Pre-AP Chemistry Prep Camp

Summer 2016

Name: _________________________

School: _________________________________

*If you would like to review this information again, please go to the following website to watch a tutorial movie.

http://ccisdchemistry.pbworks.com

For additional tutorials and help

https://socratic.org/chemistry/topics

Purpose

The purpose of this 9.5 hour course is to introduce you with important mathematical concepts that you will be required to master in high school Chemistry (whether you enroll in Pre-AP Chemistry or not). Throughout this course, participation and practice on your part will help you to be successful.

Curriculum

The content of this course been developed to align with the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and the student expectations that will need to be mastered for successful performance in the Pre AP Chemistry classroom.

1. Measurement (Accuracy and Precision) 2. Significant Digits/Figures 3. Scientific Notation 4. Percent Error 5. Unit Conversions (Dimensional Analysis) 6. Rearranging Mathematical Formulas 7. Proportions and Graphing 8. Logarithms

Administrative Notes

1. Please be on time and “present” during each session. Please return to the classroom promptly at the end of each break. 2. Participate in the activities. 3. Ask questions if you need clarification. 4. Take care of your personal needs. You do not need permission to leave the classroom to go to the restroom. 5. Lunch will be from 11:30-12:00 each day. You should have your lunch today or have made arrangements for lunch to be

here at 11:30. 6. The instructor expects your cooperation and appropriate classroom behavior.

Those Crazy Elements Use the periodic table to fill in the blanks. Use your creativity because we had a wild imagination so the answers will

be silly puns. 1. What language is spoken by the people of Mangan?

.

2. "We brought everything but the kitchen !"

3. To park here you must put a in the meter.

4. Dial 911 to call a when you witness a crime.

5. Doctors amputated the bottom half of his leg, but they left his .

6. A prisoner who acts in a silly manner is called a

.

7. "We're out of foss." he said. "Please go to the store and get some

."

8. Five times two is .

9. The boy-scout took the lady by the arm and her across the street.

10. The gold in Pharaoh's crypt weighs exactly 2000 pounds, so it became known as the

.

11. Housewife's complaint: "On Mondays all I do is wash and ."

12. "His name is Sullivan, but we call him 'Sul'. He is the reason our rugs and furniture are covered

with ."

13. Cadbury's Chocolate Co. bought out Mee-Yum Fortune Cookies and now they make

chocolate fortune cookies.

14. The well-driller had bored a hole to a depth of 10 meters. He found no water so he was told to

.

15. The makers of "Raid" have developed a new slogan to advertise their new insect repellant. It

reads: "Don't go outside without your ."

16. A boy named Coe lost his dog Bo and as a result

his eyes out.

17. After months of intensive investigation, the undercover narcotics agent approached the suspect.

Here's your $25,000." said the officer. "And here's ." replied the drug dealer.

18. To be a good neighbor you mist mind your own

_________________________.

Measurement and SI Units

List 5 physical quantities of measurement:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

https://socratic.org/chemistry/measurement-in-chemistry/the-si-system-of-measurement-and-unit-conversions Why is it important to have a standard of measurement?

SI UNITS

What are Derived Units?

Quantity Name Unit Name Symbol SI Bas Unit Equivalents Liter

Joule

Pascal

Newton

Hertz

What is the beauty of the metric prefixes?

A

mol

cd kg

m

s K

What do each of these stand for?

The Significance of Significant Figures

Or

The Sig’s of Sig Fig’s

Determining Significant Digits Any measurement is inaccurate to some degree. The inaccuracy stems from several factors. The precision of any measuring device is limited. The person doing the measurement may introduce error. The experimental technique may be faulty. Because a measurement contains some degree of inaccuracy, the number of digits that are valid for the measurement are also limited.

Significant Digits Rules: 1. All non-zero digits are significant. 2. Zeros

a. Leading Zeros - ____________________ significant

b. Middle Zeros - ______________________ significant

c. Trailing Zeros - ________________________ significant (Depends on the presence of a __________ _________)

i. if decimal point is present: _____________________ significant

ii. If decimal point is not present: __________________ significant Practice:

a. 1234 f. 1090.0010 k. 1020010 b. 0.023 g. 0.00120 l. 780. c. 890 h. 3.4 x 104 m. 1000 d. 91010 i. 0.00390 n. 918.010 e. 9010.0 j. 0.00030 o. 0.0001

Calculations using significant digits: 1.Multiplication and Division:

a. The number of significant digits in the answer should be equal to the number of significant digits in the least accurate factor.

2.Addition and Subtraction: a. The number of decimal places in the answer should be equal to the number of decimal places in the number with the fewest decimal places.

*When performing calculations, you should do the calculation using all the digits allowed by the calculator and round off only at the end of the problem. Rounding in the middle can introduce errors.

How many significant digits are in the following measurements?

1. 23.30 cm 6. 2000.12 mm 2. 3.65 kg 7. 2.000 x 10 3. 365 kg 8. 0.5 mL 4. 1843.02 L 9. 704,000 h 5. 8.701 °C 10. 0.0001010450 s

Complete these addition problems. Write the sum correctly using significant digit rules.

11. 3.414 + 10.02 + 58.325 + 0.0098 12. 1884 + 0.94 + 1.0 + 9.778

Complete these subtraction problems. Write the difference correctly using significant digit rules.

13. 2104.1 – 463.09 14. 2.326 – 0.10408

Complete these multiplication problems. Write the product correctly using significant digit rules.

15. (10.19) * (0.013) 16. (140.01) * (26.042) * (0.0159)

Complete these division problems. Write the quotient correctly using significant digit rules.

17. (80.23) / (2.4) 18. (4.301) / (1.9)

Answer the following questions using all significant digit rules that are applicable.

19. An experiment calls for 16.156 grams of substance A, 28.2 grams of substance B, 0.0058 grams of substance C, and 9.44 grams of substance D.

a. How many significant digits are there in each measurement? b. What is the total mass of substances in this experiment? c. How many significant digits should there be in the answer to part b?

20. Your lab partner has measured 16.50 mL of water. You accidentally tip over the graduated cylinder and spill some water. You stand the cylinder up, and determine that there are 8.0 mL left.

a. Which measurement is more precise, your lab partner’s or yours? Explain.

b. How much water did you lose when you tipped over the graduated cylinder?

Accurate and Precise Measurement Notes Measuring Correctly in Chemistry:

1. The number of significant digits in a measurement depends on the accuracy of the instrument. 2. When measuring, there needs to be a 1-digit estimate in between the smallest increments. 3. Every measurement must have a number and a unit.

Accuracy Vs Precision

Accuracy: Precision:

What accuracy and precision look like to me:

Measuring Using Significant Digits Apply the knowledge you have just learned to measure the items at the stations using the correct amount of significant digits.

Station # Measurement Equipment Name

Equipment Function

1

2

3

Final Initial Resultant

4

5

6

7

8

Total Weigh boat Chemical

9

10

Challenge Question: Rounding

_______________________

Round the number above using only 2 significant digits and record your answer below.

Scientific Notation:

Rules:

• Base number MUST be between ______ and ______.

• Numbers ___________ have a ___________ exponent.

• Numbers ___________ have a ___________ exponent.

Never say “move decimal to the right” (or “to the left”) because it depends whether you are putting a number INTO scientific notation or taking it OUT OF scientific notation. This will just confuse you!

• To determine the number of significant digits, use the digits in the base number only.

Directions: How to enter scientific notation numbers into the calculator.

TI-84 Plus Silver Edition Emulator Instructions

If you have never done so, please install a graphing calculator onto your tablet.

1. Go to: http://wabbit.codeplex.com 2. Download wabbitemu 3. Run wabbitemu.exe 4. Select “Create a ROM image using open source software 5. Select Calculator Type TI-84 Plus SE 6. Select OS 2.55 MP 7. Save ROM file to “My Documents” and name “Wabbitti84emulator” 8. View Enable skin 9. Exit out of the program.

Before you forget! Pin the file to your home screen. Go to the Wabbitemu file in “My Documents”. Select the file,

but don’t open it. Choose to “Pin to Taskbar”.

Percent Error:

Highlight the formula on the STAAR Formula Chart found in your booklet.

Accepted Mass of Candy: ________________________ grams

Observed Mass of Candy _________________________ grams

Percent Error: __________________ %

MORE math??!

Re-arranging formulas to solve for unknowns. Example:

Solve for b

a = b + c a = b – c

For each of your equations above, solve for b if a = 12 and c = 5. a = b + c a = b – c

Solve for b Solve for c Solve for b or c

a = 𝒃𝒃𝒄𝒄 a = 𝒃𝒃

𝒄𝒄 a = bc

For each of your equations above, solve for the unknown variable if: a = 12 and b = 6. a = 12 and c = 6 a = 12 and b = 6

a = 𝒃𝒃𝒄𝒄 a = 𝒃𝒃

𝒄𝒄 a = bc

Using the Density Formula: d = density, m = mass, and v = volume

d = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣

Solve for mass:

Solve for volume:

If the mass of an object is 6 g and the volume of the object is 9 cm3, what is its density?

If the density of a liquid is 1.2 g/ml and the volume of the liquid is 5 ml, what is the mass of the liquid?

If the density of a substance is 4 g/cm3 and the mass is 8.9 g, what is the volume of the substance?

TRY IT YOURSELF:

1. Rearrange the equation for area of a rectangle (A = l x w) to solve for l.

2. Rearrange the equation for molarity (𝑀𝑀 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚L

) to solve for moles of solution (mol).

3. Rearrange the equation for the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) to solve for number of moles, n.

4. Rearrange the equation relating energy to specific heat capacity (Q=m∙c∙∆T) to solve for a change in temperature ∆T.

5. Rearrange the Combined Gas Law equation

(𝑃𝑃1𝑉𝑉1𝑛𝑛1𝑇𝑇1

= 𝑃𝑃2𝑉𝑉2𝑛𝑛2𝑇𝑇2

) to solve for the final temperature, T2.

Unit Conversions or DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

On your 16th birthday, how many seconds will you have been alive? If needed, show your work below.

Conversion Factors or This That

Length:

100 centimeters (cm) = 1 meter (m)

1000 millimeters (mm) = 1 meter

2.54 centimeters = 1 inch (in)

1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km)

1 kilometer = 0.62 miles (mi)

1 yard = 3 feet

Mass:

1000 grams (g) = 1 kilogram (kg)

1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg)

1 gram = 100 centigrams (cg)

1 gram = 0.035 ounces (oz)

1 pound = 454 grams

1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds (lbs)

2000 pounds = 1 ton

Volume:

1000 milliliters (mL) = 1 L

1 liter = 1.06 quarts

1 cubic centimeter = 1 milliliter

4 Quarts (qt) = 1 gallon (gal)

What is a GROSS of beans?

1. Count out 144 beans. (This is 1.00 gross) 2. Weigh a beaker. Record the mass in your data table. 3. Place one gross of beans in a beaker. 4. Weigh the beaker full of beans. Record the mass in your data table. Remember your sig fig

rules. 5. Using subtraction, calculate the mass of beans.

6. Pour the beans into a graduated cylinder. 7. As best you can, record the volume (in mL) of the beans. Be sure to use the appropriate

amount of significant digits! Do not add water to the graduated cylinder.

Showing all your work, calculate the answers to the following questions.

8. What is the mass of 2.8 gross of beans?

9. How many beans are in 0.300 gross?

10. What volume does 0.100 gross of beans occupy?

Information on Mass of Beans Mass of Beaker and Beans Grams

Mass of Beaker Grams

Mass of Beans Grams

Information on 1.00 Gross of Beans

1.0 Gross _______ beans

1.0 Gross _______ grams

1.0 Gross _______ mL

11. If you purchased a 50 pound bag of beans, how large (volume) would the bag be?

12. What is the mass of 85.0 mL of beans?

Converting Activity:

1. Spread out your unit conversion cards so that you can see the values they have. 2. You can arrange the cards to solve any conversion problem. For example,

“Convert 2 hours into seconds”

Unit conversions to solve:

1. How many mg are in 24 grams?

2. How many centimeters in 10 inches?

3. Convert 45 inches to centimeters

4. A doctor tells a patient to take 30 mL of a medicine. How many teaspoons of the medicine should she take?

5. Convert 23 miles to inches

6. How many mL are in 1 gallon?

7. Which is longer, 100 meters or 1 mile? Convert miles to meters to find out.

8. How many feet per second is 30 miles per hour?

9. Which gas is more expensive: $3.95/gallon or $1.25/liter?

10. A construction project calls for 250 kilograms of cement. Your cement supplier sells 60 pound bags. How many bags do you need?

CHALLENGE Compound Units: Treat the numerator unit first, then go back and do the denominator unit.

Which object is travelling faster?

• 15 miles per hour

OR

• 600 centimeters per second

PRACTICE:

11. Jane is studying the scene of a car accident. According to the driver, he was going 56 miles per hour when he slammed on his brakes. Jane needs to know how many feet per second this is. Convert.

12. Dolly is trying to catch up with a group of stampeding cattle. She remembers from her biology class that cattle can run at a speed of 22 miles per hour. She also knows that her old horse, Silver, runs at a speed of 20 feet per second. What is the speed of Silver in miles per hour? Is she able to catch up with the stampede?

13. Bobby Joe’s restaurant has two working toilets. Together they are flushed about 146 times a day. If each flush uses 2.54 gallons, and a gallon of water costs $0.15, how much is Bobby Joe spending on water per year? We are assuming they are open every day of the year.

14. Fingernails grow at a rate of 0.14 millimeters per day. If Freddy let his fingernails grow for a year, how long would they be in inches?

Conversion Notes Recap:

1. Suppose they gave us 0.024 miles and wanted to know how many inches it was. a. We begin with what they gave us

b. Next we find on our conversion sheet something we can convert miles to. There is only one conversion that is given and that is miles kilometers Since miles is on top of our first line, it must go on bottom next in order to cancel out.

c. The miles cancel and leave us with km. But we aren’t done, as we are wanting to go to inches and currently we have km. So since km is on top, we have to put it on bottom, and to get us closer to inches we are going to change our km into meters

.024 miles

.024 miles 1 km

0.62 miles

.024 miles 1 km

0.62 miles 1 km

1000 m

d. Kilometers now cancel and leave us with meters. Now we can change our meters into inches

e. Now we are ready to plug this into our calculators. We start off with the first number which is 0.024,

then since 0.62 is on bottom we divide by it, since 1000 is on top we multiply by it, and since 39.37 is on top we multiply by it. So in our calculator we put in 0.024/0.62 x 1000 x 39.37 = (We ignore the 1’s since it doesn’t do anything mathematically.)

f. The answer that we get is 1524. Remember, we must use our significant digit rules for multiplication, followed by assigning appropriate units. Our final answer is 1500 in.

2. So that is how you do simple configurations. Let’s assume though that we had a complex or double unit. Miles per hour, gal per minute, and meters per second are all examples of this.

a. So let’s say that we had 75 miles per hour. They are wanting to know how many feet per second this is. Per is just another way of saying divided by. So we start with what they give us

b. We solve this the same way. 75/.62 x 1000 x 3.28/60/60 = 110.22 ft/sec

.024 miles 1 km

0.62 miles 1 km

1000 m

1 m

39.37 in

75 miles

1 hr 0.62 mi

1 km

1 km

1000 m

1 m

1 hr

60 min

1 min

60 seconds

3.28 ft

Blank Page for Notes: