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Pre-feasibility Analysis
Case: Bus Rapid Transit, Hyderabad
Nisha Jain (12Ex-029)
Nitin Gera(12Ex-030)
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Purpose of Pre-feasibility Study
The purpose of a pre-feasibility study is to select the preferred option(Base Case) for the project development.
This base case option is then developed in sufficient detail to supportdecisions to commit the additional funds required to:
collect additional information carry out a final project feasibility study complete the required project permitting efforts
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Pre feasibility Analysis includes:
- Needs and options analysis
- Legal feasibility
- Technical feasibility
- Scoping social/environment safeguards analysis
- Preliminary financial viability including expectations of requiredGovernment financial support
- Institutional capability analysis
- Identification of next steps required
The pre-feasibility study lays the foundation for the projectwork scope carried forward into the feasibility study
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Needs and options analysis
Traffic flow is nearing capacity, so that any minor incident can bring
traffic to a standstill for extended periods of time. The rapid growth in the private vehicle fleet means that if nothing is
done, Hyderabads traffic condition will deteriorate further andresult in severe congestion
The options available for addressing huge traffic problem are :
- Elevated metro- Elevated monorail- Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Whatever measures are taken to improve mass transit in Hyderabad,
they should be accompanied by policies to:- Restrain private vehicle use- Improve conditions for cycling and walking.
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Estimating Future Demand for BRT, Metro, and Monorail
Because metro and monorail systems are expensive, theygenerally can not be expanded fast enough to keep pacewith urban dispersal and the growth of private motor vehiclefleets.
Pphpd: peak period passengers per hour per direction
PAX: passengers
BRT Metro MonorailSys. Daily
PAX
Corr 1
pphpd
Sys.
Daily
PAX
Corr 1
pphpd
Sys.
Daily
PAX
Corr 1
pphpd
2008 854,001 14,441 653,862 11,057 482,362 8,157
2011 905,221 15,307 693,093 11,720 511,303 8,646
2021 1,076,042 18,195 873,298 14,767 607,776 10,277
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Effect of Fare and Travel Time on Demand for ThreeAlternative Systems
Metro Monorail BRT
Time Savings(min) 17 17 21
Equivalent Value (INR) 2.8 2.8 3.4
% savings 41% 41% 49%
Effect on Demand +20% +20% +24%
Travel Time Effect on Demand for Three Mass Transit Systems
Travel Cost Effect on Demand for Three Mass Transit Systems
Metro Monorail BRT
Proj. Fare 10.5 14 7
% difference from bus 50% 100% 0
Effect On Demand -25% -50% 0
The net effect of the differences in system characteristics betweenthe three mass transit systems analyzed on demand is -5% formetro, -30% for monorail, and a +24% for BRT.
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Estimated Costs and Financial Feasibility
Metro Monorail BRT
Capital Cost Companys Estimate 4204 2500 -
ITDP Est. 5170 8910 408
CapitalCost/Km
Companys Estimate 110 45
ITDP Estimate 135 162 17
AnnualizedCapital Costs
Annual Capital Subsidy
(6 year financing)
862 1485 68
Annualized Capital Cost
(20 year life)
259 446 20
Operating
Costs
Annual
108 80 42
Revenue Projected AnnualFarebox Revenue
206 213 188
Net OperatingProfit / Loss
+98 +133 +146
-161 -313 +126Annualized
Profit / Loss
Comparative First Year Profit / Loss for Hyderabad BRT, MRT, and Monorail(in Rs. Crore)
*ITDP: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy
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BRT can provide effective mass transit without requiring an
increase in fare price. Thus, BRT has the highest potentialto increase public transit mode share and relieve congestionin Hyderabad
BRT Metro Monorail
Do not require large
capital subsidies
require large capital
subsidies
require large capital
subsidies
Adv: Low capital cost Adv: potentially highercapacity, but this level of
capacity is unlikely to be
required in Hyderabad
Adv: minimize landacquisition
Not so high fare price High Fare price whichwill suppress demand High Fare price whichwill suppress demand
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Environmental and Safety Benefits of BRT in Hyderabad
BRT emissions benefits result from the use of cleaner buses, theshifting of passengers from private vehicles to public transit, andfinally the use of fewer buses per passenger trip (because thebuses have more capacity and are not stuck in congestion).
BRT system would be constructed with safe pedestrianinfrastructure in the entire corridor. Traffic fatalities in the BogotBRT corridor dropped by 98% in the first year.
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Some Characteristics of BRT system
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System Design Recommendations
BRT System capacity is a function of:
a. The capacity of the vehicleb. The load factor (how many passengers are actuallyusing each bus at any given link)c. The frequency of the vehicles
d. Average speed of the vehicle, determined by operatingspeeds, intersection delays, and time required for boardingand alighting
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Increasing Bus Capacity
Bus capacity is basically a function of the length of the bus. The articulated busused in TransMilenio (above) has become the BRT standard because as the busesget any longer (bi-articulated) they become much more expensive and havedifficulties on turns.
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Increasing the Load Factor
Another way to increase the actual capacity of the system isto increase the number of passengers per bus, or the loadfactor.
Shifting the bus routing system to a trunk and feedersystem will increase the load factor of each bus.
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Increasing Bus Frequency and Reducing Headways
Increasing the number of buses per hour that can pass through a
corridor before the bus station congests Reducing the dwell time can help in increasing the no. of buses
Dwell timeshave fixed as well as variable elementsFixed element: time it takes the vehicle to slow down, speed up, andopen and close its doors.
Variable elements: passenger boarding and alighting time
a functionof the number of passengers getting on and off the bus at any givenstation, and how long it takes them to get on and off per passenger.
Together, these elements will determine the total dwell time.
In order to increase capacity further, there needs to be anadditional lane in each direction at the bus station where thebuses can go around other buses that are stopped to loadpassengers
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Proposed Configuration options for BRT
Configuration 2: BRT andMinimum Sidewalk OnlyExample, Quito, Ecuador
Configuration I: BRT with Best Ped.Amenities. Example: Bogota,Colombia
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Configuration 3: Median Two-Way BRTand One Mixed Traffic Lane Perdirection. Example: Rouen, France
Configuration4. Curb-side bus laneon One- Way Street. Example:Quito, Ecuador
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Configuration 5: Median One-Way BRTwith Two Lane, two-way mixed trafficstreet. Example: Quito, Ecuador
Configuration 6. Side-Aligned Two-Way BRT Adjacent to Two Lane, one-way street. Example: Curitiba, Brazil.
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Hyderabad BRT Fare Collection System considerations
Selecting an appropriate ticketing system is complex and relatesnot only to the speed and capacity of the BRT system but also tothe institutional structure of the BRT system
Smart cardticketing systems may be adopted in order to: 1)allow easy discounted transfer to other systems or lines, 2) allow
other commercial uses of the smart cards, 3) improve controlover the revenue stream
For speed and capacity of the BRT system alone, the currentmanual collectionmethod with an independent collector insidethe bus is old fashioned but very efficient
External collectionwould accelerate the boarding process atcritical points where many passengers board at the same time,like at terminals
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Assessment of Costs
Estimated Capital Costs of 24km BRT Corridor in Hyderabad
Per Km costs Lakh Rs/Km #per Km Total CroreRs.
Footpaths & Pedestrian Amenities 15 2 7
Pavement Cost - Mixed Traffic lanes 25 4 24
Pavement Cost - BRT Lanes 19 2 91
Moving Poles 2.5 2 120
Moving Transformers 12 2 58
Bus Stations 80 2 38
Dividers & Medians 0.35 2 0.3
Overruns, miscellaneous 50 1 12
Sub-Total 98
Additional Costs - Terminal Stations 1250 (Lakh Rs.each)
2 (quantity) 25
Total Infrastructure 123
Bus Fleet Acquisition (averaged price of
articulated and feeder buses)80
Land Acquisition - per ha (estimated as
per market value)
10,000 205 205
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Projected Impacts of BRT in Hyderabad
The BRT system could significantly improve current mixed traffic
speeds. It is anticipated that mixed traffic vehicle speeds willincrease by at least 5kph on average
The BRT system would lead to a significant reduction in airpollution by roughly 20% - 40% in the corridor
Currently BRT Corridor I has an average of 60 fatalities a year, ofwhich 35 are pedestrians. The BRT system is likely to reducethese fatalities to fewer than 5 per year
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Next Steps
Establish a permanent project management unit to oversee theimplementation of the project, and to appoint a director withsignificant powers to see the project through
Complete the on-board origin-destination survey of buspassengers, and plug this into a traffic model to get more robustdemand estimates for each corridor, to make critical decisions
about the importance of route changes
Decisions about where land acquisition and road widening arepossible and where they are not possible, and to what extent,needs to be made quickly