and leads aBengali Band call NAYANTARA at Kolkata. The present write up was presented as a lecture in theTara News Reality Show called ‘AJKER SUBORNOLOTA’ . To read more of/on her, please visit:

http://sonartoree.blogspot.com. The translator teaches English )

Dr. Tanusree Sarker

Therefore, this recent support from the honourablecourt has boosted our hope. Its voice echoes ourthoughts and we firmly believe that our collectedeffort can herald success. Attitudinal change has tobe brought forth; otherwise, majority of thehomemakers would be oblivious of their actual worthin the family. The image of a humble, submissiveand helpless woman ought to be transformed into astrong, bold, assertive and above all, a respectableindividual who makes immense contribution to theeconomy of a nation. And to achieve this we have toignite the power dormant in women, awaken themfrom this deep slumber.

Gender Budgeting is a significant step towardsaddressing gender inequities. Gender

budgeting is now recognized as a tool forempowering women . Gender budgeting analyseshow Governments raise and spend public moneywith the aim of securing gender equality indecision making about public resource allocationand gender equality in the distribution of theimpact of Government budgets, both in theirbenefits and in their burdens. The impact ofGovernment budgets on the most disadvantagedgroups of women is a focus of special attention.The term ‘gender budget’ may create a confusion

among many . But “gender budgets or women’sbudgets are not separate budgets for women. Theyare attempt to break down or disaggregate theGovernment’s mainstream budget according to itsimpact on women and men with cognizance beinggiven to the society’s underpinning genderrelations”(Sharp, Rhonda, 1999).This definitionmakes it clear that gender budgeting is nowregarded as a socio-economic tool for ensuringgender equity in the development process and laysa strong emphasis on endangering publicexpenditure and policies.

The issue of integrating gender into national


budget is relatively new. A budget should be agender neutral policy instrument but practically itbecomes gender blind. The national budget usuallyignores the different socially determined roles,responsibilities and capabilities of men andwomen. A gender sensitive budget analysis is anattempt to establish the different impact of theGovernment budget on men and women. It is aneffort to recognize the fact that important functionsof the budget such as allocation of resources,distribution of income and wealth for equityconsiderations and functions of the budget topromote stability, employment and economicgrowth may have different implications for menand women. Thus, gender sensitive budgets seekto uncover these. According to Dr. Ranjana Kumari,president of Women Power Connect(an NGO,dedicated to women development) ‘gender specificbudget means for separate budgetary allocation forwomen in the National budget’. She further saidthat the trend of less budgetary allocation forwomen(only 1% of the total budget is used forwomen related issues) must be changed. Variouswomen organizations submitted proposal to theFinance Ministry for not only allocation in thewomen education sector but also concessions andsubsidies for women entrepreneurs. It has beenproposed by the women NGOs that the problemsof female foeticide, sexual harassment at workplace, education are so diverse that they need soundfinancial backing and without separate allocationin budget it can not be possible to solve theseproblems. Through gender budget the major gapthat exists between the women related policystatements of the Government and the resourcecommitted for their implementation can behighlighted.

The gender sensitive budget analysis wasintroduced for the first time in Australia. Women’sbudget statement for 1995-’96 in Australia coveredreports on the implementation of policies that areimportant in achieving Government’s goal inrelation to women and girls. Besides Australiasome other countries like South Africa, Srilanka,Mozambique have been initiated the gender budgetanalysis. In India, the seventh plan introducedmaintaining of 27 major specific schemes and thequantum of funds flowing to women. But the

gender perspective budget in our country is seenfrom the eighth plan onwards(1992-’97). The plandocument made a statement that “…..the benefitsto development from different sectors should notby pass women and special programmes on womenshould be complement to the general developmentprogrammes. The latter in turn , should reflectgreater gender sensitivity”. The ninth plan (1997-2002) adopted “women component plan” as oneof the major strategies and directed both the unionand state governments to ensure not less than 30%of the funds /benefits are earmarked in all thewomen related sectors. Special vigil was advocatedon the flow of the earmarked funds/benefitsthrough an effective mechanism to ensure that theproposed strategy brings forth a holistic approachtowards empowering women. The tenth plan alsocontinued the same to “ensure both preventive andpost facto action in enabling women to receive theirrightful share from all the women related generaldevelopment sectors”. In 2004, the department ofWomen and Child Development, a nodaldepartment of the Government of India for genderbudgeting defined a broader strategic frameworkfor gender budgeting covering a variety of activitieswhich collectively would contribute to strengthenthe gender budgeting initiative in the followingway:

1. Quantification of allocation of resources forwomen in the union , states and localadministration budgets and expenditurethereof.

2. Gender audit of policies of theGovernment- monetary, fiscal, trade etc. atthe centre and state levels.

3. Impact assessment of various schemes inthe union and state budgets.

4. Institutionalizing the generation andcollection of gender disaggregating data.

5. Consultation and capacity building.6. Review of decision making process to

establish gender equity in participation.Gender budgeting, as a tool of women

empowerment has been defined by the tenthplan as under :

1. Social Empowerment : To create anenabling environment through variousaffirmative developmental policies and


programmes for development of womenbesides providing them easy and equalaccess to all the basic minimum servicesso as to enable them to realize their fullpotentials.

2. Economic Empowerment : To ensureprovision of training, employment andincome. Gender activities with bothforward and backward linkage with theultimate objectives of making all potentialwomen economically independent and self-reliant.

3. Gender Justice : To eliminate all forms ofgender discrimination and thus allowwomen to enjoy not only the de- jure butalso the de- facto rights and fundamentalfreedoms on par with men in all spheres aspolitical, economic, social, cultural etc.

Recommendations of 11th plan for empoweringwomen through gender budgeting :

The 11th plan states that, “Gender equityrequires adequate provision to be made in policiesand schemes across ministries and departments. Italso entails strict adherence to gender budgetingacross the board”. Following recommendationshave been made by the steering committee towardsempowerment of women during the 11th plan:

1. Women as diversified groups for plannedintervention.

2. Inclusive development: It has beenrecognized by the 11th plan that onlyinclusive development of all categories ofwomen can ensure holistic nationaldevelopment towards the millenniumdevelopment goals.

3. Holistic and integrated empowerment ofwomen and inter-sectoral convergence andexclusive women focus planning.

4. Four –pronged interventions for women fora sustained long term impact : a). Toprovide women with basic entitlementssuch as food security, health and education;b) To address the reality of globalizationand its impact on women by prioritizingeconomic empowerment andmainstreaming women in new andemerging areas of the economy; c) Toensure an environment free from all forms

of violence against women –physical,economic, social, psychological and d) Toensure the participation and adequaterepresentation of women at the highestpolicy levels particularly in Parliament andAssemblies .

5. Permanent institutional mechanisms: Thepermanent institutional mechanisms suchas a Women’s Knowledge Commission ora Permanent Standing Committee onGender must be put in place to includewomen’s participation, experience,capacities and knowledge into the processof development planning, formulation andadministration across all sectors.

6. Engendering National Policies and GenderBudgeting and Gender Outcomeassessment.

7. Strengthening the Women’s ComponentPlan.

8. Women’s representation and participationin decentralized planning, implementationand governance.

9. Feminization of Poverty.10. Declining sex ratio: The declining sex ratio

is among the most alarming challengesfacing the country. Such a severe genderimbalance has serious implications for thestatus of women and the health of society.Hence there is a need to undertake theimplementation of PNDT Act withoutcompromising women’s rights to seek asafe and legal abortion and withoutvictimizing women who are acting underpatriarchal compulsions.

11. Curbing violence against women.12. Internal displacement which is affecting

women in several parts of the countryleading to disease, unrest and lowered lifeexpectancy. The 11th plan is committed tomitigate the negative impact on women ofdisplacement.

13. Zero tolerance for caste-baseddiscrimination against SC, ST women.

14. SHGs for women empowerment andcomprehensive National level review ofSHGs.

15. Women in Agriculture and Unorganized


sectors: The 11th plan recommended forgiving top priority to the women inagriculture for their skill development,availability of agriculture inputs includingcredit, market facilities etc. It alsosuggested to ensure regulations onemployment, work conditions and socialsecurity for the women in unorganizedsectors.

Besides the above, 11th plan alsorecommended for micro-credit facilities andcapacity building inputs for the women of affectedagrarian crisis families, women headed enterprises,women employees and women entrepreneurialventures should all be provided tax incentives topromote women’s participation especially in areaswhere there is poor gender ratio. Public privatepartnership and corporate social responsibilityprogramme should be organized for women’straining, capacity building, skill development andempowerment.

Conclusion: From the above discussion itis clear that a number of steps have been taken bythe GOI in mainstreaming gender and genderequity, but to introduce a gender sensitive budgetanalysis it is necessary to categorise the budgetsof each ministry of the government to identify theirfocus on women in terms of exclusive focus.However, it is necessary to recognize that even withschemes directly aimed at women , the benefit maynot actually reach women due to various socio-economic factors. For instance, an educationprogramme aimed at girls education may not havea beneficial impact on girls if girls are not able toattend schools due to their child care and otherdomestic responsibilities. Thus, it is necessary torecognize the working of the unpaid economy andthe constraints faced by women and girls due tothe underlying gender relations and socially

determined roles for women in terms of theirimpact on men and women is required. It alsorequire open discussion with officials, concernedNGOs and the persons for whom the budget andschemes are meant.

Despite all the plannings, policycommitments and legislation, women still remaina vulnerable group. Any successful strategy forwomen’s empowerment will have to account forthe facts that empowerment can not be achievedtill all aspects social, political, economic areaddressed, gender concerns have to bemainstreamed in all aspects of public expenditureand policy as women are equal citizens of thecountry, empowerment should cover each andevery regions of the country, women should berecognized as equal members of the society andtheir participation in decision making is essentialand above all the mind-set of the people of eachsection must be changed. The resource allocationand Govt. investment may contribute to womenempowerment if it is utilized in an efficientoutcome oriented manner and more and moreinvolvement of women in decision making andimplementation.

“It is more important to create a generalawareness and understanding of the problems ofwomen’s employment in all the top policy anddecision making and executive personnel. Thereis also the special problem facing women like thepreference for male children for social andcultural reasons. This will require awareness,understanding and action. The best way to do sois to educate the children, orient the teachers,examine the text books and teaching aids andensure the next generation grows up with newthinking”(extract from the 6th plan document). Atlast I echo with the people say in the west, “youstill have a long way to go baby!”

1. Budlender D. & R. Sharp: “How to do a gender sensitive budget analysis: contemporary research andpractice”; London, 1998

2. M. Senapati: “Government of India Budget 2000-2001 and Gender.”3. Nirmala Banerjee, Poulomi Roy: “What does the state do for Indian women?” Economic and Political

weekly, October 30, 2004.4. 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Five year plan documents;(www.educationforallinindia.com/fiveyearplans.html ).

REFERENCES :

(The author teaches Political Science at Women’s College, Tinsukia. )


Violence within a home has a wide range ofmanifestations. It includes direct physical

violence varying from slaps, kicks, battering,murder and rape to unwanted physical contact;indirect physical violence, including destructionor throwing of objects; mental or emotionalviolence which may be explicit or vague verbalthreats of physical violence to the victim, the self,or others including children, humiliating, ridiculingand name calling, or non-verbal, subtle actions; andeconomic or social abuse that includes trying tocontrol the victim’s money and other economicresources, directly or indirectly preventing thevictim from seeing friends and relatives, activelysabotaging the victim’s social relationships orisolating the victim from social contacts.

There are many false assumptions aboutdomestic violence:

Assumption 1 : Alcohol or drugs causedomestic violence.

Truth : All batterers do not drink or abusedrugs and all substance abusers are not abusiveby nature. Abusers use alcohol or drugs as excusesfor their foul behaviours.

Assumption 2 : Abusive acts are restrictedto the lower social milieu.

Truth : Domestic abuse affects the rich andprofessionally qualified as much as the poor andunder-educated.

Assumption 3 : The victim provokes the

abuse. If the battered is more submissive orcompliant, the batterer would change for good.

Truth : No matter what the victim does, theabuse continues and usually increases with time.Those living with abusers find that becoming moresubmissive or compliant has the opposite effect.The violence towards them actually escalates.

Assumption 4 : Violence between spouses,other intimate partners or family members is a privatefamily affair and outsiders like police, neighbours,legal officials or colleagues should not interfere.

Truth : This attitude must change. Whoeverknows that there has been violence should helpby registering complaints, calling the police orhanding down sentences. Violence must no longerbe tolerated.

Violence within a relationship is all aboutbullying, controlling and dominating. The purposeof domestic violence is not primarily to hurt orharm the victim but to gain and maintain powerand control over the victim. The abusers considertheir victims to be extensions of themselves,justifying this sense of possessiveness byterming it as their expressions of love andaffection for their victims. It is always found thatthey hold on to a vague concept of “oneness”.

When two become one, they unite, supportand understand each other. But ironically enough,for abusers, this “we are one” notion is lopsided:they expect their partners to become one with

Anita Baruwa


themselves, identifying with their actions andinterests. In their drive to control, they becomeinhuman and unfeeling about the emotions andrights of their victims and fail to realize that theirabusiveness alienates them from their victims.

Domestic violence involves a pattern ofbehaviour that consists of three basic phases:

The first phase is characterised by affection,apology, and promises to end the violence andcalled the Honeymoon Phase;

The second phase is marked by tension, fearand breakdown of communication;

The final phase culminates in successive actsof violence that gain in frequency and brutality.

The hallmark of this behaviour pattern isthat it is often cyclical : when the abused flees fromthe abuser, the latter may go to heights of apologeticbehaviour and promise to reform and may be at thebest of behaviour in subsequent periods – rangingfrom a few months to even a couple of years in somecases, if the victims reconcile. But the inherentbullying traits surface sooner or later and the abovephases are repeated.

Ultimately, the futility and more than that,the pain, trauma and risk involved leads to the deathof such relationships if the victims manage to flee.Even after ending such relationships, there is norespite for the victims if the perpetrators are benton creating troubles to take revenge, as is oftenthe case. For those abusers in high ranks andpositions, societal image will drive them topunish their victims by pursuing them (either

directly or subtly) to the point of death. Littledo they realize that by doing so, they are furtherreiterating their abusiveness. And if the victimscannot escape from the clutches of the perpetrators,as happens in majority of cases, only their death –natural (after suffering daily living hells for years)or forced, can bring them peace and respite.

It is believed that bullies can be cured throughpositive counselling. The danger is when theymanage to counsel the counsellors into believingthat the victims are the ones at fault! Such instanceshave been reported by many victims.

It is also believed that restraining orders,arrest and imprisonment are the most successfulmethods to stop abuse. More often than not, it isthe wife who flees from an abusive husband,having to seek shelter outside the home. This is aserious disruption especially for growing upchildren. In 2003, the Spanish government passeda tough new legislation forcing an abusive husbandto leave the conjugal home to his wife and childrenand placing a restraining order on him if he takesrecourse to threats or intimidation. India has notstayed behind in matters of legal recourse.

But laws have their loopholes. And nothingcan cure bullish traits except self realization andself correction. But the streaks in a bully’s bloodwill make the bully charge whenever the chancecomes. Hence the best remedy is to let the abusertaste a dose of the bitter medicines which theabuser keeps brewing. If poison cuts poison, it istime to bulldoze the bully.

(The author teaches Economics)

Padmanath Vidyavinoda is the first man to decipherand edit twelve copperplates right from the time ofthe great king Bhaskarvarman under the titleKamarupa Sasanavali , a monumental research outputfor enabling the scholars successively to reconstructthe history of Assam.

The Samiti has been making honest effortsto collect information regarding the archaelogicaland historical relics and other antiquities lyingscattered throughout the nook and corner of Assm.The enthusiastic researches tried their level best

to explore ruins at places like Kanvachal, NorthGuwahati, Sarania Hill, Rakshasini Hill,Hatimuria Hill, Kharghuli etc. The Samiti alsocollected family heirlooms from the royal familiesof Rani, Dimoria, Kshetri and Hatimuria.

In order to make awareness about the past historyof Assam, the Samiti prepared 35 lantern slides on theAssam antitiquities including specimens of royalapparel; ancient potteries, image of stone and bronze,facsimilies of stones inscription, archaelogical ruins,coins, old paintings on ancient manuscripts etc.

(Published on the occasion of Centenary Celebration of the Samiti)(The author is Retired Professor of Assamese, Gauhati University and President of Kamrupa Anusandhan Samiti)

(Contd. from Page 77 March in Antiquarian)


The dictionary meaning of empower is to,supply means, to assist. This assistance is

mainly meaningful in case of human beings.Because an inanimate thing cannot be empoweredin the proper sense of term. A person lagging behindin any capacity is in need of empowerment .Thisis a social necessity as it hampers social equalityand justice. The nature of assistance is surely tovary. The under lying idea of empowerment is thatone has the ability to prosper, grow but for somereasons lagging behind.

It is very interesting to analyze the termempowerment. Because itself means that thesubject is the storehouse of power .because anyassistance is meaningful to one if it helps one toprosper. She or he is potentially powerful. Anobject powerless cannot be empowered with anyamount of effort. The word empowermentpresupposes the power of the subject concern.

From what has been cited above womanempowerment implies the long awaitedrecognition of woman power. It is not any sort offavour but sheer recognition of human right ofwoman. This woman power is venerated in manycultures, as in India woman is revered as SAKTI .

The concept of woman empowerment is thetoughest idea to be implemented. As it is acomplex process, as it has to be dealt with sociallyand psychologically.

The difference between man and woman on

the basis of sex is natural .But to provide a socialstatus on the basis of this biological difference,leading to gender discrimination, out and outunethical. But unfortunately our society regardsthis gender discrimination as natural. In thereproductive process it is natural to bear theprogeny by the female counterpart. In my view,for human beings, child bearing and rearing is themost noblest profession. In human beings thisbearing of child is more complex. It is notconvenient for her to be out of home for managingthe daily needs of life. For this obvious reasonthe man has to manage the life outer. Once thechild is born the mother is once again confined tolife inner, to rear the child. This is a corollary ofthe reproductive process, thus a biologicalnecessity. This biological necessity projectswoman to be weak. On the other hand man hasregarded themselves as strong, superior andprotector of woman. It could be said that this isthe basis upon which gender discrimination isrested upon.Why the need for gender equity is felt and thuswoman empowerment ?

Inspite of best possible efforts and events theprocess of development and its fruits are far fromrealization. Among the various causes also is thefact that woman folk is not given the due recognitionin the process. But it is no denying the fact that theimportance of an empowered woman is no way lessthan that of an empowered man. One may be quiteshocked to hear empowered man because the

Sangita Baruah


general convention is that man is born empowered.But it is not so, nature has kept, man and womanamidst equal opportunities but woman are deniedof those opportunities. This denial has caused muchharm to the woman folk and also to the society atlarge.

How can woman be empowered? The firstthing in this regard is the over all consciousnesschange of the society. Society should view awoman from a justified angle. For this we have tosee the worth of human personality; neither that ofman nor that of woman. Because as human we allhave a personality. As regard this concept there isnothing like man personality or woman personality.In our life it is the only thing of greatest value. Itshould be respected both in oneself and in others.A human being is a self or a person and must notbe treated as a thing or as a means to same end. Itcould be said that basis of right and wrong couldbe realized with the help of the concept ofpersonality. Whatever makes or destroyspersonality development is wrong. So any sort of

discrimination could be said to be unethical.However in case of woman discrimination isalways present in one form or the other.

However one thing in this connection ispersonality is a thing which needs a sort of respectfrom one’s own self. Because lack of respect forone’s own personality creates a whole lot ofproblems. Any program of woman empowermenthas to take into consideration this fact. It results inlack of care for body and mind, aimless idleness,and selfish enjoyment. Failure to respectpersonality in others lead to such things asprostitution, falsehood and deceit. Persons need toask themselves continually ‘‘Am I respecting myown life and making the most of it?” and “Am Irespecting lives of the persons around me.” A fairrelationship of any form ought to be beneficial toboth parties. Our overall treatment of personalityboth in ourselves and others should be enrichingone. With such prior conception any programmeof woman empowerment should be framed thenonly some concrete result could be felt.

(The author teaches Philosophy)

The Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti (The Assam Research Society), the oldest research institutionin North East India, which was established in 1912 by a galaxy of distinguished scholars and researchersto throw light on the past history, culture and civilization of ancient Assam and disseminate researchfindings throughout India and abroad is going to celebrate the centenary during the year from 7th April,2010 to 7th April, 2011. It may be mentioned that this institution has to its credit a good number ofbooks and research journals of high standard and many volumes of its journal, viz. ‘The Journal of theAssam Research Society’ which have drawn the attention and admiration of national and internationalscholars. Besides, a number of valuable ancient manuscript of Assam were edited and published by theKamrupa Anusandhana Samiti.

The Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti possesses a large number of manuscripts of great importance,besides a library which remains open for researchers and scholars.

It is, therefore, not necessary to emphasize that it would be pertinent to celebrate the centenary ofthe Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti in a dignified manner. Needless to say that such a centenary celebrationwould require a handsome amount of money for publishing the proposed commemoration volumes,souvenirs and past history of Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti.

The centenary Celebration Committee of the Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti, therefore, earnestlymakes an appeal to you all to donate generously for making the celebration a success.For membership form of KAS and more details please visit Pragyan’s blog on :http://pragyan06now.blogspot.com/2010/04/centenary-celebration-of-kamrupa.html

KAMARUPA ANUSANDHANA SAMITI(ASSAM RESEARCH SOCIETY)Reg. No. 85 of 1960-61 Guwahati - 781001

Centenary Celebration (7th April, 2010 to 7th April, 2011)


The previous part of this article ended withthe comment that the organisational

practice of the communist till date is not inkeeping with the Marxist concept of witheringaway of state and politics. So keeping in viewthe Lenin’s theoretical concept ofconsciousness to the masses from without andproletarian vanguard, Stalinist practice,Gramsci’s concept of organic intellectual andRosa Luxembourgian critiques, thisorganizational question needs to be discussed& debated at length in ideological musing.But prior to doing that, few more importantparameters left untouched are discussed in thispart of my article considering practicing &dominant ideology of the masses.

Development & democracy are suchideological constructs in the sense that theseterminologies bear different connotationdepending on the balance of forces withinreally existing power structure. The ideologicalconcept is as defined by the design of the typeof society the development process is supposedto bring about. As Samir Amin puts it “thehistory of the dominant ideology as a series ofsuccessive discourses, whose types I havetermed liberal nationalist, then social and

national, finally globalised neoliberal,”1. Within thereally existing capitalism having capital/labourcontradiction permanently operational throughoutthe system, the diverse conflicting social thoughtsbearing ideological values for or against the labourare always at play. The conflicting ideas emanatingfrom really existing balance of forces or socialmilieu influences and determines the dominantideology of any period and in that sense thetheoretical basis of idea/ideas is different from bothdeterministic as well as post-modernist (so calledpluralist) approach.

The really existing capitalism is in deep crisis,compared to the crisis we are actually heading for,the Great World Economic Crisis of 1929-1933would look like the Vicar’s tea party as assessed byMestzaros. The dominant ideology of capitalismassures us to believe that the confidence on themarket only can do away with this crisis. Meszarosapt comparison of this confidence with Indianmythology is very interesting. He wrote “In anycase, all this talk about the absolute virtue ofconfidence in capitalist economic management ismuch like the explanation offered in Indianmythology about the supporting ground of theUniverse. In that ancient vision of the world, it issaid that the universe is carried, most reassuringly,on the back of an elephant. No one should think of

Arup Baisya


that as a difficulty. For the elephant is, even morereassuringly, supported on the back of the cosmictortoise. But what holds up the cosmic tortoise?Don’t you dare ask such a question, lest you mightbe fed to the tigers of Bengal!”2 . Nevertheless, thisconfidence has already been shaken. The totalbankruptcy, not only figuratively but also in literalsense – of metropolitan inspired and dominateddevelopmental strategies all over the World marksthe downfall of this confidence.

Marx by a theoretical and historical analysis ofcapitalism had proved that free competition gives riseto the concentration of production, which, in turn, ata certain stage of development leads to monopoly.But Marx could not see the emergence of extremeform of monopoly. So afterwards Lenin in his book“Imperialism, the highest form of capitalism”enumerated the theoretical analysis of monopoly.Lenin vividly described “…a handful of monopolistssubordinate to their will all the operations, bothcommercial and industrial, of the whole of capitalistsociety; for they are enabled – by means of theirbanking connections, their current accounts and otherfinancial operations – first, to ascertain exactly thefinancial position of the various capitalists, then tocontrol them, to influence them by restricting orenlarging, facilitating or hindering credits, theirincome, deprive them of capital, or permit them toincrease their capital rapidly and to enormousdimension etc.” He continued, “this bank capital i.e.capital in money form, which is thus actuallytransformed into industrial capital, I call ‘financecapital’. “Finance capital is a capital controlled bybanks and employed by industrialists” Lenin wrote“Capitalism in its imperialist stage leads directly tothe most comprehensive socialization of production;it, so to speak, drags the capitalist, against their willand consciousness, into some sort of a new socialorder, a transitional one from complete freecompetition to complete socialization. Productionbecomes social, but appropriation remains private.The social means of production remains the privateproperty of a few”.3 The revolutionary crisis causedby the universal devastation due to the imperialistplunder and the war leads to proletarian revolution.Is the Leninist concept of the inevitability ofimperialist conflict and imperialist or revolutionarywar under the economic system of the private

ownership of the monopoly capital and means ofproduction still relevant? According to many, thesituation of Lenin’s time has drastically changed inpresent era of globalization. The questions naturallycrop up what are those changes and do these changesindicate any basic radical change?

The way the Laissez fair proponents in Lenin’stime could find the possibility of peace and reformwithin the imperialist global structure, the petty-bourgeois critics of the present day globalizationthinks that ‘free, honest and peaceful’ competition ispossible within the capitalist imperialism. If this istaken for granted as the dominant feature of the presenttime instead of imperialist conflict, then any politicalprogramme for any radical break with the semi-colonial system of third world countries and any socialprogramme beyond capitalism need to be suspendedsine-die. This view, though presently waning, gainedground just after the collapse of the state controlledStalinist Soviet model of “really existing socialism”which was actually the model Engel termed as‘capitalism without capitalist’ while revealing theproject of second international.

When Lenin analysed imperialism, themarginalized countries of Asia-Africa and LatinAmerica except Japan were backwardunindustrialized, rural, agricultural and mineralcommodity producer and supplier to the capitalistcenters and there was intense competition withinthe nation-states of these centers to extend theirarea of hegemony and to establish colony in themarginalized countries. This situation ofimperialism described by Lenin ended after thesecond world war. To accommodate anti-fascist andnational liberation movement and people’s uprisingwithin the ambit of capitalism, the concept ofwelfare state with the essence of “capitalismwithout capitalist” emerged and theindustrialization and modernization of themarginalized third world countries began with anotion of “catching up” the developed countries.This conception of welfare state came into voguedue to two opposing trends of the prevalent groundreality — the expansion phase of capitalismfacilitated by the opportunity of profit makinginvestment against reconstruction work for wardevastation on the one hand and capital-laboursocial pact necessitated by the rise of working class


due to anti-fascist and national liberationmovement. This simultaneously replaced the directcolonial rule of the third world countries with thebeginning of a new period of neo-colonialism.Lenin expected that the initial revolution in thecountries of ‘weak link of capital’ would soonspread to the whole structure of capitalism due tothe intense conflicts within the imperialists camp.But that did not happen. After Russia, therevolution did not spread towards west. Instead therevolution took place in China, the country ofmarginalized east and this established the fact ofprevailing exploitative global division of labourof center & periphery. The center’s hegemonyneeds to be adequately challenged by the peripheryto set the ground for revolution in centers. Thisglobal division of labour has not been qualitativelychanged by the globalization ( inherent in capitalsince its emergence) and the resultant privatization,financial liberalization and the dismantling of thestructure of welfare state after 1980. Theproponents of capitalism already realized that therewas and is no such capitalism which can be called‘free market capitalism’ in the truest sense of theterm. The state and the market are intertwined andcomplementary in capitalist structure. Thedominant ideology of global capitalism is alwaysmediated through these two basic institutions. Itis the inherent structural crisis of the system, thereally existing balance of force and thetechnological arsenal at the disposal of capitalistto maneuver, determine the policy framework tobe taken by the capitalist managers and theregulatory measures to decide what should be therole of both state and the market. From theexperience of the so called globalization spree since1980, it is now visible that the capitalist fundmanagers are again started propagating the needof stricter state regulation and intervention to savecapitalism from its dire crisis. That even thedominant ideology of development through thenotion of ‘catching up’ and the neo liberaldismantling of the welfarist state in the countrylike India sometimes backtracks is visible from tworecent development. First, the rejection ofVedanta’s application to mine in Nyamgiri, whichmust be seen beyond all cynical calculations aboutelectoral calculations as a victory for tribal rights

in forest area. The second important development,is the proposal of the group of ministers to givetribals a 26% stake in profits from mining, that havecome up in the course of drawing up the minesand minerals (Development & Regulation) Bill thatseeks, among other things, to control illegal miningas well as protect the environment and tribal right.( Source : EPW September 18-24,2010, CapitalMyths & the ‘New Copernican Revolution’). Thedominant ideology of development has to face atrend reversal or retreat for the time being due toconflicting pressure from the working class tribalmasses. The two opposite ideological forces onedefined by global capital and the third worldcomprador capital with its unique characteristicsof economism and the other defined by thirld worldtribal peasant and workers with its perspective ofpeople’s right. But right can never be higher thanthe economic structure of society and its culturaldevelopment which this determines. The prevalentdominant world view where the ecology isperceived as a subset of the economy to sustainrule of capital has been challenged by the viewwhere economy is perceived as a subset of ecology,tribal rights or right of the third world people etc.Marx explained “economism” as a uniquecharacteristic of capitalism and by “economism”he wanted to mean that, the fact that the laws whichgovern the movement of capitalism are the productnot of transhistorical nature but of particularhistorical nature is erased from socialconsciousness. Thus Samir Amin wrote in his book“Liberal Virus” that there is no theory of capitalismdistinct from its history. Theory and history areindissociable, just as are economics and politics.4

Thus there is always two diametrically oppositeideological perspectives are at play to visualize theissue of Development. The dominant one is fromthe perspective of capital and the opposite whichis always contending the dominant one is fromlabour and under the existing ground reality thiscan be designated as metropolitan perspectiveversus third world perspective. This conflict ismediated through really existing state, market,politics etc and the concrete situation of balanceof forces determines the class ideologicalprominence. Thus it is imperative to make a radicalbreak to replace one existing dominant ideology


by another to ensure Development for the people,not for the capital.

Similarly, Democracy is also one suchideological construct. The text of communistmanifesto in collected work of Marx & Engelsreveals that the two concepts ‘to raise the proletariatto the position of the ruling class’ and ‘to win thebattle of democracy’ are placed side by side. Withreference to the Prabhat Pattanaik’s article‘Socialism and Welfarism’ published in People’sdemocracy (30 August, 2009), Vaskar Nandi wrotein the article ‘Democratic deficit’ published in ForA New Democracy (October 2009 – March 2010)“Unfortunately for us, this author, with his ownpurpose in mind, does not go far into an analysis ofthe social and economic conditions for thedevelopment and consolidation of human freedomin the socialist process, the dictatorship of theproletariat. Presently, we intend to argue that thisprocess, if it aspires to take society to communism,i.e. a classless, stateless society of associatedlabourers, must constitute itself on the basis of thewidest democracy, a democracy that is well beyondthe conceptions of liberal bourgeoisie. That is theonly basis on which the objects of history canbecome its subject”. This is the Marxist-Leninistconcept of Democracy whose form and content isdetermined by the class ideology and the democracywill begin to wither away with the withering awayof state, owing to the simple fact that, freed fromcapitalist slavery, from the untold horrors, savagery,absurdities and infamies of capitalist exploitation,people will gradually become accustomed toobserving the elementary rules of social intercoursethat have been known for centuries and repeated forthousands of years in copybook maxims.5

But for the transformation of the object ofhistory to become its subject as mentioned in theabove quotation, the third world people has to settlea score with metropolitan dominated globalcapitalism prior to taking up the project of surpassingthe bourgeois liberal democracy. “The look turns

the object into a subject : ‘I want you to feel, as I,the sensation of being seen. For the white man hasenjoyed for three thousand years the privilege ofseeing without being seen (Sartre 1976a : 7)” Underdifferent circumstances, it would be the sameendeavor as vividly described by Sartre as “ Nativesof all underdeveloped nations unite!. What a decline:for the fathers, we were the sole interlocutors: thesons no longer even consider us as qualifiedinterlocutors: we are the object of their discourse.Of course Fanon mentions in passing our famouscrimes Setif, Hanoi, Madagaskar – but he does notwaste his effort condemning them: he uses them. Ifhe dismantles the tactics of colonialism the complexplay of relations that unite and divide the ‘Colons’from ‘Metropolitans’, it is for their brothers; his goalis to teach them to outsmart us.”6

Politically it is the Leninist scheme of thingand it’s the time of imperialism described by Lenin.Though the revolution in China failed to counterthe Metropolitan controlled and definedDevelopment and Democracy and the Chineserevolution has not extended and resulted insuccessful radical break in the third world peripheralcountries from colonial status, the so called newglobalisation phase of capital has not qualitativelychanged the Lenin’s time. That the Indian freedomstruggle could not radically break its colonial statuswas not only due to the lacking in subjective effort,but also due to the immaturity of the objectivesituation. In addition to the immaturity and mistakesof the communists, the internal social reality wasnot conducive for the success of the project of anyradical break. Had this project been correct to itstruest sense, the radical break would not have beenpossible due to backward social reality. This projectis to be reconstructed to face the emerging external& internal situation for a successful radical breakwith the present and to establish the concept &practice of the development and democracy fromthe Labour vis-à-vis people’s perspective.(To be continued)

(1) Spectres of capitalism – Samir Amin(2) The structural crisis of capital. Istvan Meszaros(3) Collected Works : volume 22 : Lenin(4) The Liberal Virus – Samir Amin

(5) On socialism: Edited by Irfan Habib(Lenin : The state in Socialism and Communism).

(6) Colonialism & Neo-colonialism –The wretched of the earth – Jean-Paul Sartre.

REFERENCES

(The Silchar based author is a well known social science writer and social activist of the state)


At a critical juncture in the history ofMedieval Assam, the Ahom regime had

to shift its capital from Rangpur to what weproudly call the Jorhat town. The historicevent that actually laid the foundation of itsprestigious town of Upper Assam happenedduring the July- August, 1974 (SRAVAN,1716 SAKA).1

It was customary to almost all the royaldynasties to arrange the seat of capital at aplace with extensive beautification and centreof communications as far as possible, and theseat of capital should naturally be a town- sothat it might properly be called the capitalcity or capital town. But, during the time ofthe shifting of the Ahom capital, Jorhat wasnot a town: it was left for the AhomAdministrators to build the new capital as acapital town. Here lies the early history ofurbanization of the present Jorhat town,which might be a fascinating chapter in thehistory of urbanization in medieval Assam.

During the early part of the Ahom ruleJorhat was not an inhospitable place, infestedwith wild animals. It was then within thedense forest that extended from the NagaHills to the Brahmaputra.

2 The word ‘Jorhat’

itself came to be known only during the laterpart of the Ahom rule, when Gaurinath

Singha (1780- 1795) was the ruler and when theAhom capital was shifted to this place. Earlier,however, the Ahom King Pratap Singha (1603-1641) wished to turn this area into an idealtownship to be named Hastinapur by capturing1000 wild elephants at a place about 8 km to theeast of the present town. The royal campestablished at the site for the purpose was knownas Gajpur Bahar. But Pratap Singha’s projectultimately failed.

But , Jayadhvaj Singha (1648- 1663) is saidto have captured a large number of elephants inthis area , just on the eve of Mirjumla’s invasionof Assam

3 and it was Jayadhvaj, who built Seuni

Ali (Present A.T. Road, 37 going through Jorhattown) which increase the importance of andpromise better fortune for Jorhat. Then KingGadadhar Singha (1681- 1696) is said to havesettled many Bocha (i.e. Selected) people in thepresent Tocklai region of Jorhat town. Thus, priorto the shifting of Ahom capital the present town,with its neighbouring areas, started to attain ‘ashort of importance as a place of royalencampment as well as suitable site for elephantcity of Ahoms’.4 King Rajeswar Singha (1751-1769) settled the large retinue of Manipuricompanion that came with his Manipuri princessKuranganayani establishing the Mongolu(Manipuri) khat at Saru Charai near Jorhat.

But it was during the famous Moamariya

Dr. Diganta Kr Phukan& Utpal Dutta


rebellion, that Jorhat came to serious attention. Tofight with the rebels, then the Ahom Prime MinisterPurnananda Buragohain erected a Koth (fort) nearthe present Bhogdoi river. As the river was knownas Desoi river at that time, the koth came to be knownas the Desoi koth. To this place, the then Ahom kingGaurinath shifted the capital in July- August, 1794.This king (1780- 1794) set up two hats (market) onthe bank of the Desoi (or Bhogdoi) river.

But, before he could do something more inthe direction of the development of the new capitalJorhat, Gaurinath died a few months after the shiftingof the capital. Thus it was during the reign of hissuccessor Kamleswar Singha (1795- 1810) somesystematic steps were undertaken in the direction ofurbanization of Jorhat and in varied degrees, theprocess was carried on till the fall of the Ahoms.

Kamleswar’s veteran Prime MinisterPurnananda, who is said to be one of the chiefmakers of the Jorhat Town, undertook variousactivities to develop Capital Jorhat’s infrastructure.The Barghar, the Holongghar,5

the Gayengowagharand Tamuli Chora6 were built by Purnanandaduring this period. A protective embankment wasalso built round the capital proper. To provide thewater facility in the new town, Purnananda had dugthe river Desoi, renaming it as Bhogdoi.7

Purnananda also built two ‘wooden temples’ nearthe Desoi fort, which were the temples of LordKrishna (Falgustsava)and Goddess Durga(Durgotsava).8 Already, to the king’s private chapel,the Burigosani Dewalaya, the images of GoddessDurga were shifted from Rangpur in 1794-95.9

Later on Purnanda’s son Ruchinath Buragohainalso constructed a Siva temple at the Hatigarh- theeastern Border of the town.10 Purnananda is said tohave interested in maintaining Saraisang, i.e. royalaviary; and for that, there was a birds training centrefor the royal pastime11 too.

To feed up and fulfill the different needs ofthe new capital town, a number of “Professionalvillages were gradually established on the outskirtsof Jorhat town since it attained the capital status.Thus, “Professional villages like Patiagaon, famousfor mat made from Mat-rush, Kamargaon forBlacksmith, Kumargaon for Pottery, Katanigaonfor silk, Moutgaon for elephant keepers, Dhenusosafor Bow- makers, Duliagaon for Palanquin bearers,

Naosaliagaon for boat makers, Kuhumjogania orSuppliers of eggs, Gurjogonia supplier ofmolassess…., Dhekial gaon for rice , rice powderCharingia gaon of the royal princess, Rajguru gaonof the royal family priests, Thengal gaon of Silversupplier, Tirual gaon for matters of iron etc. wereestablished”.12

With a view to solving the problem ofdrinking water and giving the town a new look,The Ahom administrators dug out a number of bigPukhuris (tanks), some of which are still attractingthe citizens and visitors of the town. The RajmaoPukhuri, Mitha Pukhuri, Buragohain Pukhuri,Choladara Pukhuri are a few of such examples.

“The Ahom government had left Jorhat anetwork of roads”13 and it was one of its majorcontributions towards the development of the town.One of the town’s major roads- the Seuni Ali or A.T.Road has already been mentioned above. The Ahomking Rajeswar Singha’s period was also notable forthe construction of several important roads. Hesupposed to have built the Dergaon Ali, The ManipurAli, the Malow Ali and the Kakilamukhar Ali.14

Kamleswar Singha built important roads like the NaAli, Kamarbandha Ali and the Rajabahar Ali: allwere approach roads to the last Ahom Capital —Jorhat. The same king is said to have build theCholadhara Phukanar Ali and Senchoa Ali.15 Theroad linking Seuni Ali and Kamarbandha Ali wascalled Barpatra Ali — after the death of a well knowncitizen of Jorhat — Dondeswar Borpatra Gohain.16

The Mahgarh Ali, said to have been build duringthe Ahom rule was partly improved by the Britishersand a part of it was renamed as J.B. Road or theBabu Ali in honour of late Jagannath Baruah. ThePuhuri Ali was also supposed to be build during theAhom rule , which was develop by the Britishersand was constructer upto Gohain gaon later on. Itcame to be known as the Commissioner Ali, whichis now a major part of the Nimati Ali, proceedingtowards Nimati Ghat.17

In case of the inland water transport structurealso, Jorhat occupied an important position,because, when Jorhat became the Capital, the Desoi(Bhogdoi) river and the Brahmaputra served as themain routes of communication by boat. Mahgarhor Kakilamukh, situated on the bank of theBrahmaputra, about 13 km. towards the north –


west, was the main gateway of the capital Jorhat.18

From the standpoint of educationalestablishments in the new town, the period underreview did not witness notable progress. Under theAhom Government as a whole, education wasactually confined only to the priestly classes, scribesand a few others connected with the Government.19

But in spite of that, several Tols grew up in andaround the city. One of such tols was that ofBhayaram Borpuzari’s Tol — where DutiramHazarika (author- Kalibharat Buranji) studied.Mentions might be made of two other Tols of thisperiod, viz, Jadu Adhyapakar Tol and MitraAdhyapakar Tol.20 The king of upper Assam,Purandar is known to have issued an order that everyKheldar (leader of a Khel) must set up a school inhis jurisdiction, but with the resumption of upperAssam (October, 1838) the project came to end.21

The internal disturbances and the externalthreats that occurred after the death of KamleswarSingha had already prevented that developmentalactivities and the devasting Burmese invasionalmost ruined the Ahom Kingdom itself. Thougha few years after the disastrous Yandaboo treaty

(February, 1826), The Ahom Prince Purandar wasinstalled as the king of the upper Assam in 1833;he could do nothing significant in the direction ofstructural development of Jorhat town. Very soon,he lost kingship in 1838, officially marking the endof the 1st period of formation of Jorhat Town: thetown also lost the status as a capital as soon as theBritishers established their rule.

The significant feature of the Ahom’s effortat urbanization in Jorhat was that they did not buildany building of brick and stone there. Even theroyal palace was constructed with wood andbamboos.22 Other official buildings were alsolocated within the earthen rampart erected byPurnananda to repeal the Moamariya insurgents.23

But they were not inefficient in building permanentstructures: their capital at Sivasagar proves this.Actually it was “owing to the tumultuous times atthe period when the capital of Ahom kingdom wasshifted to Jorhat town, the Swargadeos could notconstruct permanent structures”.24 But apart fromit, their efforts and activities in other directionstowards urbanization, laid the foundation of whatwe now call a graded city — Jorhat.

1. Baruah, Gunabhiram, 1971: Assam Buranji, Guwahati,p.118.

2. Baruah, T.C., 1990: An article entitled “Jorhat: ItsMetropolitan Development over a Century”, Souvenirof Jorhat Book Fair (JBF), Jorhat, p.1.

3. Gogoi, N., 1993: An article entitled “Jorhat: The LastAhom Capital”, Proceedings of NEHA, JorhatSession, Jorhat, p. 322.

4. Ibid.5. Baruah, G.C., 1930: Ahom Buranji, 'Calcutta, p.367.6. Bhuyan, S.K.(ed),1964:Jayantia Buranji,

Guwahati,pp.151,157.7. Dutta, A.K., 1991: An article entitled “Old Jorhat at

a Glance”, Souvenir of NEHA, Jorhat Session,Jorhat, p.25.

8. Sarma, A.C., 1996: An article entitled “CalcuttaHeritage of Jorhat”, in the magazine- North EastTimes (NET), Guwahati, April7, p.44.

9. Handique, B.C., 1996: An article entitled“Bicentinary Diary” the NET, Guwahati, April, p.7.

10. Baruah, T.C., op.cit, p.2.11. Sarma, A.C., loc. cit.12. Dutta, A.K., op.cit, p.28.13. Dutta, op.cit,p.3014. Gogoi, N., op.cit, p.325.15. Ibid.16. Dutta, loc. cit.17. Ibid.18. Gogoi, loc. cit.19. Borpuzari, H.K., 1992: The Comprehensive History

of Assam, vol. IV, Guwahati, p.34820. Gogoi, N., op.cit, p.326.21. Borpuzari, op.cit, p.350.22. Handique, B.C., loc. cit.23. Borpuzari, op.cit, p.320.24. Handique, B.C., loc. cit.

REFERENCES :

(The authors teach Sociology and History respectively at Jorhat College, Jorhat, Assam)

By and large, mothers and housewives are the only workers who do nothave regular time off. They are the great vacation-less class.

— Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American aviator, Gift From the Sea


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(ëºJA¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡ [¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)


The establishment of the Asiatic Society inCalcutta (Kolkata) in January 1784 under the

leadership of Sir William Jones, a judge of theSupreme Court opened the gate of Indologicalstudies in India and other Asiatic countries. TheAsiatic Society later on in 1839 came to beknown as Asiatic Society in Bengal. The avowedaim of the society was to undertake investigationand inquiry into India’s past history, culture,civilization, language, literature, art andarchitecture, enthnography, anthropology, etc.Really the Asiatic Society of Bengal infused thespirit of Scientific approach towards unearthingIndia’s ancient culture and civilization.

Following the footsteps of the learnedEuropean scholars many India scholars cameforward to establsh a number of voluntaryinstitutions of antiquarian studies in differentparts of India for investigating regional and localhistory. Many scholars under the auspices of theAsiatic Society of Bengal has evinced keeninterest in the past history, culture and civilizationof ancient Assam or Kamrupa. It may be notedthat Dr. Hoernle had deciphered and publishedin the journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal inthe year 1840, the text of land grant character ofthe Pragjyotishpur king Indrapala of the eleventhcentury, Dr. S.K.l Bhuyan wrote about theimportance of the JARS as follows : “One goingthrough te pages of the old issues of the JARSwill be struck by the variety and richness of the

information about Assam emodied in the articlescontributed to it.”

After a lapse of 128 years a galaxy ofscholars interested in exploring the pasthistorically important matters assembled intoliterary conference held in April, 1912 at thepremises of the Sacred Temple of the MotherGoddess Kamakhya on the Nilachala hill on thesouth bank of the great river Brahmaputra. Thiswas the conference of Uttar Bangiya SahityaParishad where a number of research papersrelating to the antiquities, history and archaelogyof ancient kingdom of Kamrupa were presentedby distinguished scholars. The members presentin the conference felt that it is a long standingdesideratum to form a research society forconducting researches on ancient Kamrupa inparticular and northeastern India in general. Aproposal for establishing a society under thename and style Kamrupa Anushandhan Samitiwas mooted by Khan Chaudhury AmanatullahAhmed of Coochbeehar and supported by RaiMrityunjaya Chaudhury Bahadur of Rangpur onApril 7, 1912. The Samiti was formally formedwith seven members.

In the same meeting, Kalicharan Sen, areputed pleader and patron of learning wasappointed honourary Secretary as well asTreasurer. Gopal Krishna De, Librarian of theCurzon Hall Library worked as assistantHonourary Secretary while Professor

Dr. Banikanta Sarma


Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidyavinoda of CottonCollege assisted in the various correspondenceworks. Kalicharan Sen rendered his service asHonourary Secretary upto 1920. Later on ChandraNath Sarma was elected secretary of the Samiti.

In order to achieve the objectives of theKamarupa Anusandhan Samiti a prospectus wasadopted on December 5, 1914 and was widelycirculated to mobilize public opinion and seek co-operation in the Samiti’s research activities. The samitiused to convene its annual meeting almost regularlyand many valuable research papers were read in themeetings and published in the samiti’s annual reportstill 1933, the year from which the Samiti’s ResearchJournal, known as the journal of the Assam ResearchSociety began to be published regularly. This journalhas been received well and appreciated higly byscholars from both India and abroad.

It may be noted that the present Assam StateMuseum is the brainchild of the KamarupaAnushandhan Samiti which having collected quitea good member of antiquities such as the oldmanuscripts, copper plates, statues, coins and otherhistorical relics, conceived the idea of establishinga museum. It was the Kamarupa AnushandhanSamiti which by obtaining a plot of land from theState Government, moved the Government andultimately succeeded in making the Governmentagreeable to establish the Assam State Museum onthe south bank of Dighalipukhuri. It was the samitiagain which handed over the plot of land under thepossession for the construction of the presentmusuem building complex. Because of the dedicatedservices rendered by a galaxy of investigators theKamarupa Anushandhan Samiti was able to handover a large number of prestigious collection andantiques and relics to the State Museum.

From the very beginning the KamarupaAnushandhan Samiti by dint of its meritoriousactivities was able to get patronage of highdignataries like Sir Archdale Earl, ChiefCommissioner of Assam, the Hon’ble Sir EdwardGait, Governor of Bihar and Orissa, the Lt. Col.PRT Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam ValleyDistricts and Honourary Director of Ethnographyin Assam, His Highness the Maharaja JitendraNarayan Bhup Bahadur of Cooch Beehar, RajaPrabhat Chanda Barooah Bahadur of Gauripur,

Assam and many other outstanding personalities.Moreover, the Samiti was fortunate enough

to enlist the support of many Indological ResearchScholars like Mahamohopadhaya HaraprasadSastri, Babu Akshaya Kumar Maitreya, PanchannaBabu Nagendranath Basu, Prachyavidya,Maharnava, Siddharthavaridhi, DevaprasadSarvadhikari, Chandradhar Baruah, SahityaratnaM.V. Joshi and many others.

It is a matter of great glory for the KamrupaAnushandhan Samiti to be able to associate a bandof leaders of the Antiquarian Research Institutionsof the entire undivided Bangladesh, Bihar and Orissaof that time. Many of these scholars demonstratedtheir eagerness for unfolding the past history of theancient Kamarupa kingdom. It may be noted that inorder to remove the doubt about the jurisdiction ofthe ancient Kamarupa kingdom, the samiti was alsochristened as Assam Research Society with itsjurisdiction for research works over the area formerlyincluded in the sacred ancient kingdom ofPragjyotisha-Kamarupa comprising comprisingmodern Assam (undivided) and neighbouring statesof North Bengal including Cooch Beehar and EastBengal (presently Bangladesh).

Since its inception Kamarupa Anushandhansamiti has been working towards the fulfillmentof its objective to carry on research in mattersrelating to history, archaelogy, enthnography,anthropology etc. and to collect rare books andmanuscripts, coins, copper plates, statues,inscriptions, terracottas, pottery, textile, etc.

The Samiti’s activities have drawn attentionof scholars engaged in the pursuit of knowledge intheir related fields. A host of enthusiastic scholarslike Mahamohopadhyaya Dhireswarcharya,Mahamohopadhyaya Padmanath Vidyavinoda,Pandit Hemchandra Goswami, Kanaklal Barua,Pandit Kaliram Medhi, Dr. S.K. Bhuyan, Dr.Banikanta Kakati, Prof. U. Goswami, Prof. DibakarGoswami, Dr. B.K. Barua, Dr. S.N. Sarma, Dr.Maheswar Neog, Dr. P. Goswami, Dr. B.N. Sastri,Dr. P.C. Bhattacharya, Dr. M.M. Sharma, Dr.Dimbeswar Sarma, P.D. Choudhury, M.C. Das,R.M,. Nath et al have devoted a major part of theirlife in various research activities relating to history,culture and civilization. Mahamohopadhyaya

(Contd. on Page 64)


Indira Goswami, also known as Mamoni RaisomGoswami, is a widely recognized and

appreciated writer of India. She is the secondAssamese recipient of the Jnanapith award (in2000). It is quite possible to write a long list ofher achievements, the languages into which herbooks have been translated, the prestigious literaryprizes she has been awarded. It is not all thesewhich draw the readers to her writings but theintensity and poignancy of her narratives. Shewrites with rare frankness and courage. Herwritings are woven with intimate details ofexperiences and striking images and with anexpression – occasionally abrupt, prosaic andcharacterized by silences and gaps.

Indira Goswami had started writing herautobiography in the beginning of the seventies andit was published in 1988. Her An UnfinishedAutobiography (Aadha Likha Dastabej) proved tobe one of the frankest and most honestautobiographies among the bhasha life writing texts.And the reason behind its popularity is not difficultto imagine; it was the autobiography of a youngwoman writer in her mid forties. The sequel to herAn Unfinished Autobiography is called New Pagesof My Autobiography (Dastabejor Natun Pristha) andit was published in December 2007. It can be called

a sequel to the writer’s An Unfinished Autobiographyas she has named it New Pages of My Autobiography.In spite of being a “few new pages” of herautobiography, New Pages of My Autobiography isa deviation from her An Unfinished Autobiographyin more ways than one. In fact, while An UnfinishedAutobiography is the autobiography of the writer,the later is a memoir. The recent autobiography isdescribed as a memoir in the very blurb of the book.In An Unfinished Autobiography the writer says inthe foreword to the book that she had tried to presentthose incidents of her life that continued to have astrong impression on her mind all through her life.She says that these are the pictures of the momentsof her “inner life” till 1970 and her emotionsassociated with various events big or small. And theexperiences of her “inner life” in recent years (after1970) have not been depicted here.

An autobiography is a presentation of the self.It is the external projection of the inner life of thewriter. Goswami’s An Unfinished Autobiographyunfolds the life of the writer from its very beginning.She talks about her childhood, her schooling inShillong and Guwahati, her upbringing and herhigher education. At the same time she gives a fairidea of the emotions related to each and every

Dr. Juri Dutta

It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the four languages —English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. — Editor.


incident of her life, however insignificant. AnUnfinished Autobiography begins with the sentence“At that time I was very young” (Goswami, 1988:1).

The striking difference between the two booksis evident when we look at the very first sentence ofthe second book: “I happened to be present inKanchanaburi where a bridge was constructed onthe Kwai River by the prisoners of the Japanese inthe Second World War.” (Goswami, 2007:1)

Describing New Pages of My Autobiographyas a memoir is justifiable considering the fact that itis more concerned with external circumstances thanwith inner development. New Pages of MyAutobiography is anecdotal and episodic, with thefocus spread around the many interesting people andplaces that the writer had known, met and workedwith. The first three chapters of New Pages of MyAutobiography are mainly about the writer’sdescription of her visit to Kanchanaburi in Thailandand these are clustered together as “Cruel Land, HardTimes and Barbaric People”. Her description of hervisit to Thailand with Shri Suranga Pulthupia andChandradhar include references to brothels and, towhat she calls the “flesh market”. She talks aboutthe War and its devastating effects. The informationis more factual than emotional; it bears no directrelation to her own self. In other words, her concernsare more social. Of course, her proposition that —Man cannot be the best creation of the creator. Noother being is capable of the kind of cruelty thathuman beings are capable of (Goswami, 2007:13)does tell us a lot about her feelings at this stage.While describing her visit to Kanchanaburi, she isreminded of her own village Amranga near theJagalia river – and this can make us look at NewPages of My Autobiography as an autobiography.However, the fact remains that while New Pages ofMy Autobiography is more in the line of a memoir,An Unfinished Autobiography bears a closerresemblance to the conventional autobiographicalform. In New Pages of My Autobiography the focusis more on the people and events that the author hasknown or witnessed. Though such a distinctionmight quite possibly lead to the raising of quite afew eyebrows, we cannot help categorizing NewPages of My Autobiography as a memoir which ismore about the likes and dislikes of people otherthan the author. Chapters 6 and 7 together constitute

a biography of the renowned Punjabi poetess AmritaPritam, her life and works, her relationship withSahir Ludhianvi, the Urdu poet and Imroz, the artist.Goswami gives a critical estimate of Amrita Pritam’sworks like Rasidi Ticket (Revenue Stamp), Pinjar,Black Rose etc. Amrita’s life, her views on differentaspects of life and love are all minutely observed inthese two chapters. Amrita’s visit to Assam and thewriter’s close relationship with her occupies a majorchunk of New Pages of My Autobiography. Similarly,the next chapter entitled ‘My Encounters with SomeGreat Women’ is an account of various renownedfemale personalities of India. One of them is KamalaRatnam, a scholar of Sanskrit and English Literature.The others are Kamala Singh, Kamala Das,Qurratulain Hyder, Dinesh Nandini Dalmiya etc.

Perhaps the point that needs to be addressedbefore delving deeper into the distinction betweenautobiography and memoir is regarding theexpectations of a reader from an autobiography. Todayit is probably difficult to talk about autobiography inthe singular for there can be so many variants of theform – Samuel Pepys’s Diaries and Nehru’sAutobiography are chronicles of particular times andplaces, Gandhiji’s My Experiments with Truth is asaga of inner growth, and we also have theautobiographies of writers writing about their comingof age. Very often we look at an autobiography toknow the experiences, emotions and environmentfrom which the writer has emerged. Indira Goswami’sAn Unfinished Autobiography fulfills this role whileeven after reading the first few chapters of New Pagesof My Autobiography one can hardly manage to knowanything about the inner life of the author.

It is not simply the experiences and emotionsof the pre-1970 and post-1970 phases that distinguishthe two books. In fact, one can quite clearly discernthe change that has come about in the outlook of thewriter. Writing an autobiography is a matter ofselecting the fundamental and the essential. It is inthe selection or omission of details that we find thechange in outlook of the writer. These selections andomissions have to be seen in the context of the timeand place to which they belong.

There are aspects of Indira Goswami’scharacter that appears too contradictory at timesand at other times her contradictions seem to beon the verge of convergence. At a critical point in


Indira’s life as a young widow, there are twooptions for her. She can go to London, “that landof ancient Western tradition and culture”(Goswami, 1988: 99), or she can go to Vrindavan,“the centre of ancient Hindu tradition and culture”(Goswami, 1988: 99), to undertake research on theRamayana. Two different directions andcontradictory impulses pulled in differentdirections. The choice that she makes, Vrindavan,does not exactly resolve that conflict. Instead, “thechoice and the resultant trajectory of her lifehighlight the contours of a kind of Hindu modernitythat strikes at best an uneasy balance between theclaims of a rational and humanist modernity andthat of a traditional, hierarchical and gendered valuesystem that is often indifferent to human pain andsuffering.” (http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/05/05/stories/2002050500090500.htm)

In fact, the biography is unfinished in more waysthan intended. The conflict itself and the resultant lossof moorings are very real for Goswami though sheseems innocent of any self-consciousness regardingthe impulses driving her life in contradictorydirections. As a young girl she grows up in herancestral sattra, religious monasteries established byher forefathers. Life in the sattra has essentiallyremained unchanged for centuries though under theBritish it has successively lost certain privileges. It isin a state of decline but the young Indira takes life asshe finds it in the sattra with its astrologers, religiousrituals, strict social and gender codes. The problemsbegin when her family shifts to Shillong and she isadmitted to a public school run by the British. Therecould not have been a more different world with itsscripture classes, English literature, Hollywood filmsand individuals whose lives are organized by differentvalues. The transition could not have been anythingbut traumatic, and leaves her a vague disquiet of themind: “a sort of vague fear and anguish somehowseemed to have settled down on my heart …”(Goswami, 1988: 3). This disquiet persists throughouther life and the story of her autobiography is the storyof her struggle with it.

If there is one word to describe the writings ofIndira Goswami, it would have to be powerful. Theextremely bold and touching story of Damayanti, theBrahmin widow and Pitambar, the low caste Mahajanin Sanskar makes it a powerful statement regarding

the politics of caste in Assam, an issue which veryfew writers from Assam have been able to addresswith the same amount degree of intensity. The MothEaten Howdah of A Tusker is based on the plight ofBrahmin widows and is marked by a strong sense ofprotest – a scene that comes immediately to mindfrom this novel is the one where Giribala, the Brahminwidow, who is supposed to be on a bland diet ofvegetarian meal succumbs to the temptation of eatingmutton. In spite of the fact that Indira Goswami is astrict vegetarian, she was able to portray Giribala’sdesire to take the mutton that is prohibited for her. Inthe novel The Man of Chinnamsata, there is a protestagainst animal sacrifice.

At one point in her memoir New Pages ofMy Autobiography, Goswami tells us about herresponse to her aunt’s (a widow) question regardinghow it felt to be a widow:

Listen, I use lipstick and put on shoes. I neverfollow your meaningless rituals and customsprescribed for a widow. I don’t care if I am rebukedfor that. I eat vegetarian food but that is not becauseof adherence to any custom (Goswami, 2007: 134).

Here is a new Indira Goswami emerging outof a new found conviction and boldness and this isremarkably absent in her previous autobiography.The sense of void and frustration after herhusband’s death in An Unfinished Autobiographyis reflected in the following statement:

I could not come out of the room afterMadhu’s death as I was scared of looking at thesky. The sense of void cannot be expressed througha pen (Goswami, 1988: 68).

In fact, Indira Goswami suffered from perennialdepression right from her childhood. In the openingpages of The Unfinished Autobiography she mentionsthat she always had the inclination to jump into theCrinoline waterfall located near her house in Shillong.She was extremely attached to her father and wasbroken mentally after his death. Repeated suicideattempts studded her eventful life. After the death ofher husband Madhaven Raisom Ayengar, just aftereighteen months of marriage in a car accident inKashmir, Gardinel sleeping tablets were what she keptherself alive with. Brought back home, she joined theGoalpara Sainik School, as a teacher in Assam.Leading the life of a young widow was not easy andat this point she went back to writing. She writes that


she wrote just to live, other wise it would not havebeen possible for her to go on living.

After the death of her husband, HomenBargohain wrote to her a letter of encouragement andrequested her to give her sorrows a literary expression.It was immediately after receiving this letter that thethen grief-stricken Indira Goswami started writing herautobiography. The sense of frustration and depressionin An Unfinished Autobiography gives way to themore regulated and mature emotion of New Pages.

James Olney says in his book Metaphors ofSelf: The Meaning of Autobiography:

An autobiography is a monument of the selfas it is becoming, a metaphor of the self at thesummary moment of composition (1972, 36).

And he says that the objective of anautobiography is to build “a metaphoric bridge fromsubjective self-consciousness to objective-reality”(36). Olney argues that it is difficult to define a selfas all selves are unique and they are constantlyevolving and transforming. Therefore, tocommunicate such a self to others is by discoveringor creating some similitude for the experience thatcan reflect or evoke the same experience in others.Pradip Acharya echoes a similar view when he saysthat Indira Goswami has tried to build a metaphorout of the varied experiences and the feelings arisingout of these experiences (Page 22, Rani Gohain).Indira Goswami’s autobiography conveys a senseof pain, the restlessness and the suffering that shehas undergone in various phases of her life. Writingwas her way of overcoming these. Pradip Acharyasays that Goswami’s depiction of the Radheshyami’spreparation for their funeral rites becomes ametaphor to express the relation to her writings:

In the third part of the book entitled ‘the city ofGod’ she [Mamoni] has used Radheshyami’s conceptof ourdhadoihik as a metaphor (Acharya, 1999: 23).

In spite of their pitiable economic condition,these widows often chose to starve. Whatevermeager money they are able to collect through theirwanderings is deposited with the panda, to ensurethat they are cremated after death. Experience hastaught them that unless such an insurance is takenout, their corpses could well become the food ofjackals and dogs. The insurance they purchase isillusory, since the panada, more often than not,simply pockets the money and disposes off the

widow’s body in the Yamuna.The two autobiographies differ in their basic

objectives. In the Preface to An UnfinishedAutobiography Goswami, makes it clear that she hasframed the book in the form of a novel. As a result,she could be the “master of facts, not the slave of it.And therefore she has enjoyed ample freedom oftraveling amidst imagination and dream. In thisjourney, the important source of this lady’s sensitivityis friendship, love and intimacy with different people,place and incidents” (Acharya, 1999: 23). AnUnfinished Autobiography happens to moreemotionally true than the practicality of her vision ofher later years would allow her to be in New Pages.

In spite of coming from an orthodox familyshe chose to write her autobiography in aconfessional manner which allowed her to openlydisclose her attempts to suicide, her male friendsand also her court marriage with someone out of asense of sympathy rather than love. Indira Goswamihas always questioned the prevailing patriarchalstructure of society, the practice of animal sacrifice,the complications of caste and social hierarchies andthe taboos and restrictions associated with Brahminwidows, and the stifling hold of tradition and customthroughout her fictional writings. She carries on thecrusade in both her autobiographies.

While describing the character of KamalaDas’s famous autobiography in the ninth chapterof New Pages of My Autobiography and an incidentrelating to an attempted rape, she makes thefollowing statement:

In this book, the writer [Kamala Das] givessuch a detailed description of her body and herdesires that I was shocked. Perhaps it would notbe possible for me to offer such a description”(Goswami, 2007: 137).

In this context Goswami remarks that whileshe was once asked to sit topless near him by one ofher male friends, assuring her of meaning no harm,she answered, “I consider this to be perversity and Ihave never indulged in perversity … I could neverbring myself to writing such kind of things in myautobiography” (Goswami, 2007: 37).

Such a confession questions the very notionof boldness and frankness associated with IndiraGoswami’s autobiographies. “I can only saluteMamoni for the truly heroic saga that is her life,”


said critic Amita Malik ten years ago, on readingher Unfinished Autobiography. “What is there tohide? How can I depict the stories about others’lives if I am not true to myself?”, said Indira. “Thatis why I do not hesitate in saying that I drink too –of course, only occasionally. I have never tried tosermonize. I have never alienated my writings frommy life – how can I?” (Goswami, 1988: 46).

Her protest against animal sacrifice and traditionalnorms of a Hindu Brahmin society is well reflected notonly in her writings but in the way she lives her life.She shatters the typical image of a Brahmin widow bywearing big red bindis and quite frequently, red saris.Many of her readers are unable to reconcile themselvesto the idea of a Brahmin widow, dressed in extravagantred, continuing to mourn her husband’s death whenshe says in New Pages:

Even after thirty years of his death, I amunable to talk freely about him [her husband]. Idon’t want to share the sorrows that are with me(Goswami, 2007: 134).

It appears contradictory to many readers thata widow who has intense love for her husband canso boldly break the barriers and restrictions imposedupon her by society. But, it is not so. Indira has said,

I have been watching the terrible pain andsufferings of the widows. At a very young age, Iunderstood that only a woman becomes a widow.And she has to live the terrible life of a slave(Goswami, 1988: 46).

Indira never separates her life from herwritings. She boldly announces her hatred for thesuffocating atmosphere that widows have to livein. She protests against it not only in literaturethrough the character of Giribala (who eats muttonand falls in love with a ‘melech’) and Ishari (wholoves Dharambahadur Rana) but in her own life

too. In a way she complements her ideologicalstance as a writer by the way she lives her life:

It is not only in my writings but also in theway I live my life, I protest against the social taboosassociated with widowhood. After my husband’sdeath I have never lived the life of a widow. I havenot obeyed any rules or customs. I always believethat I should have the same right as a widower.(Goswami, 1988: 46).

I have already talked about the writer’sproclamation that An Unfinished Autobiography isin the form of a novel. It is perhaps because of thisthat Indira is not very direct while expressing heremotions – be it the emotion related to herhusband’s death or her journey to Mathura withMoni Goutam’s handsome brother (Goswami,1988: 170). It is remarkable that nowhere in herautobiography does Indira disclose his name butexpresses that she had felt a pinch of a poem in herheart while sitting beside him on the Tanga. Andat one point of time she says, “It is a queer feelingthat I have as if I am sitting beside Madhu as in theold days.” (Goswami, 1988: 172).

Being a young widow Indira had to withstandmuch unwanted attention and this bitter story isnarrated in her autobiography. In New Pages of MyAutobiography she accepts her inability to talk aboutthe body and about perversity. Whatever might bethe reasons or circumstances in which both the booksare produced, we as readers will have to accept thatin spite of the apparent differences between the twotexts in the matter of selection of materials or themanner of writing, both are complementary to eachother. One is the revelation of the emotional self ofthe writer while the other is the revelation of theemotions and feelings associated with other people’slives, incidents and emotions.

1) Bharali, Hemanta (ed). Mamoni Raisom Goswami: SapnaDuhsapnar Dairy, Guwahati: Chitralekha Publication,1998.

2) Bhattacharjee, Nirmal Kanti (ed). Indian Literature,Sahitya Academi’s Bi-Monthly Journal, Vol.XL VI No.4, New Delhi: Sahitya Academi

3) Gohain, Rani (ed), Hridayar Tapaswini: Mamoni RaisomGoswamir Byaktitya Aru Sahitya, Guwahati: JyotiPrakashan, 1999.

4) Jeyan, Subash. ‘Contours of a Modernity’. The Hindu

Sunday, May 05,2002. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/05/05/stories/2002050500090500.htm

5) Olney James. Metaphors of self: The Meaning ofAutobiography, Princeton: Princeton U. Press, 1972.

6) Raisom Goswami, Mamoni. Adhalekha Dostabez (AnUnfinished Autobiography), Guwahati: Students’ Stores,1988

7) Raisom Goswami, Mamoni. Dostabezar Natun Pristha(New Pages of My Autobiography), Guwahati: JyotiPrakashan, 2007.

REFERENCES :

(The author is a freelance researcher)


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As a child with innocence I grew up,with a soft sensation I flew upas I played I learnt to cheer up,as got hurt I learnt to heal up,went school thinking to knew up,the mysteries to feel and sew up,stepped in 15 started to style up,wacthing beauties and later twist up,hasty tasty life all messed up,dreaming and dreaming all day to gear up,than approached 20 to think up,future, career..oh! shut up,thats not the ending still have a long run up,because life is like a river with continuous flow up....

Segments Till Twenty

Lohit Dutta

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Lohit Dutta studies in B.Sc IInd Year)


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Î³Î¸àt¡ >š¹àîA¡ =A¡à >àÒü¡ú ‹³¢ãÚ ëKàØl¡à³ã¹ ó¡ºt¡ [A¡áå³à>Î´ßƒàÚt¡ >à¹ã Q¹¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ "à¯‡ý¡ íÒ =à[A¡¤ºKãÚàëÒà¯à¹ *š[¹* ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ Îõ[Ê¡³èºA¡ [W¡”zà‹à¹à, šøK[t¡Åãº‹à¹oà t¡=à `¡à>A¡È¢>¹ "ƒ³¸ ÒüZáàA¡ ¤Åã®è¡t¡ A¡[¹¹à[J¤ºKãÚà íÒìá¡ú &Òü[¤ºàA¡ Î³à\¤¸¯Ñ‚àt¡ >à¹ã šå¹ç¡È¹Î³³™¢àƒà ºà®¡ A¡¹à >àÒü ™[ƒ* Î³à\t¡ K[t¡Åãº ‹à¹àìi¡à¹íÎìt¡ šå¹ç¡È ÎA¡ìº* ¤ài¡ ¤å[º¤ š[¹ìá ¤å[º A¡’¤ ë>à¯à[¹¡ú"¯ìÅ¸ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ƒÅ¢> "à¹ç¡ '[t¡Ò¸Òü >à¹ãA¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ ®¡àì¯ÒüÑ¬ãAõ¡[t¡ [ƒìá¡ú [A¡”ñ šøW¡[ºt¡ [A¡áå³à> ‹³¢ãÚ ëKàØl¡à³ãìÚ >à¹ã¹"[‹A¡à¹ Î}Aå¡[W¡t¡ A¡[¹ ët¡àºà¹ ó¡ºt¡ ¤t¢¡³à> ¤× >à¹ã³à>[ÎA¡ ®¡àì¯ [¤ì‰àÒã íÒ l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú &ì> "”z@[¤ì‰àÒ¹ó¡ºÅøç¡[t¡ìt¡Òü \–µ šàÒüìá >à¹ã¤àìƒ¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> Î³Nø [¤Å«t¡¤× ³[ÒºàÒü Ñ¬ì\¸à[t¡ì¹ šøa[ºt¡ ëÒà¯à "à[³ ëƒ[Jìáà¡ú¹à\>ã[t¡îº W¡àìº "àì³[¹A¡à ™åv¡û¡¹àÊ¡ö¹ ƒì¹ ³Òàšøt¡àšã ëƒÅë™à¯à 15 ¤á¹ ‹[¹ í¤ìƒÅãA¡ ³”|àºÚ¹ ƒì¹ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ [¤®¡àK³[ÒºàÒ ü W ¡ºàÒ ü "à[Òìá¡ú ¤à}ºàìƒÅ¹ šø‹à>³”| ã,í¤ìƒ[ÅA¡³”|ã, ®¡à¹t¡¹ ¹àÊ¡öš[t¡, [¤ì¹à‹ã ƒºš[t¡, šøàv¡û¡>

(94 šõË¡à¹ š¹à) ³à>[ÎA¡ Î³t¡à : >à¹ã šøK[t¡¹ ³èº³”|


Surjya Chutia [email protected]

Sushanta Kar 9954226966 [email protected]

Joseph Frank [email protected]

Ghanshyam Deka [email protected]

Prashant Barooah [email protected]

Prasanta [email protected]

Rajiv Deka [email protected]

Bantimala Devi 9435135049Indira Mukherjee 9831038066

[email protected] Sharma Baruah 9954388572

[email protected]. Tanushree Sarker 9435335891

[email protected] Baruwa : [email protected] Barua 9435039378

[email protected] Das 9401101229Dr. Banikanta Sarma 9859977090

If you want to talk with writers and contributors please dial or mail @Arup Baisya : 9435073117

[email protected]. Juri Dutta 9854062476Anjal Bora 9827447019

[email protected] Gogoi 9435270889Dr. Kamalesh Kalita 9435132745

[email protected] Sonowal 9954670662

[email protected] Basu 9474759997Kamal Bhattacharjee 9706585944Abhra Paul : [email protected] Gogoi 9854525102Moushumi Ghorachowa 9678167729Lohit Dutta : [email protected]. Bhuban Gogoi 9854216542

[email protected] Narayan Borkakoti 9401320512

: [email protected]. Sushmita Chakraborty 9435739925Chandan Kalita 9613590104Dr. P.J. Mazumdar

[email protected] Podder 9854364891Monoranjan Moran 9678168169Deonath Singh 9957987797

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