Aabbott methodFor scoliosis of the spine, traction is applied to produceovercorrection, followed by casting.
abdominal musclesImportant for support of the spine, these muscles arethe rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique,and transversus.
abductionMovement away from midline of body in frontal plane;applied to hip, shoulder, fingers, thumb, and foot.
abrasionAny superficial scraping of skin tissue or mucousmembrane mechanically or through injury.
abscessLocalized collection of pus in a cavity that may form inany tissue.
achondroplastic stenosisIncreased vertebral thickness, marked concavity of thevertebral body, and shortened pedicles.
acoustic neurinomasBenign tumor of the hearing nerve (eighth nerve). Aprogressively enlarging, benign tumor, usually within theinternal auditory canal or hearing nerve.
acromegalyDisorder marked by progressive enlargement of thehead, face, hands, feet, and thorax, due to the excessivesecretion of growth hormone.
action tremorA type of tremor that occurs during voluntary move-ments, such as lifting a cup to one’s mouth.
activa tremor control therapyTherapy that uses an implanted device to deliver mildelectrical stimulation to block the brain signals that causetremor. Stimulates the target nuclei in the thalamus by aninsulated wire lead with electrodes that are surgically
implanted in the brain and connected to a pulse generatorthat is implanted near the collarbone. Stimulation levelcan be adjusted to get the most possible tremor controlwith minimal side effects.acupunctureA traditional Chinese healing technique that involves theinsertion of fine needles into particular points along thebody, called meridians, with the aim of balancing vitalenergies.
acuteSevere, for a short time.
acute painPain that occurs immediately after illness or injury andresolves after healing
adenocarcinomaCancer arising from secretory cells, often in a gland.Breast and pancreatic cancers are usually adenocarcinomas.
adenomaA benign growth formed of glandular tissue.
adolescent scoliosisLateral curvature of the spine occurring during adoles-cence.
adult scoliosisScoliosis occurring after skeletal maturity.
aebi, etter, and cosicaAnterior approach to inferior C-2 to fractured dens withscrews.
AEDsAntiepileptic drugs.
afferent neuronTransmitting impulses to the central nervous system.
agnosiaAbsence of the ability to recognize the form and natureof persons and things.
agraphiaLoss of the power of writing due either to muscularincoordination or to an inability to phrase thought.
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anesthesisLiterally means “without feeling.” A lack of feeling, suchas numbness, that may be natural or induced by drugs.
anesthesiologistA medical doctor who specializes in anesthesia
anestheticA medication that causes a lack of sensation.
aneurysmDilation of an artery, formed by a circumscribedenlargement of its wall.Saccular (berry) aneurysm - sac-like bulging on one sideof an artery usually arising at an arterial branching.
angiogramA study that shows the blood vessels leading to and inthe brain by injecting a dye or contrast substance througha catheter placed in the artery in the leg.
angiomaA tumor whose cells tend to form blood vessels(hemangioma) or lymph vessels (lymphangioma).
angiographyRadiography of blood vessels using the injection ofmaterial opaque to x-rays to give better definition to thevessels.
anisospondylyDifferent abnormal shapes of the vertebral bodies.
ankylosing spinal hyperostosisArthritic disorder in which bridgingosteophytes locatedanteriorly and posteriorly on the vertebral body bind twoor more vertebrae together; Forestier disease.
ankylosing spondylitisStiffening or fixation of the vertebra; an inflammatoryjoint disease mainly affecting the spine hips, and pelvis.
annulus fibrosusThe outer, fibrous, ring-like portion of an intervertebraldisc.
anorexiaLoss of appetite; a condition marked by loss of appetiteleading to weight loss.
alar dysgenesisAbnormality in development of the sacroiliac joint.
albeeFusion of the spine using grafts across the spinousprocesses in spondylolisthesis.
alexander techniquePostural training that can reduce pain.
ALIFSee anterior lumbar interbody fusion.
allodyniaPain created by a stimulus that is not typically painful andbelow the normal threshold.
allograft boneSterile bone derived from another human used forgrafting procedures.
amaurosisLoss of vision without discoverable lesion in the eyestructures or optic nerve.Amaurosis fugax - temporary blindness occurring inshort periods.
amnesiaLoss of memory caused by brain damage or by severeemotional trauma.
analgesiaLoss of sensibility to pain, loss of response to a painfulstimulus. A medical term for a medication that relievespain.
anaplasiaIn the case of a body cell, a reversion to a more primitivecondition. A term used to denote the alteration in cellcharacter that constitutes malignancy.
anastomosisA communication, direct or indirect, a joining. In thenervous system a jointing of nerves or blood vessels.
anencephalyAbsence of the greater part of the brain, often with skulldeformity.
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anteriorFront of the body or situated nearer the front of thebody.
anterior approachWhen used to approach the cervical, cervicodorsal,dorsal, and lumbar spines, it is designed to providesufficient surface for multiple segmental spinal fusions.
anterior cervical discectomyAn operation where the cervical spine is reached througha small incision in the front of your neck. After the softtissues of the neck are separated, the intervertebral discand bone spurs are removed.
anterior cervical discectomy with fusionAn operation performed on the upper spine to relievepressure on one or more nerve roots, or on the spinalcord. The term is derived from the words anterior(front), cervical (neck), and fusion (joining the vertebraewith a bone graft).
anterior displacementForward movement of the superior segment on theinferior one.
anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF)Operation where the lumbar spine is approachedthrough an incision in the abdomen. A portion of theaffected disc space is removed from the spine andreplaced with an implant.
anterior spinal fusionApproaching the spine from the front, the intervertabledisc and/or vertebral body is removed and bone graft isinserted. Some variations of this procedure include theSmith-Robinson, Cloward and dowel procedures.
anterior spurringLigament turning to bone on anterior side of vertebralbody.
anterolateralSituated or occurring in front of and to the side.
anterolateral approachAn approach to the dorsal spine by rib resection toexplore the spine anteriorly and in some cases to dospinal fusions and decompressions spinal cord.
anti-coagulantA medication that prevents coagulation of the blood.
antidepressantA medication used to treat depression and sometimespain on a short-term basis.
antidiureticAn agent that reduces the output of urine. Antidiuretichormone (ADH) is formed in the hypothalamus andstored in the posterior pituitary gland. Its secretionreduces urine output.
ao fixateur interneA posteriorly placed spinal fixation device.
aphasiaDifficulty with, or loss of use of language, in any ofseveral ways including reading, writing or speaking.Failure of understanding of the written, printed, orspoken word not related to intelligence, but to specificlesions in the brain.
apneaCessation of respiration; inability to get one’s breath.
apoplexyA sudden event. Often used as equivalent to stroke.
arachnoidMiddle layer of membranes covering the brain and spinalcord.
arachnoiditisInflammation of the arachnoid membrane, mostcommonly seen within the spinal cord around the spinalcord and cauda equina.
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area - (cortical)A part of the brain having a special function as in Motor- The cortical portion of the brain controlling move-ment. Sensory - The cortical portion, controllingsensation.
Arnold-Chiari malformationA condition in which there is displacement of themedulla and cerebellum into the opening in the basilarpart of the occipital bone. It is one of the causes ofhydrocephalus and is usually accompanied by spinabifida and menigomyelocele.
arteriographySee angiography.
arteriosclerosisThickening and calcification of the arterial wall with lossof elasticity and contractility.
arteriovenousRelating to both arteries and veins.
arteriovenous malformationCollection of blood vessels with one or several abnormalcommunications between arteries and veins that maycause hemorrhage or seizures.
artery of adamkiewiczAn important source of blood supply to the lowerportion of the spine, usually occurring at T-9 to T-11level; however, not the only blood supply to the cord atthat level.
arthralgiaPain in a joint, usually due to arthritis or arthropathy.
arthritisInflammation of a joint usually characterized byswelling, pain and restriction of motion.
arthrodesisThe fusion of bones across a joint space, therebylimiting or eliminating movement. It may occurspontaneously or because of a surgical procedure, such asfusion of the spine.
arthropathyAny disease or disorder involving a joint.
arthroplastyThe surgical remodeling of a diseased or damaged joint.
arthroscopeAn instrument inserted into its joint cavity to view theinterior of a joint and correct certain abnormalities. Anarthroscope is an endoscope for use in a joint.
arthroscopyThe procedure of visualizing the inside of a joint bymeans of an arthroscope.
articularPertaining to a joint.
astrocyteCell that supports the nerve cells (neurons) of the brainand spinal cord.
astrocytomaTumor within the substance of the brain or spinal cordmade up of astrocytes - often classified from Grade I(slow-growing) to Grade III (rapid-growing).
ataxiaA loss of muscular coordination, abnormal clumsiness.
athetosisA condition in which there is a succession of slow,writhing, involuntary movements of the fingers andhands, and sometimes of the toes and feet.
atlanto-axialPertaining to the atlas and the axis; denoting the jointbetween the first two cervical vertebrae.
atlanto-epistrphicSee atlanto-axial.
atlanto-occipitalRelating to the atlas and the occipital bone.
atlanto-odontoidRelating to the atlas and the dens of the axis.
atlasFirst cervical vertebrae, articulating with the occipital boneand rotating around the dens of the axis.
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atonic seizureSeizures that are characterized by a sudden loss of muscletone, causing the individual to instantly drop to thefloor, commonly known as drop attacks.
atrophyA wasting of the tissues of a body part.
auraWarning sign that people with epilepsy often experienceprior to the onset of a seizure, this may consist of astrange taste, bad feeling, or tingling sensation.
autogenous boneBone originating from the same individual; anindividual”s own bone.autograft bone Bone transplanted from one part toanother part of the body in the same individual.
autologusA graft in which the donor and recipient area are in thesame individual.
autonomic nervous systemThe portion of the nervous system that regulatesinvoluntary body functions, including those of the heartand intestine. Controls blood flow, digestion, andtemperature regulation.
avascularNon-vascular, not provided with blood vessels.
AVMSee arteriovenous malformation.
axisThe vertebral column. The second cervical vertebra,about which the first cervical vertebra rotates, allowinghead movement.
axonThe part of a nerve cell that usually sends signals toother nerves or structures.
Bbaastrup d. (kissing spine)False joint formed by wide posterior spinous processesof the lumbar spine. This may become a source of pain.
backboneSee spine.
back painNonspecific term used to describe pain below the cervicalspine.
bactericidalCausing the death of bacteria.
bacteriostaticInhibiting or retarding the growth of bacteria.
Banks-Dervin rodFor scoliosis fixation; a multiple level rod that is fixedwith oblique spinous process to contralateral laminascrews.
behavioral therapyA psychological and social treatment strategy that aims tochange unhealthy behavior that may contribute to pain.
Bell’s palsyParalysis of facial muscles (usually one side) due to facialnerve dysfunction of unknown cause.
benignNot cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spreadto other parts of the body.
bioabsorbable polymerA substance, such as some plastics, which the humanbody can break down and absorb.
biocompatibilityA characteristic of some materials that when they areinserted into the body, they do not produce a significantrejection or immune response.
biodegradationThe breakdown of organic materials into simplechemicals commonly found in the body.
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biopsyRemoval of a small portion of tissue, usually formaking a diagnosis.
blood-brain-barrierThe barrier that exists between the blood and thecerebrospinal fluid and prevents the passage of varioussubstances from the bloodstream to the brain.
BMPSee bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)
BMP-like productsProteins that enhance mineralization, which can increasebone formation.
bohmanPosterior triple spinous process wiring technique in thecervical spine to secure bone graft.
boneThe hard tissue that provides structural support to thebody. It is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystalsand collagen. Individual bones may be classed as long,short, or flat.
bone derivativeOne of the substances extracted from bone, such asbone morphogenic proteins (BMP).
bone graftBone that is harvested from one location in an indi-vidual and placed in another individual (allograft bone)or in a different location in the same individual (autog-enous bone).
bone harvestingThe removal of bone for transplantation to another site.The most common sources are the iliac crests becausethese bones contain a large amount of cancellous bone,the inner spongy part, which is useful for getting graftsto take.
bone marrowThe tissue contained within the internal cavities of thebones. A major function of this tissue is to produce redblood cells.
bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)One of a family of BMPs, chemicals occurring naturallyin the body, which play a major role in bone growth.BMP-like products: proteins that enhance mineralization,which can increase bone formation.
bone plateUsually a relatively thin metal device that is affixed tobone via screws. Bone plates are used to immobilizebones or bone fragments such that healing can occur.
bone scanA test using a radioactive agent to identify injured ordamaged areas of bone. Often used to identify fracturesor tumors that may not be visible on an x-ray.
bone screwA threaded metal device inserted into bone. Thefunctions of bone screws are to immobilize bones orbone fragments or to affix other medical devices, such asmetal bone plates, to bones.
BosworthA fusion using an H-shaped bone graft in spondylolis-thesis.
bovine bone extractA BMP derived from the bones of bovines
brachialRelating to the arm.
BradfordFor kyphoscoliosis deformity; staged anterior andposterior approach for interbody fusion and correctionof deformity.
bradycardiaSlowness of the heart rate.
bradykinesiaSlowness in movement.
brattstromUse of acrylic cement for C-1 to C-2 fusion.
breakthrough painA sudden, intense increase or flare-up in pain levels.
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Brooks and JenkinsLoops of wire around lamina of C-1 and C-2 to holdbone graft between lamina.
Brown-Sequard’s syndromeLoss of sensation of touch, position sense, andmovement on the side of a spinal cord lesion, with lossof pain sensation on the other side. Caused by a lesionlimited to one side of spinal cord.
burrAn electrical drilling tool for enlarging atrephine (circular)hole in the cranium.
bursaA fluid-containing sac near or involving a joint or bonyprominence that reduces friction between a tendon and abone, or between your bone and your skin duringmovement.
CcadaverA term generally applied to a dead human bodypreserved for anatomical study.
cadavericA tissue or organ transplanted from a cadaver (deceaseddonor)
CallahanIndividual wire fixation of a strut bone graft to involvedfacets.
callosumThe great commisure of the brain between the cerebralhemispheres.
camptocormiaSevere forward flexion of upper torso, usually anexcessive psychologic reaction to back pain.
cancellous boneThe spongy or honeycomb structure of some bonetissue typically found at the ends of long bones.
capnerDraining of thoracic spinal abscess through an anterolat-eral approach.
carcinomaCancer, a malignant growth of epithelial or gland cells.
carotid arteryLarge artery on either side of the neck that suppliesblood to most of the cerebral hemisphere. Main artery tothe head that divides into external and internal carotidarteries.
carotid sinusSlight dilatation on the common carotid artery at itsbifurcation containing nerve cells sensitive to bloodpressure. Stimulation can cause slowing of the heart,vasodilatation and a fall in blood pressure.
carotid tubercleProminence of the transverse process of C-6 felt on thelateral side of the neck.
carpal tunnelSpace under a ligament in wrist through which themedian nerve enters the palm of the hand.
carpal tunnel syndromeA condition caused by compression of the median nervein the carpal tunnel, characterized especially by discomfortand disturbances of sensation in the hand.
carrierA material or device used to deliver a therapy to a site inor on the body.
cartilageThe hard, thin layer of white glossy tissue that covers theend of bone at a joint. This tissue allows motion to takeplace with a minimum amount of friction.
cartilage space narrowingNarrowing of any cartilage space; also called disc spacenarrowing.
catheterA small tube used to inject a dye to see the blood vessles,similar to that used for looking at vessels in the heart.
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cauda equinaThe bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the endof the spinal cord and filling the lower part of the spinalcanal (from approximately the thoraco-lumbar junctiondown).
cauda equina syndromeSufficient pressure on the nerves in the low back toproduce multiple nerve root irritation and commonlyloss of bowel and bladder control.
caudate nucleusPart of the basal ganglia that lie deep in the brain.causalgiaA syndrome of sustained burning pain, allodynia, andhyperpathia after a traumatic nerve lesion.
central nervous systemPart of the nervous system which consists of the brainand spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmit-ted and from which motor impulses pass out, andwhich supervises and coordinates the activity of theentire nervous system.
central painPain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunc-tion in the central nervous system.
centrumThe body of a vertebra.
cerebellumThe lower part of the brain that is beneath the posteriorportion of the cerebrum and regulates unconsciouscoordination of movement.
cerebralRelating to the brain or intellect.
cerebral cortexSurface layer of gray matter of the cerebrum thatfunctions chiefly in coordination of higher nervousactivity; called also pallium.
cerebral palsyDisability resulting from damage to the brain before orduring birth and outwardly manifested by muscularincoordination and speech disturbances.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Water-like fluid produced in the brain that circulates andprotects the brain and spinal cord, known as CSF.
cerebrumThe principal portion of the brain, which occupies themajor portion of the interior of the skull and controlsconscious movement, sensation and thought.
cervicalOf or relating to the neck.
cervical plexusPlexus of nerves that supply the neck muscles withbranches named by muscles supplied, a portion that iscalled the ansa cervicalis.
cervical ribRib-like structure in the seventh cervical vertebra that maycause nerve root irritation.
cervical spinal fusionSpinal fusion involving the seven cervical segments. Thismay include the base of the skull, the occiput, and thefirst thoracic spine.
chemonucleolysisA treatment of an intervertebral disc that consists of aninjection of chymopapain, a drug that dissolves part ofthe disc.
chiasm (optic)Crossing of visual fibers as they head toward theopposite side of the brain. For each optic nerve most ofthe visual fibers cross to the opposite side, some rundirectly backward on each side without crossing.
chiropractorA specialist in the function of the spine and nervoussystem who manipulates the skeleton and often treatsback pain.
choreaA disorder, usually of childhood, characterized byirregular, spasmodic involuntary movements of thelimbs or facial muscles.
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choroid plexusA vascular structure in the ventricles of the brain thatproduces cerebrospinal fluid.
chronic painPain that persists beyond the time for normal healing andcan last from a few months to many years. Can resultfrom disease, such as arthritis, or from an injury or surgery.Also can occur without a known injury or disease.
cingulate gyrusA long, curved convolution of the medial surface of thecortical hemisphere.
cingulotomyElectronic destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus andcallosum.
clinical studiesA process of strictly controlled evaluations involvingpatients. Some of these studies are required by the FDAprior to general release of a device or compound for usein humans.
coagulationThe process of clotting.
cobalt-chromeA term that is used in referring to cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy, a mixture of metals used in manysurgical implants.
coccyalgiaPain in the coccyx region5Also called coccygodynia, coccyodynia, coccydynia.
coccygealRemaining three or four, somewhat fixed, fusedsegments at the end of the spine (tailbone) that articulatewith sacrum above.
coccygectomyExcision of the coccyx (tailbone).
coccygotomyIncision into the coccyx (tailbone).
coccyxThe small bone at the end of the spinal column in man,formed by the fusion of four rudimentary vertebrae. Thethree, and sometimes four, segments of bone justbelow the sacrum; referred to as the tailbone.
cognitive therapyA psychological treatment that seeks to recognize andreverse negative, unhealthy thought patterns and changethem to positive healthy patterns.
collagenA fibrous protein that is a major constituent ofconnective tissue. Such as skin, tendons, ligaments,cartilage, and bones.
collarA band, usually denoting one encircling the neck.
comaA state of profound unconsciousness from which onecannot be roused.
combined stenosisFor congenital or developmental reasons, the midsagittaldiameter is decreased.
comminuted fractureA fracture in which a bone is broken into more than twopieces. Often internal or external fixation devices are usedto maintain proper alignment of the fragments.
commissural myelorrhapyA longitudinal division of the spinal cord to severcrossing fibers.
compensatory curveA curve located above or below a rigid structural curve tomaintain normal overall body alignment.
compressionA squeezing together; the exertion of pressure on a bodyin such a way as to tend to increase its density; the decreasein a dimension of a body under the action of two externalforces directed toward one another in the same straight line.
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compression of nerve rootMechanical process resulting from a tumor, fracture, orherniated disc; the resulting irritation is called radiculitisif there is actual inflammation around the nerve. Painfrom this type of disorder is called radicular pain.
computerized tomographyAn x-ray technique that uses a computer to constructcross-sectional images of the body. Also called CT scanand formerly known as CAT scan.
concussionA disruption, usually temporary, of neurologicalfunction resulting from a blow or violent shaking.
congenital scoliosisScoliosis due to bony abnormalities present at birthinvolving either failure of formation of a vertebra orseparation of adjacent vertebrae.constitutional stenosisNormal-statured individuals with congenital variance invertebral structure leading to a narrow canal.
contractTo shorten; to become reduced in size; in the case ofmuscle, either to shorten or to undergo an increase intension.
contrast mediumAny material (usually opaque to x-rays) employed todelineate or define a structure during a radiologicprocedure.
contusionA bruise; an area in which blood that has leaked out ofblood vessels is mixed with brain tissue.
cordotomyTransverse incision into the spinal cord.
coronal sutureThe line of junction of the frontal bones and the parietalbones of the skull.
corpectomyExcision of vertebral body usually combined withinterpostion of prosthesis or bone graft.
corpus callosumThe greatest commissure of the brain between thecerebral hemispheres.
cortexThe external layer of gray matter covering the hemi-spheres of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
corticalPertaining to the cortex.
cortical boneThe dense bone that forms the outer surface of bone.
corticosteroidsAnti-inflammatory drugs created from or based on anaturally occurring hormone produced by the cortex ofthe adrenal glands (cortisone).
cortisoneA naturally occurring hormone produced by the cortexof the adrenal glands. Decreases inflammation.
costoCombining form denoting relation to ribs.
costochondral junctionJunction of the rib into cartilage in the anterior chest.NOTE: Most of the ribs have attachment to the cartilagerather than a direct junction with the breastbone.
costovertebral angleJuncture of tissue inferior and lateral to the twelfth riband vertebral body.
costovertebral jointJunction of the rib with the thoracic spine.
cotrel-duboussetPosterior fixation device for spinal deformity, fracture,tumor, and degenerative conditions.
crampA painful muscle spasm caused by prolonged tetaniccontraction.
craniumThe part of the skull that holds the brain.
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craniectomyOpening of skull and removal of a portion of it.
craniopharyngiomaCongenital tumor arising from the embryonic ductbetween the brain and pharynx.
cranioplastyThe operative repair of a defect of the skull.
craniostenosisPremature closure of cranial sutures, limiting ordistorting the growth of the skull.
craniosynostosisPremature closure of cranial sutures, limiting ordistorting the growth of the skull.
craniotomyOpening of the skull, usually by creating a flap of bone.crankshaft phenomenonProgressions of a spinal curve due to continued growthof the unfused anterior aspect of the spine following aposterior spine fusion for scoliosis in children.
cricoid ringCartilage ring above the tranchea and below the thyroidcartilage, the first cricoid ring is at the level of C-6.
CSFCerebrospinal Fluid.
CSF shuntA bypass or diversion of accumulations of cerebrospinalfluid to an absorbing or excreting system.
CT scanAn x-ray type technique that uses computer technologyto provide very detailed information.
cytologyStudy of cells.
Ddance therapyThe use of dance as restorative therapy.
DBMSee demineralized bone matrix
deafferentationA loss of sensation created by the severing or destructionof sensory nerves, which is more or less permanent.
de Andrade and MacnabAnterior approach for cervical occipital fusion.
decompressionIn relation to the spine this procedure is carried out torelieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
decompressive laminectomyA decompression done by removing the lamina andspinous process.
deep brain stimulationA tremor control therapy for patients with Parkinson’sDisease or essential tremors, who do not respond effect-ively to medications. It is a surgical reversible procedurethat involves implanting a device to deliver mild electricalstimulation to block the brain signals that cause tremor.degenerativeThe lesion results from intersegmental instability oflong duration.
degenerative disc diseaseGradual or rapid deterioration of the chemical composi-tion and physical properties of the disc space.
degenerative stenosisGradual hypertrophy of the vertebral body margin, facetjoints, and ligamentum flavum leading to stenosis.
demineralized boneBone tissue which has been depleted of its minerals; e.g.,calcium and phosphorous.
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demineralized bone matrix (DBM)A source of BMP and is derived from pulverized bonespecimens that are demineralized with an acid solution.It is used as a bone grafting material, but DMB hasproduced disappointing results in clinical studies,probably due to low concentrations of BMP that canalso vary from batch to batch.
dendriteA nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward thecell body.
depressed skull fractureA break in the bones of the head in which some bone ispushed inward, possibly pushing on or cutting into thebrain.
depressionAn emotional state characterized by lack of interest in allformerly pleasurable outlets such as sex, food, friends,hobbies, and entertainment, ranging from mild to severe.
dermatomeThe sensory segmental supply to the skin and subcuta-neous tissue.
diabetes insipidusExcretion of large amounts of urine of low specificgravity. The inability to concentrate urine.
diaphragmThe muscle between the abdomen and thorax; mainmuscle of normal breathing.diastematomyeliaCongenital defect associated with spina bifida in whichthe spinal cord is split in half by bony spicules or fibrousbands, each half being surrounded by a dural sac.
diathermyThe generation of heat in tissue by electrical currents formedical or surgical purposes.
diffuse axonal injuryDamage to the axons of many nerve cells that lie indifferent parts of the brain.
diffuse brain injuryDamage to the brain that can affect many parts of thebrain, often in a subtle fashion; examples include diffuseaxonal injury and inadequate blood flow.
diphenylhydantoinDilantin; a medication used to control seizures.
diplopiaDouble vision, due usually to weakness or paralysis ofone or more of the extra-ocular muscles.
disability or “handicap”A disadvantage resulting from impairment of functionallimitations that prevents the fulfillment of a role that isnormal for that individual, given age, sex, social, andcultural factors.
discThe intervertebral disc - cartilaginous cushion foundbetween the vertebrae of the spinal column. It maybulge beyond the vertebral body and compress thenearby nerve root, causing pain. The terms “slippeddisc”, “ruptured disc” and “herniated disc” are oftenused interchangeably even though there are subtledifferences.
disc degenerationThe loss of the structural and functional integrity of thedisc.
discectomySurgical removal of part or all of an intervertebral discmaterial placing pressure on neural elements.
discitisNonbacertial inflammation of an intervertebral disc ordisc space.
disc space infectionInfection in the space normally occupied by an intervertebraldisc.
diskogram or discogramThe graphic record, usually radiographic, of discography.
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diskography or discographyRadiographic demonstration of intervertebral disc byinjection of contrast media into the nucleus of thepulposus.
dislocationDisplacement of an organ or any part; specifically disturb-ance or disarrangement of the normal relation of thebones entering the formation of a joint.
distalSituated away from the center of the body.
domeThe round balloon like portion of the aneurysm thatusually arises from the artery from a smaller portioncalled the neck of the aneurysm.
dopplerA non-invasive study that uses sound waves to showthe flow in a blood vessel and can be used to determinethe degree of narrowing (percent stenosis) of the vessel.A wand is placed on the skin over the vessel to beimaged. This study has no risks and is not painful.
dorsal columnThe main, normal sensory tract to the brain.
dorsal lateral columnThe main tract of position and tone to the brain.
dorsolateralAn approach to the dorsal spine by costotransversectomy,usually done for fractures and other affections of thespinal cord.
double curveTwo lateral curves in a single spine; double major curveis two lateral curves of equal magnitude, and doublethoracic curve is two thoracic curves.
drug addictionBoth a physical and psychological dependence on a habit-forming substance, such as a narcotic drug.
drug dependenceA physical dependence on the effects of a particularhabit-forming drug, and one that does not have acomponent of psychological need.
drug toleranceThe point at which doses of some drug lose theireffectiveness, when the dose must be increased to achievea similar result.
DunnFor myelomeningocele spinal deformity; use ofcontouring L-rod for posterior stabilization.
duraSee dura mater.
duralPertaining to the dura.
dura materA tough fibrous membrane that covers the brain andspinal cord, separated from them by a small space.
DwyerAnteriorly placed screws and band device for correctionof spinal deformities.
Dwyer-HartsillFor failed lumbar degenerative disc disease; pedicle screwswired to a rectangular frame along with posterolateralfusion.
dysesthesiaAn abnormal and painful sensation that can occurspontaneously or in response to a particular stimulus.
dysphasiaDifficulty in the use of language due to a brain lesionwithout mental impairment.dysplasticCongenital abnormalities of the arch of the sacrum orthe arch of L-5 that permit the slipping to occur.
dysraphismAny failure of closure of the primary neural tube. Thisgeneral category would include the disorder myelomenin-gocele.
dystonia musculorm deformansAn affliction occurring especially in children, marked bymuscular contractions producing distortions of the spinand hips.
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eggshellExcavation of vertebral body for correction of deformitythat is combined with spinal fusion.
electroencephalopgrahy (EEG)The study of the electrical currents set up by brain actions;the record made is called an electroencephalogram.
electromyography (EMG)A test designed to evaluate the function of nerves andmuscles and to detect diseases or injury to either.
encephaloceleProtrusion of the brain through a cranial fissure.
endorphinsNatural chemical substances that relieve pain.
endarterectomyRemoval of fatty or cholesterol plaques and calcifieddeposits from the internal wall of an artery.
endocrine glandA gland which furnishes an internal secretion, usuallyhaving an effect on another organ.
endocrinopathyAny disease due to abnormality of quantity or quality inone or more of the internal glandular secretions.
endogenousArising within or derived from the body.
endoscopeA medical device for viewing internal portions of thebody. It is usually comprised of fiber optic tubes andvideo display instruments.
endoscopyInspection of internal body structures or cavities usingan endoscope.
enkephalinsNaturally occurring molecules in the brain. Enkephalinsattach to special receptors in the brain and spinal cord tostop pain messages. They also affect other functionwithin the brain and nervous system.
ependymaThe membrane lining the cerebral ventricles of the brainand central canal of the spinal cord.
ependymomaA growth in the brain or spinal cord arising fromependymal tissue. Tumor of the spinal cord.
epiduralImmediately outside the dura mater. Same as extradural.
epidural anestheticDrugs injected between the middle and lower back todeaden sensation in nerves that lead to the chest andlower part of the body.
epidural hematomaA blood clot between the dura mater and the inside ofthe skull.
epilepsyDisorder characterized by abnormal electrical discharges inthe brain, causing abnormal sensation, movement orlevel of consciousness.
esophagusPortion of the gut between the mouth and stomach inthe anterior neck.
euphoriaA happy mood of well-being or buoyant self-confidence.
excisionRemoval by cutting away material.extraduralOn the outer side of the dura mater.
exogenousOriginating outside of the body.
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fatigueThat state, following a period of mental or bodilyactivity; characterized by a lessened capacity for work andreduced efficiency of accomplishment, usually accompa-nied by a feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability.
fatigue fractureA fracture that occurs in bone or in other materials.Including metal, because of repeated stress as opposedto a single injury.
FDASee Food and Drug Administration.
fenestration (of cyst)Surgical creation of window-like opening.
fibrosisThe replacement of normal tissue with scar tissue.
fibromyositisChronic inflammation of a muscle with an overgrowth,or hyperplasia, of the connective tissue.
field block injectionA procedure used to relax a muscle or to reduce musclepain and inflammation. The targeted muscle is injectedwith a local anesthetic and corticosteroid. Also calledtrigger point injection.
fissureA groove or natural division, deep furrow in the brain.
flattening of normal lumbar curveCondition in which the hollow of the back becomesshallow or even straight.
flexionThe act of flexing or bending; bending of a joint so asto approximate the parts it connects.
fontanelleNormal openings in he skull of infants; the largest ofthese is the anterior fontanel or “soft spot” in themiddle of the head.
fontanelles“Soft spots” of the infant’s head, normal unossifiedareas in the infant skull.
extensionThe act of bringing the distal portion of a joint incontinuity (though only parallel) with the long axis ofthe proximal portion.
extrusionDisplaced material reaches the spinal canal through fibersof the annulus, but remains connected to the central discmaterial.
FfacetA flat, plate-like surface that acts as part of a joint; as seenin the vertebrae of the spine and in the subtalar joint ofthe ankle. Each vertebra has two superior and twoinferior facets.
facet arthropathyA degenerative disease affecting the facet joint
facectomyExcision of an articular facet of a vertebra.
facet tropismAsymmetrical orientation of the facets comparing rightto left side.
failure of segmentationFailure of a portion or all of two or more adjoiningvertebrae to separate into normal units.
falx (cerebri)An extension of dura between the right and lefthemispheres of the brain.
family doctorA medical doctor usually referred to as a general practitio-ner, family practitioner, or internist. May prescribe medi-cations and other treatments to help manage pain, or theymay refer to other medical doctors who specialize inparticular areas.
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)The Federal government agency that has regulatoryauthority over the manufacture, distribution, andlabeling of drugs, medical devices, and foods.
foramenA natural opening or passage in bone. An openingallowing for the egress of spinal nerve roots frombetween two vertebrae.
foraminotomySurgical opening or enlargement of the bony openingtraversed by a nerve root as it leaves the spinal canal. Aprocedure carried out alone or in conjunction with discsurgery.
fractureA disruption of the normal continuity of bone.
fracture-dislocationFracture of a bone that is also dislocated from its normalposition in a joint.
functional scoliosisAny scoliosis that is caused by leg length or other function-al disorder and not by a primary curvature of the spine.
functional stereotactic neurosurgerySurgery intended to improve the function of the centralnervous system. A stereotactic head frame is used alongwith imaging techniques to map the brain and localizethe surgical target.
fusiform aneurysmA sausage-like enlargement of the vessel
fusionUnion or healing of bone (see arthrodesis).
GgallieWire around lamina of C-1 and spinous process of C-2.
gamma knifeEquipment that precisely delivers a concentrated dose ofradiation to a predetermined target using gamma rays.
gasserion ganglionMass of nervous tissue lying on the sensory root of thetrigeminal nerve.general anestheticCauses lack of consciousness and is injected or inhaled,as before surgery.
generalized seizuresSeizures involving widespread areas on both sides of thebrain at the time of onset. The generalized nature ofthese seizures accounts for their dramatic manifestations,which include loss of consciousness or awareness andconvulsions. About 39% epileptics suffer primarily fromgeneralized seizures.
GettyFor decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis; excisionof lamina and portion of facet.
GillRemoval of the posterior spinal arch in spondylolisthesis.
Gill, Manning, and WhiteA procedure sometimes combined with posterolateralspinal fusion.
glasgow coma scaleThe most widely used system of classifying the severityof head injuries or other neurologic diseases.
glasgow outcome scaleA widely used system of classifying outcome after headinjury or other neurologic diseases.
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glenoidResembling a socket; denoting the articular depressionof the scapula entering the formation of the shoulderjoint.
glenohumeralRelating to the glenoid cavity and the humerus.
glia (also termed neuroglia)The major support cells of the brain. These cells are in-volved in the nutrition and maintenance of the nerve cells.
glioblastomaA general term for malignant forms of astrocytoma.
gliomaA tumor formed by glial cells.
globus pallidusPart of the basal ganglia that lie deep in the brain.
GoldsteinFor scoliosis deformity graft incorporating posteriorelements, including facet joints and ribs.
graftAny free (unattached) tissue or organ for transplantation.
gray matterThe nerve cell bodies to muscle and sensory outflow andinput, respectively.
grisel syndromeSubluxation of the atlantoaxial joint from inflammatoryligamentous laxity due to infection. Can result in neuro-logic complications.
HhabitAn act, behavioral response, practice, or custom estab-lished in one’s repertoire by frequent repetition of thesame act.
halifaxClamp across lamina of C-1 and C-2.
harrington rodAn instrumentation and fusion using a straight, stiffrod for distraction or compression; associated with aposterior spinal fusion in the thoracic or thoracolumbarspine for scoliosis or trauma.
headachePain in various parts of the head, not confined to thearea of distribution of any nerve.
heatA high temperature, the sensation produced by proxim-ity to fire or an incandescent object, as opposed to cold.
hemangiomaA benign tumor consisting of a mass of blood vessels.
hematomyeliaEffusion of blood (hemorrhage) into the substance ofthe spinal cord.
hematorrhachisSpinal apoplexy; hemorrhage into vertebral canal.
hemispherectomyExcision of one cerebral hemisphere undertaken formalignant tumors, intractable epilepsy usually associatedwith infantile hemiplegia due to birth injury and othercerebral conditions.
hematomaA blood clot.
hemianopiaLoss of vision of one-half of the visual field.
hemiatrophyAtrophy of half of an organ or half of the body.
hemilaminectomyThe excision of only one side of the lamina (right orleft) relative to other spinous process.
hemiplegiaParalysis of one side of the body.
hemorrhageBleeding due to the escape of blood from a blood vessel.
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hereditaryTransmissible from parent to offspring by informationencoded in the parental germ cell.
heredityThe transmission of characters from parent to offspringby information encoded in the parental germ cells.Genealogy.
herniated intervertbral disc (HID)Extrusion of part of the nucleus pulposus materialthrough a defect in the annulus fibrosus. Out-pouchingof a disc.
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)Extrusion of the central portion of an intervertebral discthrough the outer cartilaginous ring. The material cancompress the spinal cord or nerves in or exiting thespinal canal.
herniationFormation of a protrusion.
heterotopic bone formationThe occurrence of bone growth in an abnormal location.
Hibbs spinal fusionA lumbar spinal fusion that includes fusing the spinousprocess, lamina, and facet for stabilization.
HodgsonAnterior approach to C-1 and C-2 area for drainage oftuberculosis abscess.
hookFor spinal applications, a metallic medical device used toconnect spinal structures to a rod.
hormoneA chemical substance formed in one gland or part of thebody and carried by the blood to another organ that itstimulates to functional activity.
humerusThe bone of the arm, articulating with the scapula aboveand the radius and ulna below.
hydrocephalusA condition, often congenital, marked by abnormal andexcessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in thecerebral ventricles. This dilates the ventricles and ininfants and young children causes the head to enlarge.
hydromyeliaExpansion of the spinal cord due to increased size ofthe central canal of the cord that is filled with CSF.
hydroxyapatite (HA)The lattice-like structure of bone composed of calciumand phosphorous crystals that deposits on collagen toprovide the rigid structure of bone.
hyoid boneSmall, vertically oriented bones lateral to trachea, locatedat the level of C-3.
hyperExcessive, above normal.
hyperacusisAbnormal acuteness of hearing or auditory sensation.
hyperalgesiaAn abnormal increase in the intensity of pain.
hyperesthesiaA hypersensitivity to sensation of any kind in responseto a stimulus.
hyperextensionExtension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
hyperflexionFlexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
hyperlordosisIncrease in the normal anterior concavity of the cervicalor lumbar spine.
hyperpathiaA syndrome in which the pain response is exaggeratedbeyond normal, often produced under repeatedexposure to a stimulus that initially is not painful.
hypertensionHigh blood pressure.
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hypoalgesiaDiminished sensitivity to noxious stimulation.
hypoesthesiaDiminished sensitivity to stimulation, excluding specialsenses.
hypophysectomyExcision of the hypophysis cerebri.
hypophysis cerebriA gland of internal secretion lying on the upper surfaceof the sphenoid (wedge shaped) bone.
hypothalamusA collection of specialized nerve cells at the base of thebrain that controls the anterior and posterior pituitarysecretions, and is involved in other basic regulatoryfunctions such as temperature control and attention.
IidiopathicComing from an unknown cause, or caused by medicaltreatment.
idiopathic scoliosisStructural lateral curvature of an unknown cause.
iliac boneA part of the pelvic bone that is above the hip joint andfrom which autogenous bone grafts are frequentlyobtained.
iliac crestThe large, prominent portion of the pelvic bone at thebelt line of the body.
iliopsoas muscleLarge muscles starting at L-1 and becoming wider as itpicks up segments from the lower lumbar spine;combines with the iliacus muscle before attaching to thelesser trochanter of the hip.
immobilizationLimitation of motion or fixation of a body part usuallyto promote healing.
impairmentAny loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological,or anatomical structure or function.
infantile scoliosisLateral curvature of the spine that begins before age 3.
inferiorSituated below or directed downward.
inflammationDefensive reaction of the body to damage, characterizedby surface redness, swelling, and hypersensitivity of pain-sensing neurons.
informed consentConsent of the patient who has received sufficientinformation to have surgery, receive medication, orparticipate in a clinical study.
infratentorialBeneath the tentorium.
infundibulumA stalk extending from the base of the brain to thepituitary gland.
insomniaAn inability to sleep, or sleep prematurely ended orinterrupted, often caused by anxiety and pain.Institutional Review Board (IRB)A committee designated by an institution, such as ahospital, to review and approve research projects; e.g.,clinical studies in that institution.
instrumentationThe use of instruments such as metal screws or bracesduring a surgical procedure to support bone as it heals.
interbodyBetween the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae
intercostalsThe muscles between the ribs.
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internal fixationThe immobilization of bone fragments or joints withimplants in order to promote healing or fusion.
interspinous ligamentLigament between each of the spinous processes.
interspinous pseudarthrosisFormation of a false joint between two spinous processes.
intervertebral discSee Disc (Intervertebral).
intervertebral disc narrowingNarrowing of the space between any two vertebral bodies.
intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation deviceA pump that is inserted into the main vessel of thebody, the aorta, to help the heart deliver blood to criticalorgans such as the brain or kidneys.
intracerebellarWithin the cerebellum.
intra-arterial catheterization angiographyAn invasive study in which a catheter (a small tube) isplaced in the artery and contrast material is injected towhich makes the blood vessels visible on an X-Ray image.The catheter is inserted in the groin into the femoral artery(the artery to the leg) through a needle, and is guided intothe arteries in the neck and head. This study is associatedwith a very small (less than 0.05 % chance of seriouscomplications) and requires the patient to lie in bed forapproximately six hours to allow the leg vessel to heal.
intracerebralWithin the cerebrum.
intracerebral hematomaA blood clot within the brain.
intracranialWithin the cranium of the skull.
intracranial pressure (ICP)The overall pressure inside the skull.
intraoperative cisternographyAdministration of a contrast dye into the ventricles,which are chambers in the brain that contain brain fluid.
intramedullaryRefers to medullaris, marrow; (1) within the medullaoblongata of the brain, (2) within the spinal cord, and(3) within the marrow cavity of bone.
intrathecal drug deliveryUse of a small pump surgically placed under the skin ofthe abdomen to deliver morphine directly into theintrathecal space (where fluid flows around the spinalcord). The medication travels through a small tube calleda catheter that is also surgically placed. The spinal cord islike a highway for pain signals on their way to the brain,where the body experiences the feeling of pain.
intravenousWithin or into a vein.
intrinsicSituated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part.
invasive procedureAny medical procedure in which body tissues are penetratedby an instrument that could cause discomfort or pain.
Investigational Device Exemption (IDE)A FDA regulatory status which permits the human useof an unapproved medical device for the purposes ofcollecting clinical data under strictly controlled conditions.
in vitroDescribing biological phenomena that are made to occuroutside the living body traditionally in a test tube. Invitro is Latin for in glass.in vivoWithin a living body. In vivo is Latin for in life.
ischemiaInadequate circulation of blood generally due to ablockage of an artery.
isolaA posterior fixation device.
isometricOf equal dimensions. In physiology, denoting the cond-ition when the ends of a contracting muscle are held fixedso that contraction produces increased tension at aconstant overall length.
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isotonicRelating to isotonicity or isotonia. Having equal tension;denoting solutions possessing the same osmotic pressure;more specifically, limited to situations in which cells canneither swell nor shrink.
isthmicThe lesion is in the pars interarticularis. Three typesoccur: lytic, fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis;elongated but intact pars interarticularis; and acutefracture of the pars interarticularis.
JJacobs locking hookThick, threaded rods for fixation of various spinaldeformities.
Jarcho-Levin syndromeExtensive defects of the spine with associated defects inthe ribs leading to a small, stiff thorax and pulmonarycompromise.
jointThe junction or articulation of two or more bones thatpermits varying degrees of motion between the bones.
joints of luschka (uncovertebral joints)Unique to the cervical spine, these joint-like structures areformed by the apposition of posterolateral portions ofadjacent vertebral bodies; forms the anterior portion ofthe canal where nerves pass through.
jugular veinThe major vein on each side of the neck draining bloodfrom the head towards the heart. Large obvious vein inthe neck.
juvenile rheumatoid arthritisGeneralized inflammatory joint disease in children.
juvenile scoliosisBegins between the ages of 3 and 10 years of age.
KkanedaAn anteriorly placed fixation device for spinal deformities.
kineticRelating to motion or movement.
knodt distraction rodFor distraction stabilization of thoracic and lumbar spine.
kostuick-harringtonAnteriorly placed device for spinal deformity correction.
kyphectomyFor kyphotic deformity in myelodysplasia; excision ofkyphotic portion of lumbar spine combined with spinalfixation.
kyphoscoliosisLateral curvature of the spine associated with forwardinclination of the spine.
kyphosisAn abnormal increase in the normal kyphotic curvatureof the thoracic spine. Round shoulder deformity,humpback, dorsal kyphotic curvature; may refer to anyforward-bending area or deformity of the spine.
LlabyrinthThe internal ear, comprising the semi-circular canals,vestibule and cochlea.
laminaThe flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch,forming the roof of the spinal canal. The posterior partof the spinal ring that covers the spinal cord or nerves.
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laminectomyExcision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae.Removal of the lamina, the bony element covering theposterior portion of the spinal canal.
laminoplastyThe lamina are hinged laterally opened like a door, andsecured in their new position with suture or bone toenlarge the spinal canal.
laminotomyAn opening made in a lamina. Formation of a hole inthe lamina without disrupting the continuity of the entirelamina to approach the intervertebral disc or neural structures.
laparoscopyA form of minimally invasive surgery using a type ofendoscope known as a laparoscope. The technique allowssurgeons to perform procedures without making majorincisions that can lead to long recovery times.
laserLight Amplification by Stimulated Emission ofRadiation. The device that produces a focused beam oflight at a defined wavelength that can vaporize tissue. Insurgery, lasers can be used to operate on small areaswithout damaging delicate surrounding tissue.
lateralSituated away from the midline of the body.
lateral massThe lateral expansion of the spinal ring in the cervicalspine, consisting of the facet joints and intervening boneas well as a tunnel through which the vertebral arterytravels in the second through fifth cervical vertebra.
LeedsFor scoliosis, segmental wiring of a contoured square-ended Harrington rod.
leptomeningesTwo thin layers of fine tissue covering the brain andspinal cord (The pia mater and arachnoid).
leptomeningitisInflammation of the membranes covering the brain andspinal cord.
leptomeningopathyDisease of the arachnoid or pia matter of the brain andspinal cord.
leukodystrophyDisturbance of the white matter of the brain.
leukoencephalitisAn inflammation of the white matter of the brain.
ligamentA band of flexible, fibrous connective tissue that isattached at the end of a bone near a joint. The mainfunction of a ligament is to attach bones to one another,to provide stability of a joint, and to prevent or limitsome joint motion.
ligamentousRelating to or of the form or structure of a ligament.
ligamentum flavumA band of yellow elastic tissue that runs between thelaminae from the axis to the sacrum; it assists inmaintaining or regaining erect position and serves toclose in the spaces between the arches.
limbus annulareA mass of bone situated at the anterospuerior marginof a vertebra. Arises from failure of fusion of theprimary and secondary ossification centers.
linear acceleratorEquipment that precisely delivers a concentrated dose ofradiation to a predetermined target using x-rays.
lipomaA benign fatty tumor usually composed of mature fat cells.
local anestheticProduces a numbness in localized part of the body andis often administered by injection near a particular nerve.
localioFor sacral tumor; a method for partial excision of thesacrum.
localizationLimitation to a definite area.The reference of a sensation to its point of origin.
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Long Beach pedicle screwPosterolateral fusion screw and rod device.
longissimus colliLong muscle immediately anterior to the cervical spine.
long tractsThe nerve fibers that connect the voluntary musclemessages from the brain.
lordoscoliosisLateral curvature of the spine associated with backwardbending of the spine.
lordosisCurvature of the spine with the convexity forward. Nota disease state, but the normal anterior concavity of theneck or low back.
loughheed and whiteFor drainage of lower abdominal abscess; coccygectomyand drainage from space anterior to sacrum.
lumbagoA non-medical term signifying pain in the lumbarregion. Archaic term meaning back pain.
lumbarThe lower part of the spine between the thoracic regionand the sacrum. The lumbar spine consists of fivevertebrae. The five moveable spinal segments of thelower back and largest of the spinal segments.
lumbar curveCurve with apex between the first and the fourth lumbarvertebrae.
lumbar drainA device (usually a long, thin, flexible tube) inserted throughthe skin into the cerebrospinal fluid space of the lowerback; provides a method of draining cerebrospinal fluid.
lumbarizationPartial or complete formations of a free-moving firstsacral segment so that it looks like a lumbar vertebra.
lumbar kyphosisReverse of the normal curve of the low back.
lumbar lordosisAngle made by lines drawn from the superior surface ofthe first and fifth lumbar vertebra.
lumbar microdiscectomyAn operation on the lumbar spine performed using asurgical microscope and microsurgical techniques.
lumbosacral curveA lateral curve with its aspect at or between the fifthlumbar vertebra.
lumbosacral joint angleAngle between the inferior surface of the fifth lumbarvertebra and the top of the sacrum.
luque instrumentationA posterior method of fixation.
luque isfFor posterolateral fusion fixation; a pedicle screw andplate device.
luxationDislocation
MMacCarthy procedureFor sacral tumor; a method of excision of the sacrum.
magerlTransarticular facet screw fusion for posterior C-1 on C-2with the use of bilateral screws directed from inferiorposterior lateral mass to anterior superior C-1.
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)A non-invasive study that is conducted in a MagneticResonance Imager (MRI). The magnetic images areassembled by a computer to provide an image of thearteries in the head and neck. No contrast material isneeded, but some patients may experience claustropho-bia in the imager.
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)An image produced by use of magnetic fields and radiowaves to visualize body structures.
malignantResistant to treatment; occurring in severe form, andfrequently fatal; tending to become worse and leading toan ingravescent course.
marginal osteophytesExcess bone formation at the margin of the vertebralbody; spondylosis.
Marie-Strümpell diseaseInflammation of the spine, occurring as a rheumatoid-tyoe disease in children.
massageA method of manipulation of the body by rubbing,pinching, kneading, tapping, etc.
massage therapyA pain-relieving therapy that strokes or kneads themuscles with various forms of therapeutic massage.
McaffeeAnterior retropharyngeal approach to upper cervicalspine; often used for fusion, allowing excision of tumor.
medialSituated closer to the midline of the body.
median nerveThe nerve formed from the brachial plexus that suppliesmuscles in the anterior forearm and thumb, as well as,sensation of the hand. It may be compressed or trappedat the wrist in carpal tunnel syndrome.
medical device report (MDR)The required reporting of ’ medical device complaintsinvolving a patient death, serious injury, or devicemalfunction.
medicationThe act of medicating. A medical substance, or medicament.
medulla oblongataThe lower portion of the brain stem.
medulloblastomaTumor composed of medulloblasts, which are cells thatdevelop in the roof of the fourth ventricle (medullaryvelum).
meningesThe three membranes covering the spinal cord and braintermed dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
meningiomaA firm, often vascular, tumor arising from the coveringsof the brain. Does not recur if totally removed.
meningismusApparent irritation of brain or spinal cord in whichsymptoms simulate meningitis but in which no actualinflammation of the membranes is present; meningism.
meningitisAn infection or inflammation of the membranescovering the brain and spinal cord. Caused by infectiousagents such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses.
meningoceleA protrusion of the coverings of the spinal cord or brainthrough a defect in the skull or vertebral column. May becongenital or acquired.
meningoencephalitisAn inflammation or infection of the brain and spinalcord and their membranes.
meningoencephaloceleA protrusion of both the meninges and brain tissuethrough a skull defect.
meningomyelitisInflammation of spinal cord, its enveloping arachnoidand pia mater, and sometimes the dura mater.
MeyerFor C-1 to C-2 instability, posterior fusion using verticalstrut grafts and wires.
modified frankel classificationScale for spinal cord damage due to any cause.
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morbidityThe frequency of the appearance of complicationsfollowing a surgical procedure or the other treatment.
mesencephalicRelating to that part of the brain stem known as themesencephalon.
minimal access discectomyan operation performed on the upper spine to relievepressure on one or more nerve roots.
minimally invasive lumbarlaminectomy/discectomyAn operation performed on the lower spine to relievepressure on one or more nerve roots. The term isderived from the words lumbar (low back), anddiscectomy (remove a portion of the intervertebral disc).
minimally invasive surgerySurgery requiring small incision(s), usually performedwith endoscopic visualization.
MRASee magnetic resonance angiography.
MRISee magnetic resonance imaging.
muscular dystrophyAny of a group of hereditary diseases characterized byprogressive degeneration of the muscles.
musculatureThe arrangement of the muscles in a part or in the bodyas a whole.
musculoskeletal injuriesInjuries affecting the muscles.
music therapyThe use of music as restorative therapy.
myalgiaMuscular pain.
myelalgiaPain in the spinal cord.
myelanalosisWasting of spinal marrow, tabes dorsalis.
myelapoplexyLoss of nerve strength caused by some disorder of thespinal cord.
myelastheniaLoss of nerve strength caused by some disorder of thespinal cord.
myelateliaImperfect development of the spinal cord.
myelatrophyAtrophy (wasting away) of spinal cord because of lack ofnutrition, causing it to diminish in size.
myelauxeAbnormal increase in size of spinal cord.
myeleterosisAbnormal alteration of the spinal cord.
myelinThe fat-like substance that surrounds the axon of nervefibers and forms an insulating material.
myeloceleProtrusion of the spinal cord in spina bifida. Herniationand protrusion of substance of spinal cord throughdefect in the bony spinal canal.
myelocystoceleCystic protrusion of substance of the spinal cordthrough a defect in the bony spinal canal.
myelocystomeningoceleCystic protrusion of substance of the spinal cord, withmeninges, through a defect in the spinal canal.
myelodyiastasisSeparation of the spinal cord.
myelodysplasiaDefective development of any part of spinal cord.
myeloencephalitisInflammation of the spinal cord and brain;myelencephalitis.
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myelogramAn x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of acontrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinalfluid spaces.
myelographyRadiography of spinal cord and nerve roots after theinjection of a contrast medium into the spinal subarach-noid space.
myelomalaciaSoftening of the spinal cord.
myelomeningitisInflammation of the spinal cord and meninges (spinalmembranes).
myelomeningoceleA protrusion of the spinal cord and its coverings througha defect in the vertebral column. Herniation of cord andmeninges through a defect in the vertebral column.
myeloneuritisInflammation of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
myeloparalysisSpinal paralysis.
myelopathyAny functional or pathologic disturbance in the spinalcord.
myelophthisisWasting of the spinal cord; reduction of cell-formingfunction of bone marrow.
myeloplegiaSpinal paralysis.
myeloradiculitisInflammation of spinal cord and nerve roots.
myeloradiculopathyDisease of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
myelorrhagiaSpinal hemorrhage.
myeloscelerosisHardening of the spinal cord.
myelosyphilisSyphilis of the spinal cord.
myelotomyA procedure for severing tracts in the spinal cord.
myofascial painPain and tenderness in the muscles and adjacent fibroustissues (fascia).
myopathyAny disease of muscle.
myositisInflammation of the muscle.
NNaffziger syndromeIntervertebral disc disease, cervical rib, or some otherdisorder causes the scalene muscles to go into spasm,resulting in pressure on the major nerve plexus of thearm causing pain in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand;scalenus anticus syndrome.
narcoticsA group of drugs that relieve pain by preventingtransmission of pain messages to the brain.
neoplasmAny new or abnormal growth, specifically a new growthof tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled.
nerveA whitish cordlike structure composed of one or morebundles of myelinated or unlyelinated fibers, or more oftenmixtures of both coursing outside of the central nervoussystem, together with connective tissue within the fascicleand around the neurolemma of individual fibers.
nerve blockA local anesthetic that is injected around a nerve,preventing pain messages traveling along that nervepathway from reaching the brain. Used most often torelieve pain for a short period, such as during a surgery.
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nerve rootThe portion of a spinal nerve in close proximity to itsorigin from the spinal cord.
nervous systemThe entire system of nerve cells and nerves, includingthe brain and spinal cord, which receive and respond tostimuli.
neural archThe bony arch of the posterior aspect of a vertebra thatsurrounds the spinal cord, also referred to as thevertebral arch.
neuralgiaPain in distribution of nerves.
neurectomyExcision of part of a nerve.
neuritisA medical term for inflammation of the nerves.
neuroblastomaTumor of sympathetic nervous system origin, foundmostly in infants and children.
neurofibromaA tumor of the peripheral nerves due to an abnormalcollection of fibrous and insulating cells.
neurofibromatosisA familial condition characterized by developmentalchanges in the nervous system, muscles and skin,marked by numerous tumors affecting these organsystems.
neurogenic painPain initiated or caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction,or transitory perturbation in the peripheral or centralnervous system.
neurohypophysisThe posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
neurologistA medical doctor who treats disorders of the nervoussystem, such as certain types of headaches and forms ofnerve damage.
neurolysisRemoval of scar or reactive tissue from a nerve or nerveroot.neurolyticA substance or procedure that destroys nerves.
neuromaA tumor or new growth largely made up of nerve fibersand connective tissue.
neuromuscular scoliosisScoliosis caused by a muscle or central nervous systemdisorder.
neuronAny single nerve cell that carries electrical impulses in onedirection or the other. Each neuron contains a cell bodythat contains the nucleus, and fine branches or terminalsat each end.
neuropathic painPain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunc-tion in the nervous system.
neuropathyA disturbance of function or a pathological change in anerve.
neurostimulationSurgical placement of a medical device under the skin tosend mild electrical impulses to the spinal cord. Theelectrical impulses travel through a lead (a special medicalwire) that is also surgically placed. These electrical impulsesblock the signal of pain from reaching the brain.Peripheral nerve stimulation, a form of neurostimulation,works in a similar way. For this treatment, the lead isplaced at the site of the specific nerve that is causing painrather than near the spinal cord. Because neurostimulationworks in the area where pain signals travel (the spinalcord or specific nerve), electrical impulses (which are feltas tingling) can be directed to cover the specific siteswhere a patient is feeling pain.
neurostimulatorA device for electrical excitation of the central or periph-eral nervous system.
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neurosurgeryThe surgical specialty involved in the treatment ofdisorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
neurotransmitterChemical compounds flowing across tiny spaces calledsynapses between neurons, helping to transmit orsuppress messages from one part of the body toanother in a fraction of a second.
NewmanC-1 to C-2 posterior fusion without fixation.
nociceptive painPain caused by an injury or disease outside the nervoussystem. It is often an on-going dull ache or pressure,rather than the sharper, trauma-like pain more character-istic of neuropathic pain. One example of nociceptivepain is arthritis pain.
nociceptorA nerve receptor sensitive to noxious stimuli thattransmit the impulse. Nociception is the process bywhich a noxious stimulus is transmitted by the periph-eral nervous system to the spinal cord and brain.
non-unionFailure of the fragments of a fractured bone to heal or toobtain bony fusion following an arthrodesis.
NSAIDsNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirinthat relieve the pain associated with inflammation.
nuchal ligamentLarge posterior midline ligament in the neck from thebase of the skull to the seventh cervical vertebra.
nucleus pulposusThe semi-gelatinous tissue in the center of an interverte-bral disc. It is surrounded and contained by the annulusfibrosus which prevents this material from protrudingoutside the disc space.
nurick scaleClassification scale for spinal cord compression due tospondylosis.
nutritionist or registered dieticianSpecialist who designs an appropriate nutritionalprogram focusing on aspects of diet.
nystagmusInvoluntary rapid movement of the eyes in the horizon-tal, vertical or rotary planes of the eyeball.
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Ooccipital nerveNerve from the back of the neck that supplies motorfunction and sensation to the forehead; two parts-greater and lesser.
occiputThe back part of the head. The base of the skull.
occupational therapyA therapy that helps build or restore the ability to carryout everyday tasks at home or at work.
oligodendrogliaNon-nerve cells, (see glia) forming part of the support-ing structure of the central nervous system.
oligodendrogliomaA growth of new cells derived from the oligodendroglia
olisthySlipping of bone(s) from normal anatomic site; forexample, a slipped disc.
ophthalmoplegiaParalysis of one or more of the eye muscles.
opiate drugsDrugs refined or chemically derived from the opiumpoppy, such as morphine. Also called narcotics.
opioidsPrescription medications that relieve pain by binding toreceptors in the brain and spinal cord. Some are naturalcompounds derived from opium; others are syntheticmedications that work in a similar way.
orthopaedic implantsMedical devices used to replace or provide fixation ofbone or to replace articulating surfaces of a joint.
orthopaedics (also orthopedics)The medical specialty involved in the preservation andrestoration of function of the musculoskeletal systemthat includes treatment of spinal disorders and periph-eral nerve lesions.
orthopedic surgeonA physician who treats the musculoskeletal system,extremities, and spine by operation or manipulation.
orthopedistA medical doctor who treats disorders involving thebones or joints of the skeleton, such as spinal problems.
ossificationThe process of forming bone in the body.
osteoarthritisArthritis characterized by erosion of articular cartilage,either primary or secondary to trauma or other condi-tions, which becomes soft, frayed, and thinned witheburnation of subchondral bone and outgrowths ofmarginal osteophytes.
osteoinductiveA material with the ability to induce bone to grow.
osteomaA benign tumor of bone.
osteomyelitisInflammation of bone due to infection, which may belocalized or generalized.
osteopathA doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) who manipulates thespine and uses other means to restore normal bodyfunctions. Focuses on the muscles, bones, and jointsand believes they should be properly balanced to assuregood health.
osteophyteA bony outgrowth or protuberance.
osteoporosisA disorder in which bone is abnormally brittle, lessdense, and is the result of a number of different diseasesand abnormalities.
other nerves (twelfth cranial)Transcervical, supraclavicular, posterior rami, facial, greaterauricular, and hypoglossal.
Overton
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papilledemaSwelling of the optic nerve head, can be seen in the backof the retina during eye examination.
paraesthesiaSensations alongside normal ones, unpleasant anddifferent but not painful in themselves, such as in “pinsand needles” pains that occur without apparent cause.
paraplegiaParalysis of the lower part of the body including the legs.
paravertebral muscle spasmSpasm in the muscles on either side of the spinousprocesses (midline of the back); the term may be used todescribe a physical finding or improperly used to define adisease process.
parietal lobeThe middle portion of each cerebral hemisphere.
pars interarticularsThe posterior continuation of the spinal arch from thepedicle; the superior and inferior facets are connected toeach other by the pars interarticulars.
pathologicGeneralized or localized bone disease is present.
pathologySomething that results from a process in the body that isnot normal, such as an abnormal growth or an infection.
patient controlled analgesia (PCA)A system that allows patients to control the amount ofpain medicine they receive. The patient pushes a buttonand a machine delivers a dose of pain medicine into theblood stream through a vein.
pectoral (also pectoralis)-Relating to the chest.
pedicleThe part of each side of the neural arch of a vertebra. Itconnects the lamina with the vertebral body. The firstportion of the posterior spine arising from the vertebralbody.
PpainAn unpleasant sensory and emotional experienceassociated with damage to the body.
pain centerA facility with a group of physicians and other healthcareproviders whose collective expertise allows for themanagement of a variety of pain problems.
pain clinicA facility with one or more physicians and otherhealthcare providers who specialize in the treatment ofpainful conditions, such as back pain or headaches.
pain pumpA device that is surgically implanted in the lowerabdomen, where it provides a steady stream of medica-tion—typically an opioid—to the spinal column. It isgenerally used to control pain associated with a terminalillness or severe nerve damage.
pain rehabilitation programA program that provides comprehensive, rehabilitativetherapy for people suffering from chronic pain.
pain scaleA system of rating pain.
pain thresholdThe level of sensation at which any stimulus, such aspressure or heat, is first recognized by the body aspainful.
pain tolerance levelA medical term for the level at which pain cannot bevoluntarily endured
palliative treatmentTreatment that seeks to mitigate symptoms but doesnot cure the underlying condition. Primarily give toimprove the quality of life.
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periosteumA fibrous membrane that covers the surface of boneexcept at the end of the bones where it is covered withcartilage as part of a joint. In children, periosteum isinvolved in forming new bone and molding theconfiguration of bone; and in the adult, the periosteumforms new bone secondary to injury or infection.
peripheral nervesNerves that run from the spinal cord to all other parts ofthe body. Transmit messages from the spinal cord andthe brain to and from other parts of the body, and sendsensory signals back to the spinal cord and brain.
peritoneal cavityBody cavity in which the abdominal organs are situated.
phantom painPain or discomfort following amputation that feels as ifit comes from the missing limb.
pharmacologyThe science of drugs, including their chemical structureand how they achieve particular effects on the body.
phasic painPain that feels as if it spreads from a location along anerve to peripheral areas served by the nerve. For example,in sciatica, caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, thepain feels as though it is radiating down one leg.
phrenic nerveNerve arising from three cervical nerve roots (C-3 to C-5); supplies the diaphragm.
physiatristA medical doctor who specializes in physical or rehabilita-tive medicine.
physicalRelating to the body, as distinguished from the mind.
physical therapyTherapeutic physical treatments for pain involving themuscles, bones, joints, nerves, such as heat and coldtreatments. Physiotherapists and kinesiotherapists utilizesimilar techniques to help correct postural defects andother muscular and joint problems, employingconservative, noninvasive treatment techniques.
physiologyThe science of the functioning of living organisms, andof their component systems or parts.
piriformis syndromeA clinical diagnosis based on complaints of pain and ab-normal sensations in the buttocks region with extensioninto the hips and posterior thigh as would be seen in sciatica.
pituitaryGland at base of the brain that secretes hormones intothe blood stream. Those hormones then regulate otherglands including the thyroid, adrenals and gonads. The“Master Gland”.
platysmaThin outermost muscle layer of the anterior neck.
plexitisInflammation of the plexus.
plexusA network or inter-joining of nerves and blood vesselsor of lymphatic vessels.
PLIFSee posterolateral interbody fusion.
polyneuritisInflammation of two or more nerves simultaneously.
porencephalyAbnormal cavity within brain tissue, usually resultingfrom out-pouching of a lateral ventricle.
posteriorThe back of the body or situated nearer the back of thebody.
posterior approachUsed for laminectomies and spinal fusions at any level.
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posterior cervical spinal fusionSpinal fusion done from the back, using the lamina,facets, and spinous processes of the neck.
posterior neck musclesSplenius, spinalis, and semispinalis.
posterior fossaThe internal base of the skull.
posterior lumbar spinal fusionSpinal fusion done from the back using the lamina, thefacets, and spinous processes of the lower back.
posterior spinal fusionA fusion of the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar regionsprimarily fusing the lamina and sometimes the facetjoints, using iliac or other bone graft.
posterior spinal muscle segmentsUpper and lower posterior serratus m., spinalis m.,semispinalis m., and rotators.
posterolateral (P/L)Behind and to one side, specifically to the outer side.
posterolateral interbody fusion (PLIF)Lumbar spine fusion that involves an interbody fusionaccomplished through the posterior approach.
posterolateral fusionA fusion of both the lamina and transverse process,using the iliac bone for graft, usually in the lower lumbarand first sacral segments.
post-ictalState following a seizure, often characterized by alteredfunction of the limbs or mentation.
postureThe position of the limbs or the carriage of the body asa whole.
Pott’s diseaseTuberculosis of the spine, usually in the lower thoracicsegments.
powered surgical instrumentsInstruments that are powered by compressed air orelectricity and are used in surgical procedures to cut, drill,or otherwise remove bone and cartilage, as well as toevacuate fluids.
pre-clinical studiesTests occurring prior to clinical studies, usually in vitro orin vivo involving animals. The purpose of these studiesis to determine the safety and efficacy of the test material.
premarket notification [510(k)]A regulatory method for gaining clearance from the FDAto market a device. The FDA is petitioned by a companyto determine if a particular medical device is “substan-tially equivalent” to a device which was commerciallyavailable prior to May 28, 1976. This method usuallyapplies to Class I or II medical devices.
premarket approval (PMA)A regulatory method for gaining a marketing clearancefrom the FDA for a Class III medical device. A companysubmits information to the FDA that documents thesafety and effectiveness of the device.
prognosisA doctor’s prediction of the future course of a diseaseand the chances for recovery.
pronatorA muscle that turns a part into the prone position.
proprioceptionSensation concerning movements of joints and positionof the body in space.
prosthesisAn artificial body part such as an artificial leg or arm. The termprosthesis is also used to describe some of the implantsused in the body such as a hip or knee replacement device.protrusionDisplaced nuclear material causes a discrete bulge in theannulus, but no material escapes through the annularfibers.
proximalNearest the center of the body.
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pseudotumor cerebriRaised intracranial pressure, usually causing onlyheadache and papilledema. No clear underlying structuralabnormality.
pseudoarthrosis (also pseudarthrosis)A form of non-union in which there is the formation ofa false joint with some cartilage covering the ends of thebones and a cavity containing fluid that resembles anormal joint.
pseudoclauducationIncreased pain and decreased strength in lower limbsassociated with physical activity. Complaints are similar tothose caused by insufficient blood supply to the limbbut are caused by diminished blood supply to the nervesin a narrowed spinal canal.
psoas abscessA localized collection of puss surrounded by inflamedtissue of either of two internal muscles of the loin, thepsoas minor and major.
psychiatristA medical doctor who also has an advanced degree inpsychology, specializing in mental health problems. Apsychiatrist can prescribe antidepressant medications forshort-term treatment for mental problems such asdepression, which can accompany chronic pain.
psychogenic painA medical term for pain that has emotional or mentalcauses.
psychologistA licensed mental health professional who practicespsychotherapy or psychological techniques, includingindividual therapy and group sessions, but who doesnot prescribe medications.
pupilThe black part of the eye through which light enters;enlarges in dim light and decreases in size in bright light.
pyelonephritisInflammation of the parenchyma of a kidney and thelining of its renal pelvis, especially due to bacterialinfection.
pyramidal tractCarries the voluntary muscle messages from the brain.
QquadrantanopiaDefect in vision or blindness in one fourth of the visualfield.
quadratus lumborumA muscle lateral to the iliopsoas muscle of the spinerunning from the lower ribs to the ilium.
quadriplegiaParalysis of all four limbs.
RrachialgiaPain in the vertebral column.
rachicentesisLumbar puncture for examination of the spinal fluid;rachiocentesis.
rachiocampsisCurvature of the spine.
rachiochysisEffusion of fluid within the vertebral canal.
rachiokyphosisHumpbacked curvature of spine; kyphosis.
rachiomyelitisInflammation of the spinal cord.
rachioparalysisParalysis of the spinal muscles.
rachiopathyAny disease of the spine.
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rachiotomyIncision into a vertebral canal for exploration.
rachisagraPain or gout in the spine.
rachischisisAbnormal congenital opening of the vertebral column.
rachitomySurgical or anatomic opening of the vertebral canal.
radiation oncologistA medical doctor who has received advanced training inthe treatment of persons receiving x-ray treatment for anillness.
radiation physicistA person having a PhD degree who is trained in the sciencedealing with the properties, changes and interactions ofcontinuous energy.
radicleA rootlet or structure resembling one, a minute veinletjoining with others to form a vein.
radiculalgiaPain along the distribution of one or more sensorynerve roots.
radicularRelating to the radicle.
radiculectomyExcision of a rootlet or resection of spinal nerve roots.
radiculitisInflammation of one or more nerve roots. Does notapply unless inflammation is present.
radiculopathyA disturbance of function or pathologic change in one ormore nerve roots.
radiologistA medical doctor who has received specialized training ininterpreting x-rays, CTs, MRIs and performing angiography.
radiotherapyTreatment of a lesion with radiation.
radiusThe lateral and shorter of the two bones of the foreman.
rebound painWhen regular use of a pain medication makes a person’spain worse instead of better.
recombinant human proteinsProteins developed by isolating a human protein and usingrecombinant DNA technology to produce geneticallyengineered proteins that act like natural proteins.
referred painAreas or trigger points of persisting tenderness, which“refer” or shift the sensation of pain to other parts ofthe body.
reflexAn involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus appliedto the periphery and transmitted to the nervous centersin the brain or spinal cord.
regional anesthesiaMedications used to block pain in a certain region of thebody without altering consciousness.
resectionThe surgical removal of part of a structure, such as bone.
resorptionThe removal of bone tissue by normal physiological pro-cess or as part of a pathological process such as an infection.
retrolisthesisPosterior displacement of the vertebra on the one below.
reversal of cervical lordosisChange in the normal curvature of the cervical spine asseen on lateral radiograph. This is usually a straighteningof the normal lordotic curve or an actual reversal and ismost commonly caused by muscle spasm, indicatingcervical disc abnormality.
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rhBMP2Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein madeby isolating the BMP-2 protein from bone tissue, splicingthe BMP-2 gene into a cell line in the lab via recombinantDNA technology. The genetically engineered cells producepure and natural BMP-2 protein.
rheumatalgiaChronic pain that comes from rheumatism
rheumatologistA medical doctor who treats diseases of the joints, suchas rheumatoid arthritis or other disorders of therheumatic system.
rhizotomyDivision of the roots of the spinal nerves.
RisserFor scoliosis deformity; particular attention to fusion offacet joints and use of cast stabilization.
Roaf, Kirkaldy-Willis, and CatteroDrainage of thoracic spinal abscess through dorsolateralapproach.
Robinson and RileyAn extensive anterior approach for fusion of C-1 to C-3or lower.
rodIn spinal applications, a slender, metal implant that isused to immobilize and alien the spine.
Roger fusionPosterior cervical using iliac cortical and cancellous grafts.
RogozinskiA combined anteroposterior device used in correction ofspinal deformities.
rootThe primary or beginning point of any part, as of anerve at its origin from the brainstem or spinal cord.
root sleeve fibrosisScar tissue surrounding a nerve in the spinal canal orneural foramen; epineural fibrosis. If it is within thenerve, it is called intraneural fibrosis.
rounding of the cranial borderRelationship of the height to the width of the roundedportion of the superior sacrum.
Roy-CamilleFor stabilization between the skull and C-2; posteriorbone graft with wire and parallel vertical screw platefixation from occiput to C-3. Posterior pedicle screw andplate device for spinal stabilization.
rudimentary ribsNubbins of ribs seen below the level where the last ribnormally occurs.
ruptured discSee herniated disc.
Ssaccular aneurysmA balloon-like out-pouching of a vessel (the morecommon type of aneurysm).
sacralFive fused segments of the lower spine, below the endof the spinal column, that connect to the pelvis and havefour formina on each side.
sacral agenesisAbsence, failure of formation, or imperfect developmentof the lower portions of the spinal column and pelvis.
sacral alaLateral portions of the sacral bone.
sacral cystAbnormality in the spinal fluid sac in the sacrum.
sacralgiaPain in the sacrum.
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sacralizationFusion of L-5 to the first segment of the sacrum, sothat the sacrum consists of six segments; with thisabnormality, it is called BERTOLOTTI syndrome.
sacralized transverse processOne or both of the lumbar spinous transverse processesabnormally joining with the sacrum; sacralization.
sacrodyniaPain perceived to be in the area of the sacrum but mayoriginate elsewhere; referred pain.
sacroiliitisInflammation of the sacroiliac joint. A very painful,often one-sided sacral area pain that follows delivery, isnot due to sepsis, and will subside gradually andcompletely; acute postpardum sacroilitis.
sacrumA part of the spine that is also part of the pelvis. Itarticulates with the ilia at the sacroiliac joints andarticulates with the lumbar spine at the lumbosacraljoint. The sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae thathave no intervertebral discs.
sagittalLongitudinal.
scalenusThe deep lateral muscles of the anterior neck, includinganterior scalene m. (scalenus anticus), middle scalene m.(scalenus medius), and posterior scalene m. (scalenusposticus).
scapulaA large triangular flattened bone lying over the ribs,posteriorly on either side.
Scheuermann’s diseaseInflammation of the anterior cartilage of the bodies ofthe lower thoracic and upper segments, causing pain insome older, growing children. There is more than 5degrees of wedging of at least three adjacent vertebrae asseen on radiographs.
Schmorl’s nodesDevelopmental change resulting in inferior or superiorextension of the intervertebral disc into the vertebralbodies.
Schollner costoplastyFor rib deformity or scoliosis; multiple rib partialexcisions.
sciaticaA term indicating pain along the course of a sciatic nerve,especially noted in the back of the thigh and below theknee. Pain radiating down the sciatic nerve into theposterior thigh and leg; can be caused by irritation of anerve anywhere from the back to the thigh.
sciatic nervesThe body’s largest nerves, which begin in the buttocksand carry sensation to most of the legs.
scoliorachitisDisease of the spine caused by rickets; abnormal bonemineralization.
scoliosisLateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.
scotomaAn area of decreased vision surrounded by an area ofless depressed or normal vision.
ScottUse of cross-wire fixation transverse process to inferiorpedicle in stabilization of spondylolysis fusion.
seddonDrainage of thoracic spinal abscess through anterolateralapproach with partial resection of rib.
segmental instabilityAbnormal response to applied loads characterized bymotion in the motor segment beyond normal constraints.sepsisA state of infection of tissue due to disease-producingbacteria or toxins.
septumA thin wall dividing two cavities or masses of softertissue.
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sequestrationDisplaced material escapes as free fragment(s), which maymigrate elsewhere.
shuntA tube or device implanted in the body (usually made ofSilastic) to redivert excess CSF away from the brain toanother place in the body.
side effectA secondary, usually unwanted reaction to medication ortreatment.
SimmonsUse of keystoned-shaped graft in anterior fusion. Forcervical spinal kyphosis; a posterior osteotomy
skeletonThe rigid framework of bones that gives form to thebody, protects and supports the soft organs and tissues,and provides attachments for muscles.
somatic painPain emanating from any of the body’s sensory nerves,except those of the internal organs.
somatosensoryRefers to sensory signals from all tissues of the bodyincluding skin, viscera, muscles, and joints.
SouthwickA posterior fusion with wire attaching bone graft to thefacet joints.
Speed (Kellogg Speed)For spondylolisthesis spine fusion and anteriorinterbody fusion by using tibial cortical graft.
SpetzlerApproach to anterior C-1 to C-3 by using a transoralapproach for fusion following excision of tumor.
spina bifidaA congenital fissure or opening (cleft) of the spinalcolumn with hernial protrusion of the meninges(membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord,including the arachnoid, dura mater, and pia mater)and sometimes the spinal cord.
spinal accessory nerve (eleventh cranial)The nerve from the brainstem that supplies thesternocleidomastoid muscles.
spinal canalThe bony channel that is formed by the intravertebralforamen of the vertebrae and in which contains thespinal cord and nerve roots. The space between thevertebral body anteriorly and the lamina and spinalprocess posteriorly.
spinal columnSee Spine.
spinal cordA cordlike bundle of nerves that extends from the baseof the brain to the small of the back
spinal cord stimulationA procedure intended to relieve chronic pain. The spinalcord is electrically stimulated so that a new sensation,such as tingling, overrides the pain sensation.
spinal discSee Disc (Intervertebral).
spinal fusionOperative method of strengthening and limitingmotion of the spinal column. Can be performed with avariety of metal instruments and bone grafts, or bonegrafts alone.
spinal nerve blockA procedure that is used to relieve pain affecting a broadarea, such as the abdomen or the legs. A local anestheticis injected in or near the spinal column, preventing painmessages traveling along that nerve pathway fromreaching the brain.
spinal stenosisGeneral term denoting narrowing of the spinal canal inthe lumbar area leading to nerve root compromise; termoften used for developmental abnormality that leaves anarrow, bony canal. There are four subgroups of thiscondition: achondroplastic stenosis, constitutionalstenosis, degenerative stenosis, and combined stenosis.
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spinal thalamic tractThe main tract of pain to the brain.
spineThe flexible bone column extending from the base ofthe skull to the tailbone. It is made up of 33 bones,known as vertebrae. The first 24 vertebrae are separatedby discs known as intervertebral discs, and boundtogether by ligaments and muscles. Five vertebrae arefused together to form the sacrum and 4 vertebrae arefused together to form the coccyx. The spine is alsoreferred to as the vertebral column, spinal column, orbackbone.
spinous processThe portion of the vertebrae that protrudes posteriorlyfrom the spinal column. The spinous processes createthe “bumps” felt on the midline of the back. Theposterior extension of the spine arising from the laminae.
spondylalgiaPain in vertebra(e).
spondylarthritisArthritis of the spine.
spondylarthrocaceTuberculosis of the spine; spondylocace.
spondylexarthrosisDislocation of a vertebra.
spondylitisInflammation of vertebrae, including types such asankylosing, rheumatoid, traumatic, spondylitis defor-mans, Kümmell, and Marie-Strümpell d.
spondylizemaDepression or downward displacement of a vertebra,with destruction or softening of one below it.
spondylodyniaPain in vertebra(e).
spondyloepiphyseal dysplasiaDisorder of growth affecting both the spine and theends of long bones.
spondylolisthesisA defect in the construct of bone between the superiorand inferior facets with varying degrees of displacementso the vertebra with the defect and the spine above thatvertebra are displaced forward in relationship to thevertebrae below. It Is usually due to a developmentaldefect or the result of a fracture.
spondylolysisDisplacement of one vertebrae over another with fractureof a posterior portion of the vertebra. A defect in theneural arch between the superior and inferior facets ofvertebrae without separation at the defect and thereforeno displacement of the vertebrae. It may be unilateral orbilateral and is usually due to a developmental defect butmay be secondary to a fracture.
spondylomalaciaSoftening of vertebrae; Kümmell disease.
spondylopathyAny vertebral disorder.
spondylopyosisInfection in vertebra(e).
spondyloschisisCongenital fissure (splitting) of vertebral arch.
spondylosisAnkylosis of the vertebra; often applied nonspecificallyto any lesion of the spine of a degenerative nature. Bonyreplacement of ligaments around the disc spaces of thespine, associated with decreased mobility and eventualfusion; marginal osteophyte.
spondylosyndesisSurgical immobilization or ankylosis by fusion of thevertebral bodies with a short bone graft in cases oftuberculosis of the spine; spondylodesis, Albee procedure.
spondylotomyIncision into a vertebra or vertebral column; rachiotomy.
sprainAn injury to a ligament when the joint is carried througha range of motion greater than normal, but withoutdislocation or fracture.
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stainless steelIron-based metal containing chromium that is highlyresistant to stain, rust, and corrosion. Certain grades ofstainless steel are commonly used to make surgicalimplants and instruments.
Steffee plateFor posterolateral fusion fixation; plate and screw device.
stenosisReduction in the diameter of the spinal canal due to newbone formation which may result in pressure on thespinal cord or nerve roots.
stereotacticOriginated from the Greek words stereo meaning threedimensional and tactos meaning touched and relating tostereotaxy.
stereotaxyA precise method of destroying deep-seated brainstructures located by use of three dimension coordinates.
stereotactic radiosurgeryThe precise delivery of radiation to a preselectedstereotactically localized target.
sterileFree from living organisms. Relating to or characterizedby sterility.
sterilityIn general, the incapability of fertilization or reproduction.
sterilizationThe method used to render a material free from livingorganisms. Usual methods include steam underpressure, gas, and ionizing radiation.
sternocleidomastoidLarge externally visible muscle of the anterior neck,enabling the head to turn to either side.
sternumThe breast bone; further divided into three segments.manubrium: upperportion, proximal end; sternum:main portion; xiphoid: the dagger-like tip of thesternum, distal end.
strabismusDeviation of eye movement which prevents the two eyesfrom moving in a parallel fashion.
strainTo injure by overuse or improper use.strap musclesA general term applied to the ribbon-like muscles in theanterior neck; they include omohyoid, sternhyoid,sternthyroid, and thyrohyoid.
structural curveA fixed lateral curve of the spinal column.
subarachnoid hemorrhageBlood in, or bleeding into, the space under the arachnoidmembrane, most commonly from trauma or fromrupture of an aneurysm.
subclinical painPain that has no visible symptoms.
subcutaneousBelow the skin, as in a subcutaneous injection.
subdural hematomaA collection of blood (clot) trapped under the duramatter, the outermost membrane surrounding the brainand spinal cord.
subluxationAn incomplete luxation or dislocation; though arelationship is altered, contact between joint surfacesremains.sufferingA state of severe distress associated with events thatthreaten the intactness of a person and may or may notbe associated with pain.
superiorSituated above or directed upward toward the head of anindividual
support groupA group of people who meet on a regular basis todiscuss topics of mutual interest and concern, such ashow to live with chronic pain.
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surgeonA medical doctor who performs surgery and otherprocedures. May specialize in an area such as orthopedicsurgery, neurosurgery, or oral surgery.
surgeryThe branch of medicine concerned with the treatment ofdisease, injury, and deformity by operation or manipula-tion. The performance or procedures of an operation.
sympathetic nerve blockAn injection of an anesthetic to relieve pain resultingfrom abnormal activity of the sympathetic nervoussystem. The sympathetic nerves control circulation andperspiration and are part of the autonomic nervoussystem.
syndromeA group of signs or symptoms which indicate anabnormal condition.
syringomyeliaA fluid filled cavity in the spinal cord. Usually involvingupper segments initially and involving the shouldermuscles.
systemic painPain that affects the entire body.
Ttemporomandibular joint syndromeComplex of symptoms often seen in cervical sprainconditions. Symptoms include clicking in the jaw onopening and closing the mouth, soreness in the jaw,headaches, buzzing sounds, changes in hearing, stiffnessin the neck and shoulders, dizziness, and swallowingdisorders.
tendonThe fibrous band of tissue that connects muscle tobone. It is mainly composed of collagen.
tensionThe act of stretching. The condition of being stretchedor tense, or a stretching or pulling force.
tentorium cerebelliThe process of the dura matter between the cerebrumand cerebellum supporting the occipital lobes.teratomaTumor or growth made up of several different types oftissue (fat, bone, muscle, skin).
Texas Scottish Rite HospitalInstrumentation used anteriorly and posteriorly.
thalamusBrain cells which lie in the upper part of the brainstem.
therapistA person skilled in giving a particular type of treatment,usually in a specialized area of healthcare.
third party payorThe source of reimbursement or payment of charges formedical services when the patient does not make directpayment: i.e., payments made by insurance companies,government agencies or employers. The patient and thedoctor represent the two other parties in third party payarrangements.
thoracicThe chest level region of the spine that is locatedbetween the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. It consists of12 vertebrae which serve as attachment points for ribs.
thoracic curveA spinal curvature with its apex between the second andeleventh thoracic vertebrae.
thoracic outlet syndromeMechanical problem related to the exit of arteries and nervesat the base of the neck leading down the arm, and can alsoinvolve the vein bringing blood back from the arm.
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thoracolumbar curveA spinal curve with its apex at the first lumbar or twelfththoracic curve.
thoracoplastyThe surgical removal (resection) of rib segments.
thoraxThe chest or rib cage; also refers to the space containingthe lungs and heart. There are 12 vertebral segments andribs; the lower two are called floating ribs.
thrombusA blood clot attached to the wall of an artery.
thyroid cartilageWidening expanses of cartilage above the trachea, the topmarks the level of C-4, the bottom C-5.
thyroid glandNear the “Adam’s apple;” responsible for secretion ofhormone that is involved in regulation of the rate ofmetabolism.
tic douloureuxSee trigeminal neuralgia.
tissueA collection of similar cells and the intercellular sub-stances surrounding them.
titaniumA metallic element used to make surgical implants.
toleranceThe point at which a person adapts to a specific sub-stance, so larger amounts of the prescribed medicationor a new medication is needed to achieve the sameresults.
tonic painContinuous pain that may fluctuate in intensity.
topical anestheticApplied to the surface of the body and causes a lack ofsensation in the area around the application.
titaniumA metallic element used to make surgical implants.
TLIFSee transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
torticollisA contraction, often spasmodic, of the muscles of theneck, chiefly those supplied by the spinal accessory nerve;the head is drawn to one side and usually rotated so thatthe chin points to the other side.
toxicologyThe study of the toxic or harmful effects of substanceson the body.
tracheaThe windpipe.
tractionThe act of drawing or pulling, as by an elastic or springforce. A pulling or dragging force exerted on a limb in adistal direction.
traction spurBony excrescence appearing on the anterolateral surfaceof the vertebral body near but not at the body marginthat arises as a result of disc degeneration.
tractotomySurgical section of a fiber tract of the central nervoussystem.
tranquilizerA drug that promotes tranquility by calming, soothing,quieting, or pacifying without sedating or depressant effects.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)A treatment that relieves pain using small mechanicalstimulators that provide mild doses of harmless electricity.
transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)An operation where the lumbar spine is approachedthrough an incision in the back. A portion of bone anddisc are removed from the spine and replaced with animplant that is inserted into the disc space.
transitional vertebraVertebra whose structure features some of the character-istics of the two adjacent vertebra. A common exampleis the fifth lumbar vertebra that has partial sacralcomponents.
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transplantThe implantation of bone tissue, as in grafting, fromone part of the body to another. Transplant also refersto the transfer of an organ such as a kidney or heart fromone individual to another.
transsphenoidal approachOperative method of reaching the pituitary gland orskull base traversing the nose and sinuses.
transverseCrosswise; lying across the long axis of the body or of apart.
transverse processBony process arising from midportion of the spinal ringjust posterior to the pedicle and pars interarticulars.
traumaticResults from fracture in other areas of the bony hookthan in pars interarticularis.
trianglesFor surgical approaches and other considerations, theanterior half of the neck is divided into triangles-anterior, digastric, posterior, submental, and carotid.
trigeminal neuralgiaParoxysmal pain in the face. Pain may be so severe that itcauses an involuntary grimace or “tic”. (tic douloureux).
trigger pointA hypersensitive area of muscle or connective tissue,usually associated with myofascial pain syndrome.
tsuliFor severe cervical spondylosis; an expansive, multiplelaminectomy.
tumorAny swelling or tumefaction.
twelfth cranial nervesSee other nerves.
UulnaThe medial and the larger of the two bones of the forearm.
ultrasoundThe use of high-frequency sound to create images ofinternal body structures.
U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSee Food and Drug Administration.
Vvagus nerveThe tenth cranial nerve, which is a mixed nerve that hasboth motor and sensory function. The long nerve in theanterior neck traveling with the carotid artery; responsiblefor many organ functions in the chest and abdomen.
vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)Therapy for epilepsy that applies small electrical pulses tothe vagus nerve in the neck that regulates internal organs.This therapy is used in patients suffering from partialepilepsy who have failed traditional drug therapy.
valveDevice placed in a shunt system to regulate the rate anddirection of CSF flow.
vascularRelating to or containing blood vessels.
vasoconstrictionA decrease in the diameter of blood vessels.
vasodilatationAn increase in the diameter of blood vessels.
vasopressinA hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and stored inthe posterior pituitary that raises blood pressure andincreases reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
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vasopressorAn agent that constricts the arteries and raises bloodpressure.
vasospasmSpasm of blood vessels, decreasing their diameter.
ventricleThe cavities or chambers within the brain that containthe cerebrospinal fluid. There are two lateral ventriclesand midline third and fourth ventricles.
ventricular drainageInsertion of a small tube into the ventricles to draincerebrospinal fluid, usually when pressure is increased.
ventriculitisInflammation or infection of the ventricles.
ventriculogramAn X-ray study of the ventricles.
ventriculostomyAn opening into the ventricles of the brain, such as byinserting a small, thin, hollow catheter.
vermisMiddle part of the cerebellum between the two hemi-spheres.
vertebraOne of the 33 bones of the spinal column. A cervical,thoracic, or lumbar vertebra has a cylindrically-shapedbony anteriorly and a neural arch posteriorly (composedprimarily of the laminae and pedicles as well as the otherstructures in the posterior aspect of the vertebra) thatprotects the spinal cord.
vertebraeThe bones of the spine.
vertebral bodyFrom a lateral view, it is the main rectangular portion ofthe spine; from an overview, oval.
vertigoAn abnormal sensation of rotation or movement ofone’s self, or the environment.
visceral painA medical term for pain emanating from the internalorgans, or viscera.
WwedgingDeformity of vertebral body, caused by trauma orgradual collapse, resulting in wedge-shaped vertebra; canalso occur congenitally.
wertheim bohlmanFor occipital cervical fusion; use of iliac crest graft andwire fixation from occiput to C-2.
whiplashPoplar term for hyperextension-hyperflexion.
whitecloud and laroccaAnterior technique for cervical spine fusion using fibulargraft.
wiltseA bilateral lateral spine fusion for spondylolisthesis.
wiltse plateScrew plate device for posterior spinal stabilization.
winterFor hemivertebra deformity; anterior and posteriorapproach with stabilization. Also a procedure forcorrection of congenital kyphosis, by using an anteriorapproach and strut bone grafts.
wireMetal thread available in various diameters and variousdegrees of stiffness and is generally used in surgery totransfix fractured bone.
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Wisconsin (drummond) interspinoussegmental spinalSeries of wires, rods, and buttons for multisegmentalspine stabilization.
XxenograftA graft derived from one species for use in anotherspecies.
x-rayThe ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted from ahighly evacuated tube, resulting from the excitation ofthe inner orbital electrons by the bombardment of thetarget anode with a stream of electrons from a heatedcathode. A radiograph.
Y(none)
Zzielke instrumentationA method of fixation.
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