Prayer

Lord Jesus Christ, You make the sun rise

on the evil and on the good, and You send rain

on the just and on the unjust. You love every person,

even if they do not want to receive Your love. Help me to be loving

even to people that I do not feel close to. Help me to treat everyone

in the same way that I would like them to treat me,

with kindness and Love. Amen.

Announcements

• Books for Zambia (Theology)

• Can Food Drive (Advisory)

• Exams: Corrections DUE Tuesday

• HW: Reflection Paper DUE tomorrow!

Exam Corrections

• MUST have page number from book from where you found your answer

OR• MUST have notes: Chapter 12 Part I and

date

• All corrections need to be in complete sentences

• Correct answers/missed points mark on exam!!

• No Page # or proper notes format = no points!!

Reflection Paper

• One page/doubled spaced/12 pt. TNR• Name in Header

• Humanism is a moral philosophy that places humans as primary, in range of importance.

• In your opinion…Has humanism aided humanity or hindered it? What about our modern society? EXPLAIN!!

Chapter 12

The Renaissance

PART I

The Fall of Constantinople and the Rise of the Italian Free States

The Council of Basel – Ferrara- Florence

(1431 – 1445) • Originally called

to deal with heretics

• Pope Eugene IV wanted to end Great Schism

• War would unify both sides

• Used to call for a crusade against Turks

Four Main Disagreements at the Council

• Greeks objection to Filioque• Greeks use of leavened bread for the

Eucharist• Greeks objection to existence of

purgatory• Greeks objection to the primacy of the

Holy See

Filioque

• Third Council of Toledo• Son Equal in Divinity to God the

Father • Why rejected?

Leavened vs. Un-Leavened• Made of wheaten flour• Mixed with pure natural

water• Baked in an oven, or

between two heated iron moulds

• Must not be corrupted• Why un-leavened?– Jewish custom

• Why rejected by East?– Evidence

Purgatory

• Catholic: The state of those who die in God’s friendship, assured of their eternal salvation, but who still have need of purification to enter into the heaven

• Eastern: We pray for the repose of the soul(s) of the servant(s) of God, departed this life; and that he/she may be pardoned all his/her sins…"

PurgatoryMacc. 12:43-45

• The prayers for the dead help free them from sin and help them to the reward of heaven.

• Those in heaven have no sin, and those in hell can no longer be freed from sin.

PurgatoryLuke 23:43

…Then he said, "Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom." He replied to him, "Amen, I say to you, today you will be with me in Paradise."

PurgatoryLuke 23:43

• When Jesus uses the word "paradise,” from the Hebrew "sheol“:This was the place of the dead who were destined for heaven, but who were captive until the Lord's resurrection.

• No punctuation in the original manuscript, Jesus’ statement : Jesus could have emphasized with exclamation his statement was “today” or “now,” and that some time in the future the good thief would go to heaven.

• Even if the thief went straight to heaven, this does not prove there is no purgatory : Those who are fully sanctified in this life – perhaps by a bloody and repentant death – could be ready for admission in to heaven.

Primacy of the Holy See

• Apostolic Succession

• Role of Peter• Bishop of Rome

viewed as a leader

• East rejects universal primacy/infallibility

Agreement/Result of the Council

• Filioque accepted

• Existence of Purgatory accepted

• Primacy of the Holy See accepted

After the Council/Fall of Constantinople

• Council detracted from defense

• Reunion rejected by the people

• Decrees from council only on paper/not practiced

• Fall of Constantinople solidified split

PART II

The Birth of Humanism and the Flourishing of Arts and Letters

Humanism

• Late fourteenth c.• An intellectual and

literary movement • Began in the city-

states of Italy • Education had a

moral purpose• To make the

individual a better, wiser, and more virtuous human being

Humanism

• Shift from scholasticism led to interest in classics

• Desire to bring European society out of war and disease

• Wanted to be like the Great Civilization of Rome

Humanism

• Scholasticism failed to answer: - Who am I?- What is my final purpose?- What ought I do?- What should I love?- What follows death?

• Humanism sought to answer these questions

Humanism

• Emphasized the human: form, beauty, place/usefulness in society

• NOTHING hinged on God: all controlled their own destiny

• No longer at the mercy of chance

• Focused on the here and now

• Did not seek fortune in the next world

Petrarch (1304-1374)

• Crowned “Poet Laureate”

• “Father of Humanism”

• Torn between love of the present/love of eternity

• Devout/devoted Christian

• Secretum : personal dialogue between himself and St. Augustine under the eye of Lady Truth

Secretum

• Augustine: …No one can become or be unhappy except through his own fault, what need of more words is there ?

• Petrarch: Just this need, that I think I have seen very many people, and I am one of them, to whom nothing is more distressful than the in- ability to break the yoke of their faults, though all their life long they make the greatest efforts so to do…one may yet admit that many people are very unhappy in spite of themselves…

Boccaccio (1313 – 1375)

• Good friend of Petrarch • Decameron: collection of

one hundred stories told by travelers who fled the Black plague

• Didn’t reject Christianity• Most writings based on

the weaknesses of human nature

• More devout at the end of his life

• Expressed regret for some of the writings that he completed

Nicolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)

• Founder of modern political thought

• The Prince : reflected his ruthless, underhanded conduct

• Became disgusted with the state of political affairs

• Disliked the papacy (obstacle to Italian unity)

• Viewed the virtues as obstacles to political effectiveness

• Machiavellianism: “The ends justify the means”

The Prince

• It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.

• Politics have no relation to morals. • The first method for estimating the

intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him.

• There is no surer sign of decay in a country than to see the rites of religion held in contempt.

Michelangelo / Michael Angelo• Master at

depicting the contours of the human body

• Sculpted “David” • Supported

financially by the popes

• Commissioned by a pope to paint the Sistine Chapel/design the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica

Raphael

• Painter • Commissioned by

the pope • Best known for his

“Madonnas” • Hired by Pope

Julius II to paint a series of rooms in the papal apartments

• Buried in the pantheon in Rome

St. Thomas Moore (1478-1535)

• Utopia: - Describes a religious

society heavily influenced

by Divine Revelation - Goods are held in

common state regulated business • Refused to take the Oath

of Supremacy • Beheaded by King Henry

VIII

Erasmus of Rotterdam • Viewed the Middle Ages and Scholasticism as

unenlightened • Held classical thinkers to the highest esteem • Desired reform/progress through education and

tolerance • Critical of societies of the Church/State • Handbook of a Christian Knight : Confronted

the question, how does one remain a good Christian while taking part in world affairs?

Erasmus of Rotterdam

• Called for meditation/ study on the writings of the Church

• Adherence to the “philosophy of Christ”

• “Praise of Folly” : Main character concludes –“All favor Folly over Reason” Expressed need of reform within the Church

MODERN TIMES

Secular HumanismRelativism

Modern/Secular Humanism • Solidifies the belief

that every individual is their own "guide" through life

• Majority of modern humanists today are atheists or agnostics*

• It is not necessary to turn to God to understand who we are or what our purpose in life is

Pope Benedict XVI

“Religious leaders of all faiths must play a role in ensuring that the spiritual and cultural aspects of life are not forgotten as mankind tackles the challenges of globalization”

• Warns that modernization may come at the price of spirituality

Relativism

• Idea that some elements or aspects of experience or culture are relative to, i.e., dependent on, other elements or aspects.

• Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:"That's true for you but not for me" "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" "You can't judge other cultures by the

standards of your own"

Pope Benedict XVI

• Moral relativism is an “educational” emergency that MUST be dealt with immediately

• Young people find it difficult to develop "firm certainties and criteria upon which to build their lives."

• This failure of moral guidance, threatens "the very basis of coexistence and the future of society."

Pope Benedict XVI

“We are moving toward a dictatorship of relativism which does not recognize

anything as definitive and has as its highest value one's own ego and one's own desires... The church needs to withstand the tides of trends and the latest novelties.... We must become mature in this adult faith, we must

guide the flock of Christ to this faith.”

Pope Benedict XVI

“Having a clear faith, based on the creed of the church, is often labeled

today as a fundamentalism. ... Whereas relativism, which is letting oneself be tossed and 'swept along by every wind

of teaching,' looks like the only attitude acceptable to today's standards.”

PART IIIPopes and Politics

The Renaissance Popes• Acted more like

royal princes • Sought to increase

their temporal authority

• Neglected the spiritual life of the Church.

• Few popes from within this era did bring reform/ “fresh air”

Nicholas V (1447 – 1455)

• Had a lifelong hobby of collecting /caring for rare books

• Undertook three major tasks as pope: – To make Rome once again

a city of grand monuments – To make Rome a center of

art and literature – To strengthen, both

spiritually and temporally, the capitol of Christendom

Nicholas V (1447 – 1455)

• Restored Churches, Roman infrastructure

• Cleaned the city/ repair ancient aqueducts

• St. Peter’s Basilica

• Founded the Vatican Library

Nicholas V (1447 – 1455)

• Finalized condemnation of the Conciliarist heresy

• Won the submission of the antipope

• Attempted to at gain greater political unity in Europe -to counter the growing Turkish threat

Callistus(1455 – 1458)

• Focused on controlling the Turkish threat (an obstacle to Church reform)

• Sent missionaries to raise money, recruit volunteers, and to preach for a crusade

• Secured some artistic treasures for the Vatican

Pope Pius II(1458 – 1464)

• Humanist movement • Led a dissolute life • Indulged himself in many

worldly goods • Supported the Conciliar

movement • Focused on the Turkish

threat • Tried to reform the Church • Canonized St. Catherine of

Siena • Gave papal support for

humanist writing

SIXTUS IV(1471 – 1484)

• Franciscan Monk • Professor of Philosophy

and Theology • Interested in Scholastic

Thinkers • Strived to maintain

Church strength and independence

• Nepotism/to gain Church unity

• Took steps to suppress the abuses of the Inquisitions / fought heresy

Alexander VI • Attempted to unify

Italy under his control • Nepotism • Gifted

leader/ambassador • Ended lawlessness in

Rome • Line of Demarcation• Sent first missionaries

to the new world • Saint Maria Maggiore

with Gold from Columbus’ travels

Julius II

• Rival to Alexander VI • Military campaigns • Artistic glorification of Rome • Sponsored Michelangelo and

Raphael • Firmly established the temporal

authority over the papal states • Abolished simony in the papacy • Established the first bishoprics

in the new world • Authorized Henry VIII to marry

Catherine of Aragon

PART IV

The Rise of the New Monarchs

Queen Isabella

• Devout Christian Ruler • Allowed Catholic Church to regain

much of its authority • Ruled Spain with determination and

prudence • Worked to restore the authority of the

monarch • Internal reforms

Queen Isabella

• Sponsored Christopher Columbus’ expedition

• Brought Medical care to the wounded and administered justice during the Reconquista

• Prohibited slavery of native Africans

• Sent missionaries to convert Africans

• Protected those accused of witchcraft

• Expelled Muslims and Jews

Cardinal Ximenes De Cisneros

• Devoted life to simplicity/prayer

• Franciscan • Queen Isabella’s

personal confessor • Made Bishop b/c of

Isabella’s insistence • Introduced the first

humanist school in Spain

• Protected African slaves and Native Americans

• Prepared the Church for reform