Q. Why are cloud droplets larger over the ocean?

Most collide on forward edge

Some collide on backside

Terminal velocity:Almost 10 m/s for largest raindrops

Q. Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?

Supercooled water droplets

Ice forms directly on ice nuclei

Promote freezing of supercooled droplets(contact nuclei)

Higher saturation vapour pressure

Ice crystals grow atthe expense of waterdroplets

Riming causes snow pellets (graupel)-supercooled dropletsfreeze on contact

Snowflakes form through aggregation

Source: Desert ResearchInstitute, Nevada, USA

Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA

Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA

Munchique National ParkForest Ranger Station, Sector 20 de Julio2150 masl

Rain Gauge

Remember the paper cup experiment

CHAPTER 10

Sonic transducers

SOUND WAVESDETERMINEWIND SPEED,DIRECTION &TEMPERATURE

http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrds/rmfres/fendrift.html

Also SW Ontario

VANCOUVER LETHBRIDGE8°C 12°C

X X

CoolingAt MALR6°C/km

WarmingAt DALR10 °C/km

CoolingAt DALR10 °C/km

CoolingAt MALR6°C/km

WarmingAt DALR10 °C/km

More sensible heat

Santa Ana

Winds

Buried Portion

Exposed sectionEntrained Particle