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Precision Farming in the Precision Farming in the SouthSouth EastEast
NESPAL & UGA BIO & AG ENGINEERING
What is Precision What is Precision Farming ?Farming ?
A A management strategymanagement strategy which which identifies, analyses and manages identifies, analyses and manages within field variability for increased within field variability for increased profit and reduced environmental profit and reduced environmental impactimpact
farming by the foot, farming by farming by the foot, farming by satellite, site specific management, satellite, site specific management, prescription farming……...prescription farming……...
Technologies behind PFTechnologies behind PF
Global Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System (GPS) Yield MonitoringYield Monitoring Variable Rate Technology (VRT)Variable Rate Technology (VRT) Remote sensing Remote sensing Geographic Information system Geographic Information system
(GIS)(GIS)
GPS - What is it ?GPS - What is it ?
Navigation device which lets you Navigation device which lets you pinpoint your location on the pinpoint your location on the earths surfaceearths surface
accurate to within a tennis court accurate to within a tennis court (SA off)(SA off)
24 orbiting satellites emitting radio 24 orbiting satellites emitting radio signalssignals
Messages picked Messages picked up by GPS receiverup by GPS receiver
GPS - How does it Work ?GPS - How does it Work ?
Differential CorrectionDifferential Correction
Correcting your normal GPS to give Correcting your normal GPS to give you accuracies down to below 1 you accuracies down to below 1 meter (about 3 feet)meter (about 3 feet)
Achieved by using a stationary Achieved by using a stationary base station GPS or subscription to base station GPS or subscription to commercial satellite broadcast commercial satellite broadcast serviceservice
SatelliteSatellite
BaseBase StationStation ReceivReceiverer
What is yield monitoring ?What is yield monitoring ?
Sensors mounted on the combine Sensors mounted on the combine measuring yield as the crop is measuring yield as the crop is harvested harvested
Coupled with a GPS logging Coupled with a GPS logging location, data can be mappedlocation, data can be mapped
Grain CropsGrain Crops
Corn, Wheat, Canola, SoybeanCorn, Wheat, Canola, Soybean
GPSGPS
Computer displayComputer display
PeanutPeanut
PYMS ComponentsPYMS Components5k load cells5k load cells Omnistar DGPS Omnistar DGPS
antennaantenna
palmtop computerpalmtop computer
swath width swath width indicatorindicator
junction boxjunction box
CottonCotton
EmittersEmitters
Two Ways to a Profit MapTwo Ways to a Profit Map
aerial photoaerial photo08 July 199808 July 1998
yield mapyield mapOctober 1998October 1998
profit mapprofit mapclassified imageclassified image
What does a yield map tell What does a yield map tell you ?you ?
““Report card” for fieldReport card” for field
Quantifies variability within a fieldQuantifies variability within a field
directs sampling to explain yield directs sampling to explain yield differencesdifferences
Corn Corn 19951995
Soybean 1995Soybean 1995 Peanut 1997Peanut 1997
Variable Rate TechnologyVariable Rate Technology
Refers to any equipment designed Refers to any equipment designed to allow the rate of farm inputs to to allow the rate of farm inputs to be precisely controlled and varied be precisely controlled and varied while the machine is in operationwhile the machine is in operation
VRT - Sensor Based VRT - Sensor Based SystemSystem
Real time sensing and controlReal time sensing and control Bowman Scan RayBowman Scan Ray
VRT Fertilizer spreaderVRT Fertilizer spreader
Computer displayComputer display
Application mapApplication map
What is Remote SensingWhat is Remote Sensing
Using satellite and aerial Using satellite and aerial photography to see the “big photography to see the “big picture”picture”
highlights variability within a highlights variability within a fieldfield
Color film image Infrared image
Images may be made from color or Images may be made from color or infrared filminfrared film
Ground controlpoint
GPS antenna
Data logger
Ground Control PointsGround Control Points
Ground control Ground control points are the points are the longitude and longitude and latitude of a latitude of a specific targetspecific target
These target These target locations are later locations are later used to used to georeference an georeference an image image
What is georeferencing ?What is georeferencing ?
matching a matching a specific longitude specific longitude and latitude to a and latitude to a targeted locationtargeted location
There are usually There are usually many targets many targets within a fieldwithin a field
What is the advantage to What is the advantage to georeferencing ?georeferencing ?
Georeferencing Georeferencing allows the image allows the image to be used as a to be used as a map within the map within the fieldfield
a scout may go out a scout may go out to a field with a to a field with a GPS and navagate GPS and navagate to problem areas to problem areas in the photoin the photo
Weed patches
GPS TermsGPS Terms
S/A – Selective AvailabilityS/A – Selective Availability ReceiverReceiver Differential CorrectionDifferential Correction Lat/Lon and UTMLat/Lon and UTM Landmarks/WaypointsLandmarks/Waypoints Coast Guard BeaconCoast Guard Beacon WAAS (Wide-Area Augmented WAAS (Wide-Area Augmented
System) System)
Specific uses for GPSSpecific uses for GPS
Differential (1 m accuracy)Differential (1 m accuracy)– Yield MonitoringYield Monitoring– Variable Rate ApplicationsVariable Rate Applications– Field ScoutingField Scouting
Non-Differential (Handheld)Non-Differential (Handheld)– Dependent on accuracyDependent on accuracy
Dependent on receiver, clear view of satellites, Dependent on receiver, clear view of satellites, atmospheric disturbances)atmospheric disturbances)
– Field ScoutingField Scouting
Handheld GPSHandheld GPS
InitializationInitialization Navigation ScreensNavigation Screens Storing LandmarksStoring Landmarks RoutingRouting
– GOTOGOTO– TrackingTracking– Multi-Leg RouteMulti-Leg Route
InitializationInitialization
Let’s Receiver know where it isLet’s Receiver know where it is Input time and date dataInput time and date data Must be re-initialized if receiver Must be re-initialized if receiver
has travelled more than xx miles has travelled more than xx miles from home, while offfrom home, while off– XX - 300 miles for Magellan 315XX - 300 miles for Magellan 315– XX- 500 miles for Garmin GPS III PlusXX- 500 miles for Garmin GPS III Plus
Set-upSet-up
Landmarks/WaypointsLandmarks/Waypoints
Position stored in memoryPosition stored in memory Usually input by pressing “Mark” buttonUsually input by pressing “Mark” button
– Can be renamed, comments and messagesCan be renamed, comments and messages– Takes time because without keyboard, Takes time because without keyboard,
spelling words takes a whilespelling words takes a while Can mark position of:Can mark position of:
– Home, campsites, tree stands, fishing holes Home, campsites, tree stands, fishing holes – Field positions known to have recurrent Field positions known to have recurrent
insect, disease or nutrient problems.insect, disease or nutrient problems.
RoutingRouting GOTOGOTO
– Usually have a GOTO buttonUsually have a GOTO button– Select waypoint/landmark and receiver begins Select waypoint/landmark and receiver begins
providing distance and bearing to landmarkproviding distance and bearing to landmark TrackingTracking
– Turn tracking on (always on with Garmin GPS III)Turn tracking on (always on with Garmin GPS III)– Store tracking into a route, can then backtrack Store tracking into a route, can then backtrack
to first spot, following trail used to get thereto first spot, following trail used to get there Multi-Leg RoutesMulti-Leg Routes
– Put waypoints in route and receiver will navigate Put waypoints in route and receiver will navigate to each point in orderto each point in order
RoutingRouting
Informational screens, navigation Informational screens, navigation screens, pagesscreens, pages
Magellan has up to 9 screens and Magellan has up to 9 screens and Garmin has up to 6 pagesGarmin has up to 6 pages
Each page provides information on Each page provides information on position and/or distance and position and/or distance and direction to a waypoint/landmarkdirection to a waypoint/landmark
RoutingRouting
Status Screen (page)Status Screen (page)– Shows number of satellites tracked Shows number of satellites tracked
and their position in the skyand their position in the sky
1212
1818
2222
11
4545°°
HorizonHorizon
YouYou
EPE – Estimated positionEPE – Estimated positionErrorErrorDOP – Degree of PrecisionDOP – Degree of Precision
Require 3 satellites for 2-D Require 3 satellites for 2-D position and 4 satellites if 3-D position and 4 satellites if 3-D (include altitude)(include altitude)
Ephemeris – position and speed ofEphemeris – position and speed ofsatellitessatellites
NN
RoutingRouting
Compass screen (page)Compass screen (page)– Shows number of satellites tracked Shows number of satellites tracked
and their position in the skyand their position in the sky
Heading – Direction of TravelHeading – Direction of TravelBearing – Direction should be Bearing – Direction should be going if navigating to a positiongoing if navigating to a position
EEWW
NN
NN
RoutingRouting
Position Screen (page) Position Screen (page) – Lat/Lon or UTM positionLat/Lon or UTM position– TimeTime– SpeedSpeed– Distance traveled Distance traveled – Access to secondary coordinateAccess to secondary coordinate
GPS Scenarios for USEGPS Scenarios for USE
Finding field areas of interestFinding field areas of interest– History of disease, low soil fertility, insect History of disease, low soil fertility, insect
pressurepressure– Mark area and give location a name.Mark area and give location a name.
RoutingRouting
Navigation screen(s)Navigation screen(s)– Basically same as compass screenBasically same as compass screen– BRG – Bearing to spot you want to got toBRG – Bearing to spot you want to got to– HDG – Direction you are travelingHDG – Direction you are traveling– SPD, XTE, DSTSPD, XTE, DST
Plot screen (map page)Plot screen (map page)– From Plot screen, it is easy to see landmarks From Plot screen, it is easy to see landmarks
already stored, tracks if tracking history is on, already stored, tracks if tracking history is on, distance to landmarksdistance to landmarks
– Zoom in and out with arrow right and left key Zoom in and out with arrow right and left key (page in and out)(page in and out)
BlackshearBlackshear
BlackshearBlackshear