i
Volume 6, No. 01 ISSN 2249-7927
Jan-June 2016
PREEMINENCE An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal
UNITED SOCIETY FOR REHABILITATION AND INCLUSION
ii
PREEMINENCE
Patron
Prof Yogesh Chandra Dubey
Vice-Chancellor
J R H University, Chitrakoot (UP)
Advisory Board
Prof. K.B. Pandeya
Dr. J.P. Singh
Prof. S.R. Mittal
Dr. Bharat Mishra
Editor
Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma
Assistant Editors
Dr. Akhil Agnihotri
Sh. Amit Agnihotri
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dwiwedi
Sh. Nihar Ranjan Mishra
Dr. Rajnish Kumar Singh
Sh. Atul Srivastava
Dr. Punam Pandey
Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla
Dr. Reetu Sharma
Sh. Chandra Shekhar Yadav
Legal Advisor
Smt. Subhas Rathi
Dr. Veena Singh
Technical Advisor
Sh. S.K. Agnihotri
Sh. Amar Singh
Dr. Arya Agnihotri
Mr. Yogendra Tripathi
Mr. Sudhir Kumar
Mr. Akhil Raikwar
Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav
The views expressed in the articles/research papers are
the individual’s opinion of the concerned author only.
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Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Ranbir Singh
Ex. Vice Chancellor, National Law University,
Delhi
Prof. K.B. Pandeya
Ex. Vice Chancellor
M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot
Dr. Yogesh Upadhyay
Professor, Dept. of Management
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Prof. V.D. Mishra
Retd. Professor, University of Allahabad
Dr. J.P. Singh
Consultant, AMITY University, Noida
Prof. S.R. Mittal
Adjunct Professor, NIEPVD, Dehradoon
Prof. T.B. Singh
Adjunct Professor,
Central University of South Bihar
Prof. B. Pandey
Ex. Vice Chancellor,
J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.
Dr. S.B. Mishra
Ex. Head Deptt. of Mathematics, M.L.K. (P.G.)
College, Balrampur
Dr. Ranganath Mishra
Deptt. of Oncology
National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street
Goodman K721, Denver CO 80206
Dr. Dharmendra Kumar
Ex. Director, PDUIPH, New Delhi
Dr. J.P. Pandey
Deptt. of Physics, M.L.K. P.G. College
Balrampur, U.P.
Dr. Himanshu Pandey
Deptt. of Statistics,
D. D. U. University, Gorakhpur, U.P.
Prof. I.C. Shukla
Ex- Head, Deptt. of Chemistry,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad.
Prof. J. Prasad
Ex Head & Dean, S.H.I.A.T.S., Allahabad.
Prof. Kapil Deo Mishra
Vice Chancellor
Rani Durgawati Vishwavidyalay, Jabalpur, MP
Prof. S.P. Gupta
Ex. Director, School of Education,
U.P.R.T. Open University, Allahabad
Prof. Yogesh Chandra Dubey
Vice-Chancellor,
J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.
Prof. K.K. Mishra
Deptt. of Pol. Science, BHU, Varanasi
Dr. S.N. Tripathi
Ex. Dean, Dr. R.M.L. Awadh University,
Faizabad
Dr. Bharat Mishra
Associate Professor
M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot
Prof. Arvind Joshi
Deptt. of Social Work,
BHU, Varanasi
Prof. Avanish C. Mishra
Head, Dept, of History,
Dr. Shanuntla Mishra National Rehabilitation
University, Lucknow
Prof. Kaushal Kishor
Dept. of Education
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya
Dr. Amit Tripathi
Vice President
Sunward Resources Ltd., Casa 101, Calle 6A,
No. 22-75, El Poblado, Medellin, Colambia
Dr. Prgya Mishra
Head, Deptt. of Sanskrit
M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot
Dr. M.P. Shah
Reetd. Scientist F, Wadia Instt. of Himalayan
Geology, Dehradun
Prof. S.S. Chaubey
Ex. Prof. & Head
Deptt. of Geography
Arrah University, Arrah, Bihar
Prof. J.P. Lal
Deptt. of Plant Breeding
B.H.U., Varanasi
Dr. K.N. Uttam
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Allahabad
Dr. D B Tyagi
Principal, Sri Megh Singh PG College, Abidgarh
Agra (UP)
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Editorial
I, herewith, present another issue of Preeminence - An International Peer Reviewed
Research Journal with great pleasure. Editorial Team members have great sense of
gratitude toward the authors/contributors who provided the content of this issue of the
journal in the form of different research papers and articles. The Editorial Team
recognizes the efforts made by peer reviewers who commented on the suitability of
manuscripts for publication. Readers of this Journal and the academic community will
surely get benefitted with the content of the Journal.
We, the Editorial Team, welcome the opportunity to expand our reviewer community and
invite colleagues with an interest in reviewing to send their details to
[email protected] with the details including Name, Email Address,
Organization,Country, Subject specialization/areas of expertise and experience in the
area.
I hope that with the combined efforts, Preeminence will continue the journey for
achieving greater heights.
All the best,
Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma
Editor
v
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advertisement (hard and soft) to the following address:
The Editor
‘PREEMINENCE’ An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal
United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion
Sonalika House, Ranipur Bhatt,
Chitrakoot 210204 India
Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Website: http://www.usri.in
vii
CONTENTS
Editorial / iv
Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr /1
MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag
Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystal / 7
Dr. J. P. Pandey Emerging Challenges Before Indian Agriculture /17
Dr.Bindrawan Lal tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; fl)kUr dh lkFkZdrk yksd dY;kdkjh jkT; ds ifjis{; esa ,d
v/;;u/28
MkW- iadt frokjh
REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS FIELD /33 Mr. Girish V Gupta and Mr. Mohit Gupta
Lekos'kh f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk /37 nqxsZ'k dqekj feJ /keZ] v/;kRe ,oa fodkl /41 MkW- vEcjh'k jk;
Impact of Higher Education on Women Empowerment /45 Rupali Sharma i;kZoj.k eS=h /51 MkW- izKk feJk
f'k{kk dk futhdj.k& lek/kku ;k leL;k /56 MkW- jsuw xqIrk
egcqfy;k /62 MkW- jkts'k dqekj iky
BASEL- III : A Roadmap to the Future Indian Banking System /67 Dr. Mahendra Kumar Sultaniya Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl vkSj efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx#drk /75 MkW- fiz;adk flag
Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ßmnkjoknÞ dh Hkwfedk /78 izsepUnz lkgw
vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds thou esa HkfDr;ksx dh lk/kuk ,d foospu /84 lanhi Bkdjs
ledkyhu dyk xq: Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky /90 MkW- mek'kadj izlkn
oS'ohdj.k ;qx esa v?;kid f'k{kk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa xq.kkRed lq/kj /94 MkW- jhuk ik.Ms;
jkek;.k dk lekt n'kZu/100 MkW- izfeyk feJk
viii
Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk vk/kkj gS pquko lq/kkj /104 MkW- lqcks/k dqekj
Reading Technological Devices For Students With Visual Impairment In Inclusive
Schools Of North-Eastzone Of Delhi /113 Mr. Brijesh Kumar Rai
Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in Cultural Ethics/121 Dr. Siddhartha Sharma
oSfnd dky esa fyaxksikluk/125
M‚0 v”ksd dqekj
/kEkZ ,oa Ik;ZVu ¼Jh jkoriqjk ljdkj ds fo’ks”k lUnHkZ esa½/129
MkW0 gfjvkse ckny
Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kk dh orZeku lUnHkZ esa mikns;rk/136
ftrsUnz ukFk feJ
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 1
Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr
MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag1]
Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; esa /keZ esa vkSj n”kZu esa cgqr leUo; gSA n”kZu ds
okLrfod Lo:Ik ds fo’k; esa pkgsa vkt Hkh /keZ dh HkkWfr fofHkUUk er gksa ftuesa
vkidh vkSj gekjh /kkj.kk,sa HkzkUr gks ldrh gSa fdUrq ijkuqHkwfr dks LokuqHkwfr esa
cny nsus ds fy, ,d Hkkafr dk Øfed Hkkxksa dks gh ysdj xzUFkksa dh jpuk
n”kZu”kkL= esa gqbZ gSA oSls n”kZu ds nks iz/kku Hksn gS& vkfLrd vkSj ukfLrdA
ukfLrd n”kZu dks ysdj ^Pkk:&Pkkdq* PkkokZd er ds iz.ksrk vkpk;Z o`gLifr us
tSu n”kZu esa izfl) dqUndqUnkpk;Z vkSj lkeUrHknz] fl)lsu] fnokdj vkSj
gfjHknz lwfj rFkk gsepUnkfn us okS)&n”kZu esa egkiku /keZ ds xzUFk tks laLd`r
esa fy[ks x;s gS&oSHkkf’kd] lkrkfU=d ;ksxkpkj vkSj ek/;fed& bu pkjksa fofHkUUk
erksa us tgkW Ik;kZIr :I esa yksd lkfgR; ds egRo esa ;ksx fn;k gSA ;gkW
vkfLFkd n”kZu ds vUrxZr U;k;&n”kZd] oS”ksf’kd&n”kZu] lka[;&n”kZu]
;ksx&n”kZu] ehekalk&n”kZu vkSj csnkUr&n”kZu dks Hkh ysdj vkt ,d vusd
iqLrdsa laLd`r esa yksd lkfgR; dk ifjo)Zu djus esa ;ksx nsxj mldh egRRkk
esa viwoZ ;ksxnku dj jgh gSA
bl yksd lkfgR; dh izkphurk] O;kidrk] ekSfydrk] ljlrk] mikns;rk
laLFkk esa o`f) gksuk] izHkkoksRiknudRkk] o Sfo/; fo’k; okyh iqLrdksa dk gksuk]
mlesa jpuk&lkS’Bo] lH;rk ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr dh /kkjk Hkh ftlesa
vfofPNUUk :i ls fujUrj izokfgr gksrh jgs] bl HkkWfr dh vksj Hkh vusd ckrksa
dk lekos”k gksuk vkfn ckrsa bl jktuhfr lkfgR; dh egRRkk esa pkj pkWn yxk
jgh gSA jktuhftd laLd`fr m)kjd gksrh gS rks nwljh jktuhfrd laLd`fr
fouk”kdkfj.kh fl) gksrh gS] tks oLrq dk dk;Z djrh gSA yksd lkfgR; rks ik=
1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] Mh0,u0¼ih0th0½ dkyst] Qrsgx< +
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 2
gSA ftlesa ;g j[kh tkdj xzg&xzg] xzke&xzke] uxj&uxj] ns”k&ns”k rFkk
jk’Vª& jk’Vª esa igWqpkbZ tkrh gSA bldks LFkkuksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds iz”kalk ds ik= gksa
,oa gekjk Hkh thou oSlk gksus esa fo”o dh n`f’V esa vuqdj.kh; cu tk,A geus
blh y{; dh iwfrZ ds fy, izFke jktuhfrd laLd`fr lEHkkyk gS] ftlesa lc
dqN izFke Hkkx esa gh j[ fn;k gSA mlh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ds ik= yksd
lkfgR; dks ;gkW fy;k x;k gSA ftudh ewy&eukso`fRRk rks jktuhfrd Hkk’kk ds
xzUFkksa esa Hkjh iwjh gSA ewy&LRkj dSlk gS bldk fu.kkZ;d rks gekjk yksd lkfgR;
gh gSA bl yksd lkfgR; dks gh ysdj bl ckr dh ;gkW iqf’V dh tk;sxh fdUrq
bl iqf’V ds iwoZ ;g Hkh rks izekf.kr djuk gksxk fd bl yksd lkfgR; dk bl
HkkWfr vR;kf/kd egRo dSls c<+ tkrk gSA
yksd lkfgR; dk egRo rks edku gSaA mlds egRo dh iqf’V esa dqN ckrsa
;gkW ij fy[k nsuk vko”;d gS jktuhfr lkfgR; esa tks yksd lkfgR; “kCn
iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS og “kCn vkSj /keZ ds lkeUtL; dk lwpd gSA oSlk vU;
fdlh Hkk’kk ds lkFk mruk [kjk ugh mrj ldrkA oks yksd lkfgR; lcls
vf/kd yEch vk;q okyk gks rFkk mldk foLrkj Hkh ,d cgqr cM+s Hkw[k.M ij
foLrr :i ls gks pqdk gksA ftldk dkj.k mldh /keZ lEEifRRk] mldk jpk
pkrq;Z] mldh “kk”or jgus okyh jktuhfr laLd`fr esa LFkku&LFkku ij
ekSfydrk] LokHkkfodrk ,oa iqjkrUkrk dh vkHkk ds n”kZu esa dgk gSA gsujh
gM~lu ds “kCnksa esa& ^^lkfgR; ewyr% Hkk’kk ds ek/;e ls thou dh vfHkO;fDr
gSA** fu’d’kZ ;g gS fd lkfgR; Hkko lkexzh dk lafpr dks’k gS rFkk mlds }kjk
lekt ds eu&ekul dk iks’k.k gksrk gSA
lkfgR; dk dRkkZ lekt gksrk gS vkSj mlds “kCnkFkZ esa lfgRk gksu s dk
Hkko fufgr gSA lkfgR; dk vFkZ gS& fgr ls ;qDr gksuk] ;Fkk&fgrsu lgbfr
lfgre~] lR; Hkko%] lkfgR;e~] ^^fgra lfUUkfgra rr~] lfgrajlsu ;qDre~ rL; Hkko%
lkfgR;e~A** vkfn leLr dFku blh rF; ds |ksrd gS fd lkfgR; dk ewy rRo
fgr lk/ku gSA O;fDr gh lekt dh jpuk djrk gS vkSj O;fDr gh vius fgr
lk/ku gsrq lkfgR; jpuk djrk gS blh izdkj dh dlkSVh ewyr% f”koRo vFkkZr~
lkekftd dY;k.k gS& ^^dhjfr Hkfufr Hkfy lksbZA lqjlfj le lc dgSa fgr
gksbZA**
thou vkSj lkfgR; dh izj.kk,W leku gksrh gSA os iq:’kkFkZ prq’V; rFkk
rhu , s’k.kkvksa vFkok ftxh’kk ,oa fo’e; dh ewy o`fRRk;ksa esa lekfgr gks tkrh gSA
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd lkfgR; ekuo thou ds lq[k&nq%[k] g’kZ&fo’kkn] vkd’kZ.k]
fod’kZ.k ds rkus&ckus ls fufeZr gksrk gS vkSj mles ekuo dh vkRek dk LiUnu
izfrQfyr gksrk gSA lkfgR; oLrqr% ekuo dh Hkkoukvksa] leL;kvksa vkSj
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 3
vuqHkwfRRk;ksa dk lkdkj :i gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa }kjk lkfgR; ds ewy iz;kstu
prqoZxZ dh izkfIr] ;”k] vFkZ] O;ogkj] Kku] vkuUn vFkok jl rRo] mins”k]
f”kosrj{k; rFkk dykoSpj.; ,oa nq[kh vkSj Jfer o “kksd larIr dks “kkfUr
iznku djuk vkfn crk, x;s gSaSA buesa izR;sd iz;kstu lekt&lkis{k gSA
,d vaxzsth fo}ku us Bhd gh dgk gS fd& Literature is the brain of humanity, vFkkZr~ ^^lkfgR; ekuo lekt dk dkekZfLr’d gS** vrhr ds jhfrfjokt
jgu&lgu] lH;rk&lLd`r vkfn dk Kku gesa lkfgR; }kjk gh izkIr gksrk gSA
Hkkjr ds xkSjo”kkyh vrhr dk mn~?kkVu gekjs izkphu lkfgR; us gh fd;k]
vU;Fkk gekjs fons”kh “kkld rks ge Hkkjrh;ksa dks cuekuq’k gh rku cSBs FksA
lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls gh ge vius iwoZtksa ,oa vaxzstksa ds vkn”kksZa ds vuqlj.k dh
izsj.k izkIr djrs gSA
LoxZ vkSj i`Foh ;fn nks gS rks mUgsa feykdj ,ddjus dk dk;Z lkfgR;
gh djrk gSA ckcw xqykc jk; us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd] fo”okfe= dh HkkWfr
lkfgR;dkj vius ;teku dks lansg igqWpkus dk nkok ugha djrk]oju~ vius
;ksxcy ls bl i`Foh ij gh LoxZ dh izfr’Bk dj nsrk gSA ^fdlh Js’B oLrq dks
LoxZ dh gSA* dgdj izfr’Bk nsuk bl yksd dk vieku gSA lkfgR; bloh yksd
dh] fdUrq vlk/kkj.k oLrq gS vkSj mlds ewy rUrq thou ls gh jl xzg.k djrs
gSA
lkfgR; ds vUrxZr lekt dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa&ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj mlds
vkpkj&fopkjksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dk fp=.k jgrk gSA lkFk gh lkfgR; lekt laLdkj
dh izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA ge pkgsa rks dg ldrs gS fd lkfgR; jpuk dk y{;
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks vkn”kZoknh iz.kkyh }kjk izLrqr djuk gSA
lkfgR;dkj lekt ds ØksM esa gh iyrk gS vkSj vius fodkl jl dks ogha ls
xzg.k djrk gSA lekt dh ifjfLFkfr;ka lkfgR;dkj dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj
og lekt ls gh lkfgR; ltZuk dh izsj.kk xzg.k djrk gSA lkfgR;dkj pkgdj
Hkh lekt ds izHkko ls ugha cp ldrk gSA lekt dk izHkko lkfgR;dkj vkSj
mlds lkfgR; ij vfuok;Z :i ls iM+rk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa MkW0 lEiw.kZuUn dk
dFku egRoiw.kZ gS& ^^ys[kd ds Åij ifjfLFkfr;kW fujUrj viuk izHkko Mkyrh
gSA ys[kd muls cpus dk iz;Ru djs rks Hkh ugh ldrk gS vkSj u og ;g gh
dg ldrk gS fd eSa viuh ?kM+h ds vuqlkj brus cts ls ysdj brus cts rd
viuh pkjksa vksj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkko xzg.k d:Wxkk vkSj blds okn ys[kd
pkgs ;k u pkgs ifjfLFkfr;kW ml ij izHkko Mkysaxh ghA thou esa tks fØ;k,a gks
jgh lkfgR;dkj ij mudh izfrfØ;k gksuk LokHkkfod vkSj vfuok;Z gSA
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 4
Hkkjr ,d fo”kky nsk gSA ;gkW dh Hkw&vkd`fr] tyok;q] ouLifr vkfn esa rks
fofHkUUkrk gS gh] lkFk gh ;gka ds yksxksa ds jgu&lgu][kku&iku] os”kHkw’kk]
jhfr&fjokt] /keZ] Hkk’kk vkfn esa Hkh fofHkUUkrk gSA fdarq bu lHkh fHkUUkrkvksa ds
gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh laLd`fr esa ,d ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku gSA
leLr fofHkUUkrkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d ,slk v[kaM ekSfyd
,drk gS] ftldk Kku Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk xgu v/;;u djus ls izkIr gksrk
gSA
iafMr usg: ds “kCnksa esa] ^^tc ls lH;rk dj lw;ksZn; gqvk gS rHkh ls
Hkkjr ds efLr’d ij ,drk dh Hkkouk us vf/kdkj dj fy;k gSA ;g ekSfyd
,drk fdlh izdkj ls ckgj ls Fkksih xbZ ugh gS] cfYd ;g ,d vkrafjd ,drk
gS vkSj Hkkjr dh vkRek eesa lekbZ gqbZ gSA**
HkkSxkfyd n`f’V ls Hkkjr lqn`<+ izkd`frd lhekvksa ls lqjf{kr gSA blsa
mRRkj esa xxupqEch ioZr gSA vU; rhUkksa fn”kkvksa esa vFkkg leqnz Hkjk gqvk gSA
bu izkd`frd lhekvksa us ,d gh ns”k Hkkjr fuekZ.k fd;k gS vU; dk ughA ;gha
ugh izkphu dky esa Hkkjroklh laiw.kZ ns”k dks Hkkjro’kZ ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSA
bl izdkj ls HkkSxksfyd fofHkUUkrk ds gksrs gq, mlesa ,d ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku
gS vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh bl ekSfyd ,drk ds n”kZu izR;sd {ks= esa gksrs gSA
pkgs og HkkSxksfyd ,drk gks] pkgs jktuhfrd ,drk gks] /kkfeZd ,drk gks ;k
fQj lkaLd`frd ,drk gksA gkykafd fofHkUUkrk,W ekStwn gS fdarq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr
dh lcls izeq[k fo”ks’krk blh fofHkUUkrk esa ,drk dh gSA blhfy, lfn;ksa ls
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ekStwn gS vkSj vkxs Hkh viuh blh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[ksxhA
Hkkjr esa fofHkUUk /keksZa tSls tSu] okS)] fgUnw] eqfLye] flD[k] bZlkbZ vkfn ds
fuoklh jgrs gSA vr% vkfn Hkkjr dks fofHkUUk /keksZa dk m|ku dgktk, rks
vk”p;Z ugh gksxk fdUrq /keksZa dh ;g fofHkUUkrk flQZ ckgjh gS bu lHkh /keksZ esa
,d xgjh vkarfjd ,drk fo|eku gSA
Hkkjr esa izkphudky ls gh fons”kh vkØe.kdkjh vkrs kgs gS dqB le;
ckn os ;gh ds gksdj jg x,A Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ;g mnkjrk gh gS fd mlus
mu lHkh fofHkUuk /kekZoyfEcr;ksa dks vius esa lekfgr dj fy;k vkSj lHkh
Hkkjrh; gks x,A
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ekSfyd ,drk mldh lkaLd`frd fofHkUUkrk esa fufgr
gSA Hkkjr esa laLd`r] fgUnh] iatkch] caxkyh] vlfe;k] jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh]
rfey] rsyxw] dUUkM+] mnwZ vkfn fofHkUUk izdkj dh Hkk’kk,a gSA ysfdu lokZf/kd
izkphu Hkk’kk laLd`r gSA izkphudky esa vf/kdka”k lezkVksa esa vius ys[k&laLd`r
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Hkk’kk dks dEI;wVj foKkuh daI;wVj ds fy;s lkoZf/kd ljy Hkk’kk ekurs gSA blls
Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dh Hkk’kk;h ,drk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
;gka ds fuokfl;ksa esa Hkh izkphudky ls gh xgjh ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku jgh gSA
izkphudky ls gh ;gka vk;Z] nzfoM+] ;wukuh] “kd] dq’kk.k] rqdZ] eaxksy vkfn
vusd tkfr;ka vkbZ ijUrq vkt os fgUnw lekt esa ,d&nwljs ls bruh ?kqy ?kqy
fey xbZ gS fd mudk i`Fkd vfLrRo lekLr gks x;k gSA
fons'kh tkfr;ksa esa dsoy bZlkbZ ,oa eqlyeku gh viuk i`Fkd vfLrRo
cuk, gq, gSa fdUrq os Hkh izkphu fgUnwvksa dh gh larku gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
fgUnwvksa] eqlyekuksa rFkk bZlkbZ;ksa vusd jhfr&fjoktksa] mRlo&esyksa os”kHkw’kk vkfn
esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ;gh ,drk lkfgR; vkSj dyk esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk’kkvksa ds lkfgR; esa vk/kkjHkwr ,drk dh Li’V >kadh fn[kkb Z
iM+rh gSA Hkkjr dh LFkkiR; dyk] fp=dyk] laxhr dyk rFkk k rFkk u`R; dyk
esa Hkkjrh;rk dh Li’V >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vkarfjd ,drk rks ekStwn gS gh vkSj mlesa dksbZ lansg
ugh gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls izeq[k fo”ks’krk bldh loZ/keZ leHkko
dh Hkkouk vkSj fo”o ca/kqRo gSA blus ges”kk ls leLr i`Foh dks viuk dqVqEc
vkSj mlesa jg jgs yksxksa dks viuk ifjokfjd lnL; ekuk gSA bl “yksd esa
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr fo”ks’krk ifjyksd esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr
fo”ks’krk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk y?kqpsrlke~
mnkjpfjrkuke~ rq olq/kSo dqVqEcdeAA
mi;qZDr “yksd dk vFkZ gS fd ^^;g esjk gS ;g ijk;k gS dh x.kuk NksVs
g``n; okys djrs gSA mnkgj pfj= okys O;fDr ds fy, tks laiw.kZ i`Foh gh
dqVqEc dh rjg gSA**
1893 esa vesfjdk ds f”kdkxks “kgj esa fo”o /keZ lEEksyu dk vk;kstu
fd;k x;kA Lokeh foosdkuUn us bl fo”o lEEksyu esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo
fd;kA tgka lHkh ns”kksa ds izfrfuf/k vius&vius ns”k ds /keksZa dh fo”ks’krk dk
c[kku djus esa yxs gq, Fks ogha Lokeh foosdkuUn us ,d ,sls /keZ dk c[kku
fd;k tks /keksZa dks vius vUnj lesV ysus dh {kerk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA dgus dk
rkRi;Z gS fd mudk /keZ ekuork dk /keZ Fkk tks loZ/keZ leHkko dh Hkkouk ls
;qDr Fkk vkSj lHkh euq’;ksa dh lekurk ij cy nsus okyk FkkA muds bl Hkk’k.k
dks fo”o Hkj esa ljkgk x;kA
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bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls cM+h fo”ks’krk
vusdrk esa ,drk vkSj loZ/keZ leHkko gSA izkphudky ls orZeku rFkk vusd
FkisM+ksa dks lgrs gq, Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkt Hkh mlh etcwrh ls LFkkfir gSA
oLrqr% ;g laLd`fr Hkkjro’kZ dh vkRek gSA
lUnHkZ&
1- fyIlsV] ,l0,u0&iksfyfVdy eSuA
2- feYl] lh0 jkbV&n ikoj ,ykbVA
3- csoj] eSDl&lekt “kkL= esa fucU/kA
4- iSjVks] ekbUM ,.M lkslkbVhA
5- cSfUMDl&Dykl LVsVl ,.M ikojA
6- vke.M ,.M okosy&dEizsfVo ikfyfVDlA
7- yqfl;u MCY;w ikbZ& vkLisDVl vkQ iksfyfVdy Msosyies.VA
8- ,yu vkj0 cky& ekMuZ ikfyfVDl ,.M xouZes.VA
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Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic
Crystal Dr. J. P. Pandey
1
Abstract: The dispersion, reflectance and transmittance spectrum of 1-D
superconductor-dielectric periodic multilayer structure are theoretically
investigated for a stratified medium by using the transfer matrix method (TMM)
method. This study of reflectance and transmittance at different angles of incidence
and temperatures show the filtering properties in superconductor-dielectric photonic
crystal.
Introduction:
Superconductivity was first observed in mercury in 1911 by Dutch physicist
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University. The materials, which offer no
resistance to the flow of electricity, was called superconducting materials. These are
one of the last great frontiers of scientific discovery. In subsequent decades, other
superconducting metals, alloys and compounds were discovered. In 1941, Niobium-
Nitride was found to superconduct at 16K. In 1953, Vanadium-Silicon displayed
superconducting properties at 17.5K and, in 1962, the first commercial
superconducting wire and alloy of Niobium and Titanium was developed by
scientists at Westinghouse. Additional milestones have been achieved by using
exotic- and toxic- elements in the base perovskite ceramics.
The transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor-
dielectric PC was studied by Yaw [1] in 2002. He observed that superconductivity
can be rapidly quenched with an incident electromagnetic field above some critical
intensity and the superconductivity is restored when the radiation intensity is
reduced below the critical value. Also, superconductor undergoes a change in optical
properties in term of index of refraction, dielectric function, dispersion relation,
transmittance and reflectance etc. as the transition is made between the
superconducting (S) and normal state (N), though the degree to which the dielectric
function differ between the S-state to N-state varies with normalized frequency.
1. Department of Physics, M L K P G College, Balrampur (UP)
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Various reports [2-7] show the study of photonic crystals consisting of a
superconducting material and a dielectric. The size of the gap is characterized by
polarization, penetration depth, and highly dependent on temperature at the vicinity
of superconducting transition temperature. The analysis shows that the property of
thin photonic crystals may have application in optical region if extremely low
relaxation time superconductor is used. This may be asset for superconducting
electronics-photonic integration [5-7].
Feng et al. [8] investigated the tunable negative refraction in the lowest band
of a 2-D PC incorporating the superconductor constituents. Ricci et al. [9] has
examined experimentally the properties of a low loss super conducting materials.
The issue of a super conducting photonic crystal was first investigated by a group in
Singapore [3]. They have considered 1-D superconductor/dielectric super lattices by
making use of the TMM [10].
Recently, Wu et al. [6] calculated the full band structure in the TE mode for
a 1-D superconductor dielectric super lattice. They observed the three lowest band
gaps as a function of penetration depth of superconductor, permittivity of dielectric
and angle of incidence respectively.
A full band structure of superconductor-dielectric periodic structure is an
important means for understanding the fundamental physics about electromagnetic
wave propagation characteristics in a superconducting photonic crystal. This
information is not only fundamental but also of technical use of super conducting
material. The findings of ref. [11-13] are extended in this paper.
In this communication, the optical properties of PCs with super conducting
constituent are studied for a stratified medium. The dispersion relation, reflectance
and transmittance spectrum of superconductor-dielectric 1-D periodic multilayer
structure are calculated based on the transcendental equations derived from transfer
matrix method and Bloch theorem. This study shows the filtering properties in
superconductor-dielectric 1-D photonic crystal.
Mathematical Formulation:
Figure 1.Schematic presentation of superconductor/dielectric periodic
structure.
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The refractive index profile of the above structure is given as,
dxdn
dxnxn
22
11
,
0,)(
(1) with n(x) = n(x + d) where n1, n2 are the refractive indices of the superconductor
and dielectric materials. The electric field E(x) in the mth
unit cell can be written
as
)dmd(xd)1m(;edec
mdx)dmd(;ebea)x(E
1
)dmdx(ik
m
)dmdx(ik
m
1
)mdx(ik
m
)mdx(ik
m
1212
21 ,
(2) where
1d
21
2
2
11 cosc
nn
ck
,
2s
21
2
2
22 cosc
nn
ck
(3) For the superconductor, the index of refraction can be described on the basis of
the conventional two fluid models [14-15]. This model is used to describe the
electromagnetic behavior of superconductor at non-zero temperature. Normally,
the conductivity of the superconductor is complex. With some approximations
(lossless), the complex conductivity of a superconductor approximates to
m
nei)( s
2
(4) only when the conduction nn < ins/ is satisfied. Where () is the
conductivity of the superconductor, e and m are the charge and mass of electron
respectively, ns is the density of electron and is the frequency of external
electromagnetic wave. The approximation condition can be found in Ref. [2].
The conductivity equation (4) can be expressed in terms of London-penetration
depths L, since 2
s0
2
Len
m
(5) (5a) So that 2
L0
i)(
(5b) From the Gorter-Casimir result [14, 17], 1T
T
n
n4
c
n
s
and the London-
penetration depth,
4
c
LL
T
T1
)0()T(
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(6) where the conductivity equation (5b) is temperature dependent. In the
superconductor layer, with no external source current and charge, the Maxwell‘s
equation becomes - 0BkB2
1
2
(7) By substituting equation (5),
2
L
2
22
1
1
ck
(8) Then, from Snell‘s law, the length of the tangential wave vector k1x (parallel to
the dielectric superconductor interface) is conserved. That is
sinc
k y1 ,
where is the angle of incident (relative to normal of interface) of the
electromagnetic wave as vacuum. Then, the frequency dependent normal vector
is )(nc
1cos
ck 12
L
2
2
2
x1
(9) where
2
L
2
22
1
1ccos)(n
In the dielectric layer, with no external source
current and charge, the Maxwell‘s equation becomes 02
2
2 BkB
(10) From equation
(11) and Snell‘s law, we have 2
22
2c
k
or
2
2
22
2
2
2
22
x2 sinc
sincc
k
or 2x2 nc
k
(11) where
2
2 sinn
According to transfer matrix method, the characteristic matrix corresponding
to one period is as follows
2,21,2
2,11,1
mm
mm)d(m
(12) Where )dk(sin)dksin(p
p)dkcos()dkcos(m 2x21x1
1
22x21x11,1
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)dk(cos)dk(sinp
i)dk(sin)dkcos(
p
im 2x21x1
1
2x21x1
2
2,1
)dk(sin)dk(cosip)dk(cos)dksin(ipm 2x21x122x21x111,2
)dk(sin)dk(sinp
p)dk(cos)dkcos(m 2x21x1
2
12x21x12,2
where )TM(cosnZ
1p),TE(cos
Z
npandcosn
ck i
i0
ii
0
iiiii
with i = 1, 2 and impedance )/(Z000 of free space. The total characteristic
matrix for the N-period structure can be obtained,
2,21,2
2,11,1N
MM
MM)d(m)Nd(M
(13) where M1,1 = m11 UN-1 - UN-2, M1,2 = m12 UN-1 M2,1 = m21 UN-1, M2,2 =
m22 UN-1 - UN-2
mi,j are the characteristic matrix of equation (13) and UN is the Chebyshev
polynomial of second kind defined by
d)(Ksin
d)(K)1N(sinU N
(14) The dispersion relation can be
found as
)dksin()dksin(
p
p
p
p
2
1)dk(cos)dkcos(cos
d
1)(K 2x21x1
1
2
2
12x21x1
1
(15) The reflection and transmission coefficients can be determined and are
given by
s2,21,20s2,11,1
s2,21,20s2,11,1
pMMppMM
pMMppMMr
s2,21,20s2,11,1
0
pMMppMM
p2t
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(16) Here p0 and ps are for the first and last medium of the structure, which are
given as )TE(Z
cosnp,
Z
cosnp
0
sss
0
000
and impedance
)/(Z000 of free space. In this case, n0 = ns = 1.0 for the free
space. The reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) for superconductor/dielectric
photonic crystal are related by 2
0
s2t
p
pTandrR (17)
The expressions of the reflectivity for Nth
layers of the structure is given
2
2
1,2
2
1,22
N
d)(NKsin
d)(KsinM
MR
(18) where N is the total number of unit cells (i.e. number of pairs of layers).
Results and Discussion:
Here, Tc=10K is taken with penetration depth as 60nm for superconducting
material and the refractive index of dielectric material is 15 in the considered PC.
The thicknesses of the superconductor and dielectric materials are 2d/3 and d/3
respectively with d=1, 2 where d is the total thickness of the unit cell of the
superconductor-dielectric materials.
Generally, the refractive index of the superconductor is temperature
dependent, but here, T=5.5K is taken which is below the critical temperature (Tc).
The substrate is supposed to be air having refractive index 1.0. The material is
considered to be linear, homogeneous, non-absorbing and with no optical activity
when the electromagnetic wave is incident. The band structure, reflectance and
transmittance versus normalized frequency range of the structure are plotted for
N=10, where N is the total number of the period. These variations are shown at the
different angles of incidence for the electromagnetic spectrum. The band structures
are investigated by calculating cos (Kd) term of the structure. The allowed or
forbidden gaps of cos(Kd) of the structure has also been calculated for the
transmittance and reflectance.
The band structure, reflectance and transmittance at zero angle of incidence
is shown in figure 2(a). A broad band gap is found in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of the
normalized frequency. The reflectance is found 100% in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of
the normalized frequency. Such property can be applied to make a reflector which
can be used in low temperature region. It is also seen that the band structure and
reflectance for the periodic layers are same due to Bragg reflection inside the
interfaces of the periodic layers.
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The same calculations are made at the angles of incidences 30o, 60
o and 85
o
for the same structure. These calculations are done at different angles of incidence
30o, 60
o and 85
o and are shown in figures 2(b), 2(c) and 2(d) respectively. From the
study of figures, it is observed that the band structures and reflectance/transmittance
of the given structure are same. The range of band gaps and
reflectance/transmittance of the given structure increases with the increase in angle
of incidence. But the band structures and reflectance/transmittance of the considered
structure are shifted towards the higher frequency range. Such shifting properties of
the band gaps and reflectance‘s of the periodic structure are due to the property of
the Bragg gaps.
From above study, it can be seen that the superconductor-dielectric photonic
crystal may be used as broad band reflector and omnidirectional reflector at low
temperatures below to the critical temperature. Such property may be applied to
make the reflector which can be used in low temperature region.
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
Figure 2: Dispersion relation, Reflectance and Transmittance of the considered
structure at an angle of incidence (a) 00 (b) 30
0 (c) 60
0 and (d) 85
0.
References:
1. R.N.Yaw “Transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor/dielectric multilayer photonic band gap”, Huntsvill, Alabama, 2002
2. W.M. Lee, P.M. Hui and D. Stroud, “Propagating photonic modes below the gap in a superconducting composite”, Phys. Rev. B, 51, 8634-8637, April, 1995.
3. C.H. Raymond Oai, T.C. Anyeung, C.H. Kam and T.K. Lim, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 5920, 2000; F. Abbas, “Propagation in a multilayer structure of superconductor and dielectric”, Phyica C, 254, 291-306, June, 1995.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 15
4. Y.B. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Zhu. S. Zhu and N. Ming, “Tunable photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, Mat. Lett., 55, 12-16, July, 2002.
5. H. Takeda and K. Yoshino, “Tunable photonic band schemes in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors”, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 245109-6, June, 2003.
6. C. J. Wu, M. S. Chen and T. J. Yang, “Photonic band structure for superconductor-dielectric superlattices”, Physica C, 432, 133-139, Sept., 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, J. Electromagnetic wave and Applications, 19, 1991-1996, 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, PIER Symposium-2005, China, Aug., 2005.
7. H. Takeda and K. Yashino, “Properties of Abrikosov lattices as photonic crystals”, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 085109-5, 2004.
8. L. Feng, X. P. Liu, J. Ren, Y. F. Tang, Y. B. Chen and Y. F. Chen, “Tunable negative refraction in two dimensional photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 073104-5, March, 2005.
9. M. Ricci et al, Superconducting metamaterials, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 034102-3, July, 2005.
10. Huang-Ming Lee and Jong-Ching Wu, “Transmittance spectra in one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 09E149, 2010.
11. G.N. Pandey, Khem B. Thapa and S.P. Ojha, “Omni directional reflectance properties of superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 252–256, January 2014.
12. Chun-Li Liu, Hai-Feng Zhang, Yu-Qing Chen, “Enlarged the omnidirectional Bragg gap by one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals with ternary Thue–Morse aperiodic structure” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, volume 124, Issue 22 , Pages 5811-5817, 2013.
13. M. Upadhyay, S. K. Awasthi, L. Shiveshwari, P. K. Srivastava, S. P. Ojha, “Thermally Tunable Photonic Filter for WDM Networks Using 1D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystals” Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, Volume 28, Issue 8, pp 2275-2280, 2015.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 16
14. P. Yeh, “Optical waves in layered media”, John Willey and Sons, New York, Chapter 6, 1988.
15. M. Born and E. Wolf, “Principle of Optics, Pergmon Press, Oxford, 1965. K. Sakoda, “Optical properties of photonic crystals”, Springer Verlag Germany, 2001.
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Emerging Challenges Before Indian
Agriculture Dr.Bindrawan Lal
1
Introduction: Agriculture is different from industry and plays a significant role in the economic
development of a nation. India‘s prosperity depends upon the agricultural prosperity.
There are many kinds of agricultural products produced in India. Agriculture has
been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long
time. It has to support almost 17 per cent of world population from 2.3 per cent of
world geographical area and 4.2 per cent of world‘s water resources. The economic
reforms, initiated in the country during the early 1990s, have put the economy on a
higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in GDP has accelerated mainly due to
rapid growth in non-agriculture sector. There are many problems faced by Indian
agriculture. One of the excluded sectors during the reform period was agriculture
which showed low growth and experienced more farmers‘ suicides. There are
serious concerns on the performance of agriculture sector in the country. The post-
reform period growth was led by services. The commodity sector growth
(agriculture +industry) has not been higher in the post-reform periods compared to
that of 1980s. Particular worry is the agriculture sector which showed lower than 2%
per annum growth during the previous decade. Also, there is a disconnect between
employment growth and GDP growth. In other words, employment is not generated
in industry and services where growth is high. On the other hand, GDP growth is
low in agriculture where majority of people are employed. In this research paper we
would highlighted the various problems of Indian agriculture sector; such as small
and fragmented land holdings, lack of quality seeds, Manures, Fertilizers and
Biocides, lack of irrigation facility, Lack of mechanization, Soil erosion, agriculture
marketing, Inadequate storage facilities, inadequate transport facility and Scarcity of
capital etc.
1. Associate Professor, M.K.Govt Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad U.P.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 18
Some of the major problems and their possible solutions have been discussed as
follows. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems; some of them are natural
and some others are manmade.
1. Small and fragmented land-holdings:
Table 1-All India proportion of households of different social groups possessing
upto 1 hectare of land (percent) and proportion of non agriculture households
by major source of income (Rural) (percent)
Social
group
s
Size class of land
possessed(Hectare up to
0.40
Size class of land
possessed(Hectare up to
1.00
Proportion of non
agriculture households%
1993
-
1994
1999
-
2000
2004
-
2005
2009
-
2010
1993
-
1994
1999
-
2000
2004
-
2005
2009
-
2010
1993
-
1994
1999
-
2000
2004
-
2005
2009
-
2010
ST 43.2 46.3 46.4 56.7 64.6 70.6 70.3 76.5 24.2 24.2 26.6 29.6
SC 71.7 75.0 74.9 81.0 86.6 89.7 89.6 92.1 30.6 32.2 39.3 46.1
OBC - 56.5 56.0 62.7 - 76.7 75.5 79.4 - 36.1 39.0 42.6
Other
s
49.1 52.5 52.5 58.1 68.6 71.2 71.0 75.1 33.4 39.8 41.1 44.7
ALL 53.2 58.1 58.2 64.8 72.0 77.7 76.9 80.8 31.9 35.1 38.3 42.5
The seemingly abundance of net sown area of 141.2 million hectares and total
cropped area of 189.7 million hectares (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when
we see that it is divided into economically unviable small and scattered holdings.
Size class of land possessed(Hectare up to 0.40 in 1993-1994 is 53.2 percent while it
was 64.8 percent in 2009-2010 respectibly. Size class of land possessed Hectare up
to 1.00 was 72 percent in 1993-1994 and it was 80.8 percent in 2009-2010.
The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated
and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and eastern part of
Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in
certain parts it is less than even 0.4 hectare.
Rajasthan with vast sandy stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing ‗Jhoom‘
(shifting agriculture) have larger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares
respectively. States having high percentage of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size above the
national average.
The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land
belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This distribution of
land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented.
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Different tracts have different levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly.
If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons
will get smaller plots of each land tract. In this way the holdings become smaller and
more fragmented with each passing generation.
Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main causes of our low
agricultural productivity and backward state of our agriculture. A lot of time and
labour is wasted in moving seeds, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of
land to another.
Irrigation becomes difficult on such small and fragmented fields. Further, a lot of
fertile agricultural land is wasted in providing boundaries. Under such
circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement.
The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which
means the reallocation of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms
which comprise only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly
in the possession of each peasant.
But unfortunately, this plan has not succeeded much. Although legislation for
consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been
implemented only in Punjab, Haryana and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh.
2. Seeds:
Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained
growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured quality seed is as critical
as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach
of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of
exorbitant prices of better seeds.
In order to solve this problem, the Government of India established the National
Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State Farmers Corporation of India (SFCI)
in 1969. Thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were also established to augment
the supply of improved seeds to the farmers.
High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major
thrust plan to increase the production of food grains in the country.
The Indian seed industry had exhibited impressive growth in the past and is expected
to provide further potential for growth in agricultural production: The role of seed
industry is not only to produce adequate quantity of quality seeds but also to achieve
varietal diversity to suit various agro-climatic zones of the country.
The policy statements are designed towards making available to the Indian farmer,
adequate quantities of seed of superior quality at the appropriate time and place and
at an affordable price so as to meet the country‘s food and nutritional security goals.
Indian seeds programme largely adheres to limited generation system for seed
multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely breeder,
foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed is the basic seed and first stage in seed
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production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production chain and is the
progeny of breeder seed.
Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of
foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds
distribution has gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 per cent and
9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06).
3. Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides:
Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without
caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils
resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are
among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem which can be solved by
using more manures and fertilizers.
Manures and fertilizers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation
to body. Just as a well-nourished body is capable of doing any good job, a well
nourished soil is capable of giving good yields. It has been estimated that about 70
per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer
application.
Thus increase in the consumption of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural
prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures
and fertilizers in all parts of a country of India‘s dimensions inhabited by poor
peasants. Cow dung provides the best manure to the soils.
But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in
the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and increasing
demand for fuel in the rural areas due to increase in population has further
complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the
reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and
complex.
It has been felt that organic manures are essential for keeping the soil in good health.
The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh tonnes of
urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The utilization of this potential
will solve the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing manure to the soil.
The government has given high incentive especially in the form of heavy subsidy for
using chemical fertilizers. There was practically no use of chemical fertilizers at the
time of Independence As a result of initiative by the government and due to change
in the attitude of some progressive farmers, the consumption of fertilizers increased
tremendously.
In order to maintain the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control
laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is
one Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute at Faridabad with its
three regional centers at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
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Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy loss to crops which amounted to about one third
of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides,
herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to avoid losses. The
increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from
unnecessary wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread
environmental pollution which takes its own toll.
4. Irrigation:
Although India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only
one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important
agricultural input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is
uncertain, unreliable and erratic India cannot achieve sustained progress in
agriculture unless and until more than half of the cropped area is brought under
assured irrigation.
This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and
western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation!
Large tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output.
However, care must be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation
especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjab and Haryana have been
rendered useless (areas affected by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to
faulty irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irrigation
has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity
and alkalinity.
5. Lack of mechanization:
In spite of the large scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the country,
most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand
using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden plough, sickle, etc.
Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating, thinning and
pruning, weeding, harvesting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially
the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in huge wastage of human labour
and in low yields per capita labour force.
There is urgent need to mechanize the agricultural operations so that wastage of
labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural
implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and timely agricultural
operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby increasing production.
Some progress has been made for mechanizing agriculture in India after
Independence. Need for mechanization was specially felt with the advent of Green
Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been directed towards
replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling
the farmer to own tractors, power tillers, harvesters and other machines.
A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machines has also been
developed. Power availability for carrying out various agricultural operations has
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been increased to reach a level of 24 kW per hectare in 2009-10from only 0.3 kW
per hectare in 1971-72.
This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine
harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of
mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 88 per
cent in 2009-10.
Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average sales of tractors during the five year
period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power
tillers during the same period.
Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically
advanced agricultural equipments in order to carry farm operations timely and
precisely and to economize the agricultural production process.
6. Soil erosion:
Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. This area
must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.
7. Agricultural Marketing:
Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the
absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders
and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away
price.
In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry
on distress sale of their produce. In most of small villages, the farmers sell their
produce to the money lender from whom they usually borrow money.
According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar
Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent
of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due
to the inability of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops.
In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farmer is forced to sell
the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural Credit Survey Report
rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an unfavorable
place and at an unfavorable time and usually they get unfavorable terms.
In the absence of an organized marketing structure, private traders and middlemen
dominate the marketing and trading of agricultural produce. The remuneration of the
services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although
the producer does not derive similar benefit.
Many market surveys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of
the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of groundnuts and 60 per cent of the price
of potatoes offered by consumers.
In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle
men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally
introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure
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the use of standardized weights and measures and evolve suitable machinery for
settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to
exploitation and receive remunerative prices.
8. Inadequate storage facilities:
Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate.
Under such conditions the farmers are compelled to sell their produce immediately
after the harvest at the prevailing market prices which are bound to be low. Such
distress sale deprives the farmers of their legitimate income.
The Parse Committee estimated the post-harvest losses at 9.3 per cent of which
nearly 6.6 per cent occurred due to poor storage conditions alone. Scientific storage
is, therefore, very essential to avoid losses and to benefit the farmers and the
consumers alike.
At present there are number of agencies engaged in warehousing and storage
activities. The Food Corporation of India (F.C.I.), the Central Warehousing
Corporation (C.W.C.) and State Warehousing Corporation are among the principal
agencies engaged in this task. These agencies help in building up buffer stock, which
can be used in the hour of need. The Central Government is also implementing the
scheme for establishment of national Grid of Rural Godowns since 1979-80.
This scheme provides storage facilities to the farmers near their fields and in
particular to the small and marginal farmers. The Working Group on additional
storage facilities in rural areas has recommended a scheme of establishing a network
of Rural Storage Centers to serve the economic interests of the farming community.
9. Inadequate transport:
One of the main handicaps with Indian agriculture is the lack of cheap and efficient
means of transportation. Even at present there are lakhs of villages which are not
well connected with main roads or with market centres.
Most roads in the rural areas are Kutcha (bullock- cart roads) and become useless in
the rainy season. Under these circumstances the farmers cannot carry their produce
to the main market and are forced to sell it in the local market at low price. Linking
each village by metalled road is a gigantic task and it needs huge sums of money to
complete this task.
10. Scarcity of capital:
Agriculture is an important industry and like all other industries it also requires
capital. The role of capital input is becoming more and more important with the
advancement of farm technology. Since the agriculturists‘ capital is locked up in his
lands and stocks, he is obliged to borrow money for stimulating the tempo of
agricultural production.
The main suppliers of money to the farmer are the money-lenders, traders and
commission agents who charge high rate of interest and purchase the agricultural
produce at very low price. All India Rural Credit Survey Committee showed that in
1950-51 the share of money lenders stood at as high as 68.6 per cent of the total
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rural credit and in 1975-76 their share declined to 43 per cent of the credit needs of
the farmers.
This shows that the money lender is losing ground but is still the single largest
contributor of agricultural credit. Rural credit scenario has undergone a significant
change and institutional agencies such as Central Cooperative Banks, State
Cooperative Banks, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Credit Agencies and some
Government Agencies are extending loans to farmers on easy terms.
Agriculture credit – major concerns
In the 12 year period from 2000-01 to 2011-12, the flow of ground level credit has
increased impressively, especially after the ‗doubling period‘ (2004-07), showing
almost a 10 fold increase! Around 28 lakh crore havebeen disbursed during the 12
years and in the next 5 years of 12 th FYP, another 35 to 42 lakh crore are expected
to be invested (12 th Five Year Plan Estimates). Clearly,agriculture credit has
emerged as a major strategy for accelerating investments in agriculture. Out of
roughly 14 crore farm households, only half are covered by formal banking
institutions, leaving the remaining to informal sources or for self financing. hough
growth in agricultural credit is very high in nominal terms, in real terms, it looks
‗modest‘ - especially for the later period 2007-08 to 2010-11. This is true for both
long term as well as short term credit. Obviously, the later period inflation has taken
off some of the sheen in the credit growth.
Recommendations:
Following are the key recommendations as a ‗way forward‘ to ensure higher and
inclusive growth in Indian agriculture. Although all these recommendations are
important, the first four demand immediate attention.
1. Increasing agricultural productivity is a key challenge for ensuring national food
security. To increase production, exploiting the potential of existing yield gaps
offers a tremendous opportunity. Hence, a Mission Mode Program on ―Bridging the
Productivity Gap‖ with real missionary zeal and effective monitoring is required to
be launched with meticulous planning as a matter of priority. For this, attention to
agriculture in science policy is needed, and the existing technology dissemination
and input supply system needs to be revitalized and tuned to meet the emerging
needs of farmers. Special emphasis on seed sector, input use efficiency, financial and
insurance institutions and a paradigm shift in technology transfer mechanisms
involving both the private sector and NGOs would be critical in achieving the
desired goals.
2. Rain fed areas have a huge potential to raise production and increase farm income.
These grey areas can soon be made green to harness a second green revolution.
Role of technologies, policies and infrastructure would be very important in
realizing the potential of rain fed agriculture. In this context, it has to be ensured
that public policies and technologies have appropriate synergies to move forward.
The initiative of the government to establish the ‗Rain fed Authority of India‘ is a
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welcome step. However, this Authority needs a proper policy framework, legal
and funding supports as well as empowerment for effective coordination and
monitoring of all rain fed related programs run by various
Ministries/Departments. The sooner it is ensured, the better it would be in the
national interest as time is otherwise running out.
3. Linking farmers to markets is a pre-requisite for augmenting farm production
and farmers‘ income. Role of innovative institutions would be critical in this
context to reap the benefits of emerging opportunities.
4. There is a dire need to significantly expand the capital investment in both public
and private institutions in the non-green revolution regions, particularly in the
eastern and north-eastern India, where there is a great potential for agricultural
growth. Hence, investment priorities must now be oriented towards realistic
accelerated growth of agriculture for meeting the growing needs of the
population. Therefore, public policies should be such that these trigger the much
needed private sector investments for infrastructure development.
5. Agriculture is confronted with new forms of risks and uncertainties. These are
related to natural calamities, global climate change, use of food for bio fuels,
uncertainty over prices, etc. Role of knowledge system and institutional
mechanisms for input supply, credit, crop and livestock insurance, etc., would,
therefore, be important in reducing both risks and uncertainties in order to attain
the much needed resilience in Indian agriculture. At the same time, less
dependence on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and efficient use of
water, energy and other inputs, including timely farm operations with major
emphasis on small farm mechanization and bio energy (solar and wind), would
help achieve faster growth in agriculture.
6. Water will be the most critical natural resource for the future growth of
agriculture. Currently, the water sector for irrigation is invariably neglected both
at the central and state levels. High inefficiencies in water delivery, distribution
and on-farm use are adversely affecting our agricultural production. Irrigated area
can be expanded considerably with improved efficiency in water use. Innovations
in governance and pricing of surface and ground water for the desired water use
efficiency, through an integrated approach among irrigation department, private
sector, and farmers‘ water user associations are urgent issues for coordinated
action by all stakeholders.
7. Climate change has added a new dimension to future agricultural growth, which is
a major concern. The worst affected would be small farm holders located in the
marginal and under-privileged areas. Therefore, investment options for both
adaptation and mitigation, and policies which can help in reducing the impact of
climate change, are urgently needed at this stage, especially to provide
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Conclusions:
Agriculture continues to be the backbone of Indian economy. Agriculture
sector employs 54.6% of the total workforce. The total Share of Agriculture &
Allied Sectors (Including Agriculture, Livestock, and forestry and fishery sub
sectors) in terms of percentage of Gross Domestic Product is 13.9 percent during
2013-14 at 2004-05 prices. [As per the estimates released by Central Statistics
Office]. For the 12th
Plan (2012-17), a growth target of 4 percent has been set for the
Agriculture Sector. As per the 4th
Advance Estimates of Production of food grains
for 2013-14, total food grain production is estimated to be 264.77 Million Tonnes. In
order to keep up the momentum gained during the 11th
Plan and achieve the targeted
growth rate of 4% during the 12th
Five Year Plan as also the ensure focused
approach and to avoid overlap, all the ongoing 51 schemes of the Department have
been restructured into five missions viz. National Food Security Mission (NFSM),
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture Mission (MIDH), National
Mission on Oil Seed and Oil Palm (NMOOP), National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA), and National Mission on Agricultural Extension &
Technology (NMAET); five Central Sector Schemes viz. National Crop Insurance
Programme (NCIP), Intergrated Scheme on Agri-Census & Statistics (ISAC&S),
Integrated Scheme of Agriculture Marketing (ISAM), Integrated Scheme of
Agriculture Cooperation (ISAC) and Secretariat Economic Service; and one State
Plan Scheme viz. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana. Recognizing the importance of
Agriculture Sector, the Government during the budget 2014-15 took a number of
steps for sustainable development of Agriculture. These steps include enhanced
institutional credit to farmers; promotion of scientific warehousing infrastructure
including cold storages and cold chains in the country for increasing shelf life of
agricultural produce; Improved access to irrigation through Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sichayee Yojana; provision of Price Stabilisation Fund to mitigate price volatality in
agricultural produce; Mission mode scheme for Soil Health Card; Setting up of Agri-
tech Infrastructure fund for making farming competitive and profitable; provide
institutional finance to joint farming groups of ―Bhoomi Heen Kisan‖ through
NABARD; development of indigenous cattle breeds and promoting inland fisheries
and other non-farm activities to supplement the income of farmers. and nutrition
security, increasing farm income, alleviating poverty and minimizing production
risks on account of climate change, besides ensuring overall natural resource
management and environmental security. Appropriate policies, institutions and
technologies would play an important role in facing these challenges boldly.
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Refrences:
1- The Story of India: a PBS documentary". Public Broadcasting Service,
United States.
2- The numbers in this column are India's average, metric tonnes per hectare per
year; regional farm productivity within India varies. For milk and other
produce, productivity is on per livestock animal basis.
3- Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India
Accessed 7 May 2013.
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tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; fl)kUr dh lkFkZdrk yksd dY;kdkjh
jkT; ds ifjis{; esa ,d v/;;u
MkW0 iadt frokjh1
tkWu jkWYl dk.V ds vkn”kZoknh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vius U;k; fl)kUr
dk izfriknu fd;kA mldk izfl) dFku gS fd ^^vkReu] lk/; ls igys gSA**
tks dk.V ds dFku ^^O;fDr Lo;a esa lk/; gSA** ls vfHkizsfjr gSA jkWYl vius
U;k; fl)kUr dk izfriknu 1971 esa viuh egRoiw.kZ ys[kuh (Theory of
Justice) ^fFk;jh vkWQ tLVhl* esa fn;kA jkWYl us U;k; dks (Fairness)
Qs;jusl dgk gSA lu~ 2001 esa tkWu jkWYl us Justice as Fairness : A
Restatement uked iqLrd fy[kdj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh cqfu;knh dk
lkFkZd cukus dk iz;kl fd;kA mlus U;k; dk O;kogkfjd vk/kkj iznku djus
ds fy, yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa dh i`’BHkwfe dks vko”;d ekuk bl lUnHkZ esa mlus
jkT; ds dk;ksZa dk fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk&
vkoaVu& izfrLi/khZ iwWthoknh cktkjoknh O;oLFkk esa jkT; }kjk fderksa dk
fu;a=.k gksxk vkSj i zxfr”khy djjksi.k fd;k tk,xkA Hkkjr esa th0,l0Vh0
ykuk blh lUnHkZ esa ,d lkFkZd iz;kl ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA
LFkkf;Ro& O;fDr;ksa dks iw.kZ jkstxkj fnykus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xk] vkSj lHkh
O;fDr jkstxkj ds ekeys esa Lora= gksaxsA
LFkkukUrj.k& lHkh ds fy, U;wure vk; dh xkjaVhA ftlls U;wure fLFkfr esa
jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, vf/kdre ykHk gksA
1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr”kkL= foHkkx& Mh0,0oh0 ih0th0 dkyst] xksj[kiqj
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forj.k& lekt esa lEifRr dk dsUnzhdj.k forj.k ;fn ,d lhek ls vf/kd gks
tk;sa rks Lora=rk o lekurk ij [krjk mRiUu gks tkrk gSA vr% jkWYl migkjksa
,oa mRrjkf/kdkj dh lEifRr esa Hkh djjksi.k dk leFkZu fd;kA1
tkWu jkWYl ewyr% mnkjoknh fopkjd gSa] vkSj mUgksaus mnkjoknh O;oLFkk
ds vUrxZr ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k] mudk lewpk
U;k; dk fl)kUr cktkjoknh O;OkLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA jkWYl ds U;k; esa lHkh
O;fDr;ksa dks leku LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj gSA jkWYl ds er esa mi;ksfxrk
fl)kUr bl rF; dks Li’V djus esa vleFkZ jgk gS fd ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt esa
leku ukxfjdksa dh Lora=rkvksa dh xkj.Vh yh tkrh gS rFkk U;k; }kjk jf{kr
vf/kdkj u rks jktuhfrd lkSnsckth ds fo’k; gksrs gSa vkSj u gh lkekftd fgrksa
dh x.kuk dkA2
muds vuqlkj U;k; ekuoh; foosd o p;u dk ifj.kke gSA ;g bZ”oj
iznRr ugha gS vkSj u gh bfrgkl ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk fuekZ.k ^uSfrd
O;fDr;ksa* }kjk fd;k x;k vkSj O;fDr;ksa us iwokZxzgksa ls Åij mBdj ekuoh;
lEca/kksa dks fu;af=r o larqfyr djus ds fy, U;k; ds fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
jkWYl ds vuqlkj ^^U;k; lekt dk izkFkfed ln~xq.k gSA** ftlesa ^leku
LorU=rk ds vf/kdkj*] ^volj dh lEkkurk* vkSj ^U;wure fLFkfr esa jgus okys
yksxksa ds fy, vf/kdre ykHk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA jkWYl ds vuqlkj
^^izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk leku forj.k djuk gh U;k; gSA ijUrq bu izkFkfed
oLrqvksa ds forj.k esa HksnHkko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk
forj.k ^U;wure fLFkfr* esa jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, vf/kdre ykHkizn gksA**
izkFkfed oLrq,a fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh gksrh gSA
d- lkekftd izkFkfed oLrq,a] ftlesa&
v- ewyHkwr LorU=rk
c- ¼fopkj vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk½
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n- vk; o lEifRr
u- volj dh lekurk vkSj vkRe lEeku lfEefyr gSa
[k- izkd`frd izkFkfed oLrq,a] ftlesa& cqf) o LokLF; lfEefyr gSA tkWu jkWYl
vius fl)kUr dks lEk>kSrkokn ;k lEk>kSrk ds :i esa lEcksf/kr djrk gSA og
blds ,sfrgkfld rRo ykWd :lksa] dk.V esa <wa<rk gSA3
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jkWYl ds ojh;rk dk fu;e&
d- LorU=rk dks dsoy LorU=rk ds fy, gh izfrcaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ftldk rkRi;Z gS LorU=rk ij izfrca/k lekurk ds fy, ugha vkjksfir
fd;k tk;sxkA
[k- jkWYl ds vuqlkj ^U;k;*] dY;k.k o dq”kyrk dh rqyuk esa T;knk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
x- vf/kdkj] HkykbZ ls csgrj gSA
jkWYl vius U;k; fo’k;d vo/kkj.kk ds vUrxZr nks fl)kUrksa dk
izfriknu fd;k gS&
I- izR;sd O;fDr dks lokZf/kd ewy Lora=rk izkIr dk leku vf/kdkj
gks vkSj ;g vf/kdkj lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks izkIr gksA
II- lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lekurk dks bl :i esa O;ofLFkr djsa fd
mu nksuksa ls&
v- U;wure lqfo/kk izkIr O;fDr;ksa dks lokZf/kd ykHk izkIr gksA
c- volj dh fu’i{k lekurk ds vUrxZr lHkh ds fy, in
,oa ntsZ [kqys gSaA4
jkWYl ds U;k; dk vk/kkj&
d- csUFke ds mi;ksfxrkokn dk [kaMu& izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, U;k; u fd
vf/kdre O;fDr;ksa dk vf/kdre lq[k] vkn”kZoknh n`f’Vdks.k vkReu
lk/; ls igys ¼eSa½ ¼mn~ns”;½] ¼jkYl½] O;fDr dks izkFkfedrkA
[k- dkUV& O;fDr Lo;a esa lk/; gSA
^jkWYl dk U;k;*] dkUV ds vkn”kZoknh fl)kUrksa ls izHkkfor gS vkSj mlus
dkUV dh bl ekU;rk dks Lohdkj fd;k fd O;fDr Lo;a esa lk/; gSA
blhfy, mlus dgk fd ^vkReu lk/; ls igys gSA* vr% jkWYl ds fy,
izR;sd O;fDr dk egRo leku gS vkSj mlus ^csUFke* ds U;k; ds ewy
vk/kkj dks vLohd`r dj fn;kA ftlesa csUFke us ^vf/kdre O;fDr;ksa ds
vf/kdre lq[k dks gh U;k; dk ewy vk/kkj ekuk FkkA*
jkWYl ds U;k; fuekZ.k dh i)fr&
jkWYl us U;k; fuekZ.k ds fy, ^vKku ds insZ* vkSj ^vkjfEHkd fLFkfr* dh
dYiuk dhA mUgksaus U;k; fl)kUr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ^lkekftd le>kSrk ds
fl)kUr* dh rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl vkjfEHkd fLFkfr esa O;fDr vius
fgrksa ds vuqlkj fu.kZ; djrk gS vkSj mldk ;g iz;Ru gksrk gS fd lekt esa
U;k; ds fu;e dk vk/kkj ,slk gksuk pkfg,] ftlls mldk lokZf/kd ykHk gksA
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 31
^vKku ds insZ* dk vfHkizk; fuEufyf[kr gSA
d- mls viuh fof”k’V {kerkvksa o izfrHkkvksa dk Kku ugha gSA
[k- mls vius Hkfo’; dh fLFkfr dk Hkh irk ugha gSA
mlds vuqlkj ,sls ^vKku ds insZ* ds ihNs O;fDr vius fy, vf/kd ls vf/kd
^izkFkfed oLrqvksa* dh izkfIr dk iz;Ru djsxkA O;fDr;ksa us Lo;a dks ^oafpr
fLFkfr* esa j[kdj le>kSrk fd;kA
ftlds vUrxZr mlus dYiuk dh] fd ;fn og lcls ^U;wure fLFkfr* esa gksxk
rks mls fdruh vf/kd izkFkfed oLrqvksa dh vko”;drk gksxhA blhfy, jkWYl ds
U;k; dks fu;e dks Maxi-Mini Law ¼egkdYifu’B fu;e½ ¼vf/kdre& U;wure
fu;e½ dgk tkrk gSA
jkWYl ds fopkjksa ls Li’V gS fd ^lekt ls ^fo’kerk* iw.kZr% lekIr ugha
gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh mlus bls lekIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA* fdUrq mlds
vuqlkj ^^,slh fo’kerk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk ftlls lekt ds
^U;wure fLFkfr* esa jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, vHkko gksA**
vkykspuk&
leqnk;okfn;ksa us jkWYl dh ^mnkjoknh& O;fDroknh* ekU;rk ij iw.kZ
izgkj fd;k vkSj leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj jkWYl ds fopkj =qfViw.kZ gSaA jkWYl ds
^vkRefu/kkZj.k* o ^p;u* dh ekU;rk vrkfdZd gSA D;ksafd mUgksaus U;k; ds
fuekZ.k esa ^lkekftd ifjizs{;* dh iw.kZ vogsyuk dh] ftlesa O;fDr vofLFkr
gksrk gSA
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ^O;fDr dk thou rHkh lkFkZd gksrk gS tc og
leqnk; dk lnL; gksrk gSAA ^okYtkj* ds vuqlkj ^^mnkjoknh fopkj/kkjk esa
O;fDr ds vf/kdkj o Lora=rk dks vR;f/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gS ,oa mnkjoknh
viuh ekU;rkvksa dk iz;ksx lkoZHkkSfed :i esa djuk pkgrs gSaA** leqnk;okfn;ksa
ds vuqlkj ;g vrkfdZd gS D;ksafd vk/kqfud lekt tfVy gSA lHkh leqnk;ksa
dks lkaLd`frd vfLrRo dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksuk pkfg,A
^izR;sd laLd`fr;ksa ds fy, U;k; ds ekunaM ,d leku ugha gks ldrs gSaA
izR;sd lekt ds vius ekud o ewY; gksrs gSaA* jkWYl ds U;k; esa bl fofo/krk
dks iw.kZr% misf{kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj ^lkekftd lkaLd`frd erSD;* dks iwoZ
ekU;rk ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA tcfd O;ogkj esa izR;sd leqnk;
dh i`Fkd lkaLd`frd igpku gksrh gSA
jkWYl us nk”kZfud :i esa ^vkReu dks lk/; ls igys ekuk*] tks ,d
xEHkhj =qfV gSA jkWYl ds fparu esa O;fDr dks ,d v.kq dh Hkkafr Lohdkj fd;k
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 32
x;k gS vkSj O;fDr ds }kjk lekt o U;k; ds fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk] tcfd
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj]
^lkeqnkf;d ewY;ksa* ls gh O;fDr dh igpku gksrh gSA O;fDr lnSo lekt esa
vofLFkr gksrk gSA ^pkYlZ Vsyj* ds vuqlkj ^^O;fDr dks ewY;ksa dh izkfIr leqnk;
ls gksrh gS ,oa leqnk; ds }kjk gh y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
^ekbdy lsUMy* ds vuqlkj ^^vkReu dk fu/kkZj.k lk/; ds }kjk gksrk
gSA** vr% U;k; ds fu;eksa dh [kkst leqnk; esa lEHko gSA bldk d`f=e fuekZ.k
djuk lEHko ugha gSA thou esa ge o gekjs mn~ns”; vyx& vyx ugha gksrs]
blfy, lekt esa ge vius mn~ns”;ksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA** leqnk;okfn;ksa ds
vuqlkj ^izkFkfed oLrqvksa ds forj.k ij vR;f/kd cy fn;k x;k*]
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ^^izR;sd lekt ds fy, oLrqvksa dk leku egRo ugha
gksrk gSA**
lUnHkZ&
1- feJk] jkts”k % ^^jktuhfr foKku ¼,d lexz v/;;u½ ljLorh vkbZ0,0,l0
,e0Vh0,u0,y0 dkWef”kZ;y dkEiysDl] fnYyh ist 18
2- f=ikBh] izks0 ,l0ih0,e0] ^^ledkyhu jktuhfrd fpUru** jkt ifCyds”kUl]
ubZ fnYyh ist 5731
3- tkWu jkWYl] % , F;wjh vkWQ tfLVl] dSfEczt % ekWl] 1971 i`0 140
4- Ø0 ua0 02] ist 578
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 33
REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS
& ORTHOTICS FIELD Mr. Girish V Gupta
1, Mr. Mohit Gupta
2
Summary:
Background: Prosthetics & Orthotics journal provides information on new devices,
fitting and fabrication techniques, and patient management experiences. The
multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with timely reports
from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy, physical
therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, physical medicine, biomedical
engineering, psychology, ethics, and gait analysis.
Aim:
The mission of the Journal in Prosthetics & Orthotics is to promote, enhance
and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and technical
advances in prosthetics and orthotics.
Method:We have reviewed 690 article in prosthetics, 356 article in orthotics and 85
other article (Hearing, Speech, Orthopaedic disease) but major research performed
over lower extremity prosthesis, lower extremity Orthosis, upper extremity
prosthesis and less topic covered over biomechanics, Higher level amputee,
wheelchair modification for sports in person with disable, upper extremity orthosis
and different materials importance.
Results:Every practitioner who performs a clinical investigation, such as an analysis
of patients treated with a specific device, or a trial on the treatment of prosthesis and
orthosis, will be contributing to the sum of knowledge in our profession.Clinical
research employs one or more intervention techniques. An intervention technique in
O&P might be the evaluation of a new thought to be more effective.
Discussion & Conclusion : Participating in new clinical research will make you a
better Orthotist and Prosthetist. Clinical researches provides knowledge of new
technology and improve different equipment used for data collection and analysis
with the collaboration of other professional.
Key Word: Journals Data, Library reference
1 & 2. P and O Department, PDUIPH, New Delhi.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 34
Introduction:The purpose of this review of journal analysis was to describe trends
in publication of the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics (JPO),International Society
for Prosthetics and Orthotics journal (ISPO), Journal of O & P world over the past
years. We focused on publication patterns in the areas of article type, subject
demographics, study details, component/intervention type, funding, and author
training. The multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with
timely reports from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy,
physical therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, biomedical engineering,
psychology, ethics, and gait analysis. Each issue contains research-based articles
reviewed and approved by a highly qualified editorial board.
Aim:
The mission of the Journals in Prosthetics and Orthotics is to promote,
enhance and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and
technical advances in prosthetics and orthotics.
To achieve different article information, tools and equipment for research or
data analysis.
Method: All articles published in Orthotics & Prosthetics (O&P) World, Journal of
Prosthetics & Orthotics (JPO) & International Society of Prosthetics & Orthotics
(ISPO) from January 1977 to December 2016were included in the review; editorials
written by the journal editor, as well as letters to the editor, were excluded.
Six main domains were chosen: Article Listing Description, Article Type, Subject
Demographics, Study Details, Funding, and Author Training. Each domain was then
broken down into sub-categories from which selections were made.
Article Type: The option of an article being a survey was given for all article types.
Level of amputation/orthotic: Non-anatomic was selected if the article was a
modeling study.
Subject Demographic: The option of non-anatomic was given for all sub-categories
under this domain; this was selected if the article was based on a study with no
human subjects, such as a modeling study
Baseline Component: Used if the patient entered the study using a baseline
component, either prosthetic or orthotic.
Component/Intervention type: The component or intervention used in the study (i.e.
ankle-foot orthosis, C-Leg, physical therapy, etc.). Degree Held: An author with
multiple credentials could be listed as having more than one degree. For example, if
an author held a PhD and a CPO, they would be given credit as having both an
academic doctorate and being a clinician. Other Information: This sub-category was
used to document relevant information that did not fall into any other domain or sub-
category. Authors agreed a priori that reliability testing would be conducted until
reliability reached >90%. Articles were then analyzed independently.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 35
Results: A total of 1102 articles were reviewed. The majority (50%) were case
study/reports/series and 33.7 % were prospective studies and 16% others. 49.8 % of
the articles reviewed were prosthetics-related, 33.8 % were orthotics-related and
16.4% others (Assitive technology, Tools & equipment). Trauma and
diabetes/PVD/vascular comprised the two largest etiologies in prosthetics-related
studies.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Prosthetics Orthotics Others
Lower Extremity
Upper Extremity
Other
Num
ber O
f A
rtic
les
0
5
10
15
20
25
Prosthetics
Orthotics
Prosthetics & Orthotics
Num
ber of A
rtic
les
Type Of Article
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 36
Discussion: More of the articles (49.8%) in these past years review contained
prosthetics as the main topic. Such a trend may point to greater research interest in
the field, with impetus toward publishing research results. In a year-by-year analysis,
however, while orthotics&prosthetics related articles increased from 1977 to 2016.
Subject gender was more evenly distributed in orthotics related articles. In the
prosthetics articles reviewed, males outnumbered females by a greater than 3:1 ratio.
In all prosthetics & orthotics research others department, gadgets was also involve.
Conclusion: This journals analysis of the O&P world, JPO & ISPO reveals that
greater prosthetic articles are published than are orthotic articles. The great majority
of articles are of the case study/report/series classification. By age, subjects are not
highly representative of the demographics of device users according to
epidemiologic data. A similar issue is present regarding amputation etiology where
more traumatically amputated subjects participate in research published in JPO&
ISPO. There should be coperation and coordination available from different
departments for doing a better meaningful reserach.
References:
Seymour R. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. American
Orthotics Prosthetic Association (AOPA) Web site. Available at:
http://www.aopanet.org. Ryan C, et al. IEEE Trans Neural SystRehabil Eng.
12 (4): 422-429, 2004. Franchignoni F, et al. J Rehabil Med. 43: 471-476,
2011. Kocak FU, et al. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.92: 299-3.3, 2011.
Journal of Prosthetics & Orthotics (JPO)
International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics journal (ISPO)
Journal of O & P world web site.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 37
Lkekos”kh f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk
nqxsZ'k dqekj feJ1
Hkwfedk&
l`f"V ds vH;qn; ls vkt rd ;g fof”k"Vrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh nks izk.kh
,d tSls ugh gksrs] dn Hkkj] vkdkj fopkjkssa bR;kfn esa fHkUurk jgrh gSA
Lkekt esa ,d oxZ ,slk Hkh gS ftudks Hkh f”k{kk ds iw.kZ volj izkIr djus
dk vf/kdkj gSA ftUgs fof’k"V ckydksa dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj
us 1974 esa fu%”kDrxzLr cPpksa dks lkekU; fo|ky;ksa esa lkekU; cPpksa ds lkFk
lesfdr f'k{kk ;kstuk “kq: dh Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ;g lqfuf”pr djrk gS fd
izkFkfed f”k{kk gj cPps dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj gS blh Hkkouk ds QyLo:Ik ns'k
ds lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky; us fu%”kDrtuksa ds fy, ,d uhfr
rS;kj dh g S bl uhfr esa ;g Li"V gS fd fu%”kDrtu Hkh gekjs ewY;oku ekuo
lalk/ku gSa vkSj blds rgr ,slk ekgkSy rS;kj fd;k tk;s rkfd mUgs leku
volj miyC/k gks muds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gks vkSj lekt es mudh lEiw.kZ
Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf”pr dh tk lds] bl fn'kk es f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy,
lekos”kh f”k{kk ,d ljkguh; iz;kl gSA
Lkekos”kh f”k{kk dk vFkZ&
vktknh ds ckn gekjk lafo/kku tkfr] oxZ] /keZ] vk; ,oa ySfxad vk/kkj
ij fdlh foHksn dk fu"ks/k djrk gS bl izdkj ,d lekos”kh lekt dh LFkkiuk
dk vknZ'k izLrqr djrk gS tks cPpksa esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh fHkUurk fd;s fcuk
,d Lora= vf/kxedrkZ ds :Ik esa ns[ks tkus dh vko”;drk gS] ftlls
yksdrkaf=d Ldwyksa esa cPpka s ds leqfpr lekos’ku gsrq lekos”kh f”k{kk ds
okrkoj.k dk l`tu fd;k tk ldsA
lekos”kh f”k{kk ls gekjk rkRi;Z oSlh f”k{kk iz.kkyh ls gS ftlls lHkh
f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds lh[kus fl[kkus dk leku volj feysA
1- 'kks/kNk=] f'k{kk'kkL= foHkkx] ts0vkj0,p0;w0] fp=dwV
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 38
Lkekos”kh f”k{kk dh vko”;drk ,oa egRo&
lekt esaaa yksxksa dh /kkj.kk fnO;kxksa ds f’k{kk ds izfr mnklhu gS D;ksafd os
mUgs lekt ls vyx fn[krs gaS rFkk viuk fodkl djus esa vU; lkekU; dh
rqyuk esa v{ke le>rs gSaA oS;fDrd fofHkUurk gksus ds ckotwn f”k{kkfonksa dk
ekuuk gS fd lkekU; ,oa fo’ks"k vko”;drk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d gh Nr ds
uhps ,d gh “kSf{kd Ik;kZoj.k esa fof”k"V f”k{kd fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx dj mUgas
f”kf{kr fd;k tk;s rkfd os f”k{kk o lekt dh eq[; /kkjk esa dne ls dne
feyk dj py ldasA
bl fn”kk esa lekos”kh f”k{kk ls ;g Hkh y{; lEHko gS lekos”kh f”k{kk
izR;sd cPps ds mPp vkSj mfpr mEehnksa ds lkFk mldh C;fDrxr “kfDr;ksa dk
fodkl djrh gS rFkk vU; Nk=ksa ds d{kk dss thou essa Hkkx ysus gsrq vfHkizsfjr
djrh gS ,sls ifjos'k esa Nk=ksa dks lEeku vkSj viukiu dk ,glkl C;fDrxr
vko”;drkvksa] {kerkvksa dk fodkl] vkilh lg;ksx] vkil esa HkkbZ&pkjs dh
{kerk fodflr djus dk volj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls fd Nk= viuk
fodkl lqfuf'pr dj ldasA
lekos”kh f”k{kk ls lEcfU/kr igy&
fo'ks’k vko”;drk okys cPpksa dh f”k{kk ls lEcfU/kr dqN dk;ZØe tSls&
fu%”kDr cPpksa ds fy, lefUor f”k{kk vkSj izkFkfed f”k{kk dk;ZØeksa dh “kq:vkr
dh xbZ gSA ijUrq ble sa de lQyrk izkIr gks ldh gSA f”k{kk dsUnz vkSj jkT;
ljdkjksa dh lk{kk ftEesnkjh jgh gS ijUrq blds ckn Hkh budk ldkjkRed
vlj ns[kus dks ugha feyrk gSA loZf”k{kk vfHk;ku esa lekos”kh f”k{kk ds ?kVd
vHkh Hkh ;kstuk ls de gS ftlls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fu%”kDr cPpksa dh f”k{kk ds
fy, cqfu;knh <k¡pk vkS foRrh; lalk/ku vHkh Hkh pqukSrh cus gq, gSaA
xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds ek/;e ls <k¡pkxr lqfo/kkvksa ds fØ;kUo;u vkSj
“kSf{kd dk; ZØeksa esa uokpkj ds lkFk lekos”kh f”k{kk dks tksM+k gSA ljdkjh
Ldwyksa ds vfrfjDr dqN futh laLFkkvksa us Hkh vkxs c<+&p<+dj ,sls cPpksa dh
f”k{kk esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf”pr dh gS ftlls fd lkekU; gks ;k fu%”kDr
lHkh dks leku volj fn;s tk;s rkfd os fcuk dfBukbZ ds v/;;u dj ldsaA
fo|ky;h f”k{kk esa lekos”kh f”k{kk gsrq mik;&
1- fo|ky;h okrkoj.k esa lq/kkj& fo|ky;h okrkoj.k fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
f”k{kk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS lekos”kh f”k{kk ds fy, eueksgd Ldwy
Hkou ds lkFk lkt&lTtk rFkk “kSf{kd lgk;rkvksa dk Hkh leqfpr izcU/k
t#jh gSA
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 39
2- #fpiw.kZ ,oa fofHkUu ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k&fdlh fo}ku us lR; gh dgk gS
fd cPpksa dks f”kf{kr djus dk <ax gS fd mUgs I;kjh phtksa ds chp [ksyus
fn;k tk;s ,sls ckydksa ds ikB~;Øe ds fu/kkZj.k esa mUkdh vfHko`fr;k]sa
eukso`fr;ksa] vkdka{kkvksa] #fp;ksa] {kerkvksa ,oa Lrj dk vuqdwyu fd;k
tk;s fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ds lq>koksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krs gq, yphyk]
cks/kxE;] #fpdj] ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk;s tks Hkfo"; gsrq
ykHkizn gksA
3- Ikzk;ksfxd fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksXk&vk;ksxkas }kjk fofHkUUk izk;ksfxd fof/k;ksa dh
f”k{kk iznku djus dh ckr dgh xb Z gS ijUrq vkt vko”;drk bl ckr
dh gS fd lekos”kh f”k{kk gsrq f”k{kdksa dks bldh uohu fof/k;ksa dk Kku
djk;k tk;s rFkk mud ss iz;ksx ij cy fn;k tk;s lekos”kh f”k{kk ds fy,
fo|ky; ds f”k{kdkssa dks le; & le; ij fo”ks"k izf”k{k.k dsUnzksa ij Hksts
tkus dh furkUr vko”;drk gSA
4- Ldwy lkeqnkf;d thou dk dsUnz&lekos”kh dk #i iznku djus gsrq ;g
iz;kl Hkh djuk pkfg, fd Ldwyksa dks lkeqnkf;d thou dk dsUnz cuk;k
tk;s rkfd ogkWa Nk=ksa dks lkeqnkf;d thou dh Hkkouk dk okrkoj.k
fey lds ftlls os lQy ,oa ;ksX;r;k lkekftd thou ;kiu dj ldsa
bl gsrq okn&fookn [ksydwn rFkk ns’kkVu tSls euksjatd dk;ZØeksa dk
vk;kstu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
5- vfHkHkkodksa esa tkx:drk&
6- fo'ks’k vko”;drk okys ckydksa ds fodkl dks lqfuf”pr djus ds fy,
muds ekrk&firk dks tkx:d gksus dh vko”;drk gS mUgsa vius cPpksa
dh f”k{kk ds izfr lgh fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg, ftlls fd og le; ls ,sls
fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldasA
7- ifjogu lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk&
fo'ks’k t:jrean cPpksa ds fy, vkus&tkus dh ifjogu lqfo/kk miyC/k
djkuk pkfg, ftlls fd ,sls ckydksa dks fo|ky; vkus tkus esa vlqfo/kk u gks
cgqr ls ,sls cPpsa gSa ftUgsa pyus] ns[kus esa leL;k;sa vkrh gSa ,sls cPpksa ds fy,
ifjogu lqfo/kk mUgsa vkus&tkus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSaA
fu"d"kZ&lekos”kh f”k{kk lkekU; ckydksa ds lkFk fof”k"V ckydksa dks ,d
leku ikB~;Øe o fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ,d gh okrkoj.k esa f'k{kk iznku djus
dh odkyr djrk gSA blds fuEu ifj.kke ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
cPpksa dks fcuk Hksn & Hkko dh f”k{kk
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 40
cPpksa dks leqfpr vkSj leö okrkoj.k dh izkfIr
cPpksa dks lekt ds izfr ldkjkRed }f"Vdks.k fodflr djus esa
enn
vkRefo’okl esa o`f}
cPpksa dh {kerkvksa esa o`f} o vkRefuHkZjrk
lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodkl
lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph &
ukjax] ,e-ds- vxzoky ts-lh- lekos'kh f'k{kk i`"B & 2]3
;kstuk vizSy 2013 vad i`- & 17]18]19
'kekZ e/kqfydk] fof'k"V ckyd i`"B & 1
www.successkey.com 2014/12
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 41
/keZ] v/;kRe ,oa fodkl
MkW0 vEcjh"k jk;1
fodkl dk fo"k; fdlh ds fy;s u;k ugha gS] ysfdu bldk ifjisz{;
cnyrk jgrk gSA ^fodkl* ;g 'kCn dqN o"kks± ls vf/kd izpyu esa vk;k gSA
fodkl dh tks vo/kkj.kk orZeku esa izpfyr gS] og dqN n'kdksa esa lkekftd o
jktuhfrd ppkZ dk dsUnz cuh gSA ftl izdkj mn~fodkl dk vFkZ cgqr Li"V
,oa fuf'pr ugha gS] fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh cgqr Li"V ugha gSA vFkZ'kkL= ds
{ks= esa blds vFkZ ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fo”ks"k fookn ugha gS] ij lkekt foKku ds
{ks= esa bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx dkQh <hys&<hys vFkks± esa gksrk vk;k gSA ;gkW fodkl
ls gekjk rkRi;Z eq[;r% lkekftd fodkl ls gSA lkekftd fodkl esa vkfFkZd
fodkl dk Hkko fNik gksrk gS vkSj mlh ds rgr ge ijEijkxr lekt]
laØe.k”khy lekt ,oa vk/kqfud lekt dh ppkZ djrs gSA lkekftd fodkl ds
dbZ mn~ns'; crk;s tkrs gSA ;s mn~ns”; loZekU; ugha gksrs gSA lkekftd
fodkl dk mn~ns'; fofHkUu jk"Vª ds lkFk cnyrs jgrs gS] ysfdu bl fHkUurk ds
gksrs gq;s Hkh dgh ij Hkh gks] lkekftd fodkl dk mn~ns”; euq"; thou dh
xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus ls gksrk gSA izks0 xkYVu us fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s
fy[kk gS fd ^^fodkl dk fl)kUr lkekftd foKkuksa dk og {ks= gS tgkW vrhr
dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] orZeku dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gS vkSj Hkfo"; dk
fo”ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA** bl izdkj fodkl ,d cgqvk;keh vo/kkj.kk gSA
izR;sd jk"Vª dh laLd`fr vius lkaLd`fr rRoksa ds dkj.k fodkl dks O;k[;kf;r
djrh gSA /kkfeZdrk ,oa vk/;kfRedrk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds eq[; lkaLd`frd rRo
gSA ftudk izHkko Hkkjr ds lkekftd fodkl esa nf'kZr gksrk gSA
1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] n'kZu'kkL=] ts0vkj0 fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 42
/keZ fodkl dk lcls cM+k vk/kkj gSA D;ksafd /keZ O;fDr dks vkarfjd
'kfDr iznku djrk gSA O;fDr esa ln~xq.kksa] uSfrd vkn”kksZ] vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dk
fodkl djds mlesa lfg".kqrk iSnk djrk gSA 'kkfUr vkSj lfg".kqrk ls fodkl
dk ekxZ Lor% iz”kLr gksrk gSA oLrqr% ftl lekt esa 'kkfUr vkSj lfg".kqrk gksrh
gS] mlh lekt esa dyk] lkfgR;] foKku dk fodkl laHko gSA /keZ lok±fxM~
fodkl dk lokZsPp ek/;e gS vkSj blfy;s /keZ dks lgh :i esa le>k vkSj xzg.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA egkRek xkW/kh ds 'kCnksa esa ^^gekjh gj fØ;k esa /keZ fufgr
gksuk pkfg;sA ;gkW /keZ dk vFkZ lEiznk;okn ugha gSA bldk vFkZ fo”o esa ,d
O;ofLFkr uSfrd 'kklu esa vkLFkk gSA vn`”; gksus ds dkj.k og vokLrfod ugha
gks tkrhA ;g fgUnw /keZ] bLyke] bZlkbZ er vkfn ls ijs gSA ;g mUgsa vinLFk
ugha djrk gS] cfYd lkeatL; LFkkfir djds vkfLrd cukrk gSA1** /keZ esa
drZC; ikyu dh Hkkouk izeq[k gksrh gSA oLrqr% /keZ ds vHkko esa 'kfDr]
lfg".kqrk vkSj fodkl dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
/keZ ,d ,slk 'kCn gS ftldks fo”o ds fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa] tkfr;ksa]
leqnk;ksa] laLd`fr;ksa rFkk lkfgR;ksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ls le>k tkrk gS vkSj
mlds fofHkUu vFkZ fy;s tkrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd /keZ ds lEcU/k esa erSD;rk
dk vHkko fn[krk gSA fodkl ekuo tkfr dk vk/kkjHkwr rF; jgk gSA fodkl esa
/keZ dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ bl lanHkZ esa nks ijLij n`"Vhdks.k mHkj dj lkeus vkrs
gSA ,d n`f"Vdks.k mu yksxksa dk gS ftudk ;g ekuuk gS fd fodkl esa /keZ dh
dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha jgh gS] vfirq /keZ fodkl ds ekxZ esa ck/kk igqWpk;h gSA nwljk
n`f"Vdks.k mu yksxksa dk gS ftudk ekuuk gS fd fodkl esa /keZ dh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk jgh gSA blds n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZdksa dk ekuuk gS fd fodkl esa /keZ dh
vge Hkwfedk gS vkSj /keZ ls gh fodkl dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksrk gSA tks yksx /keZ
dks fodkl esa ck/kd ekurs gS og lgh n`f"Vdks.k ugha gSA lekt foKku ds
vuqlkj fdlh Hkh rF; dks ml laLd`fr ds ifjisz{; esa le>uk pkfg;sA blfy;s
;fn /keZ dks ge Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lanHkZ esa le>s rks ^/keZ* dh O;kidrk dks
le> ladsxs vkSj bls fodkl esa ck/kd u ekudj lk/kd ekusxsA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa /keZ 'kCn dk vFkZ cgqr O;kid gSA lkjk thou gh
/keZ ds cqfu;knh fl)kUrksa ij fVdk gSA ^/keZ* 'kCn dh mRifÙk laLd`r ds ^/k`*
/kkrq ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS /kkj.k djukA ^^/kkj;sr bfr /keZ%**2 vFkkZr tks
thou esa /kkj.k djus ;ksX; gS] tks thou dk vk/kkj gS] tks thou dks lgh fn”kk
nsrk gS] tks deZ gS og /keZ gSA /keZ ,d ,slh thou 'kSyh dk leFkZu djrk gS
ftlesa lkalkfjd rFkk 'kk'or dY;k.k fufgr gksrk gSA ^^;rks·H;qn;fu% Js; l
laflf) l /keZ%**3 vFkkZr ftlls lekt] jk"Vª rFkk laiw.kZ lalkj ds ekuo bl
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 43
yksd esa vH;qn; rFkk ijyksd esa ije in dks izkIr djsa] og /keZ gSA /keZ dksbZ
iwtk i)fr ugha gSA /keZ 'kk”or vkSj lukru vkpj.k gSA /kkfeZd gksuk ekuoh;
xq.kksa ds okgd gksus dk izrhd gSA oLrqr% euq"; dk /keZ vkSj euq"; 'kk”or
lukru gS] vr% euq"; dk /keZ Hkh 'kk”or] lukru gSA4 Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vFkZ
esa lkjh iztk dh /kkj.kk /keZ ls gksrh gSA jktk dk iztk ds izfr drZO; D;k gksuk
pkfg;s\ jkT; ds izfr D;k drZO; gksuk pkfg;s\ ;g lc /keZ esa fufgÙk gSa drZO;
/keZ ls r; gksrk gSA5 /keZ 'kCn dks lEiznk;] er] iaFk] etgc rFkk fQjdk ds
:i esa Lohdkj djus ij mlds vFkZ dk vuFkZ gks ldrk gSA iaFk] er laiznk;
vkfn /keZ dk i;kZ; ugha gS] /keZ dks loksZPp vk/;kfRed ,oa loksZPp uSfrdrk dk
i;kZ; le>uk pkfg;s] dksbZ Hkh mikluk i)fr bl loksZPp vk/;kfRedrk dk
vax gks ldrh gSA ysfdu og loksZPp vk/;kfRedrk fdlh mikluk i)fr dk
i;kZ; ugha gks ldrhA ns’k&dky] ik= vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj mikluk
i)fr fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gSA blfy;s muesa fHkUurk gksuk LokHkkfod gS]
fdUrq ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fodkl esa ck/kk ugha mRiUu djrh gSA Lokeh
foosdkuUn th dk dguk Fkk fd gj ,d /keZ dk y{; rFkk lk/; Hkxor~ izkfIr
gSA lcls cM+h f'k{kk dsoy Hkxoku dh vkjk/kuk djus dh gSA ;fn izR;sd euq";
viuk vkn”kZ pqu ys vkSj mldks viuk;s j[ks rks lHkh /kkfeZd fookn lekIr gks
tk;A6
fodkl dh pjekoLFkk esa tc ge ije oSHko ,oa lok±fx.k mUufr dh
ckr djrs gS rks ije oSHko esa HkkSfrd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed fodkl
Hkh tqM+k gksrk gSA Bhd mlh izdkj lok±fx.k mUufr esa loZ vax vFkkZr
tM&psru lHkh dh mUufr dh ckr lekfgr gksrh gSA ;|fi fodkl dh jh<
dh gM~Mh esa vkfFkZd izxfr dks gh eq[; ekuk x;k gSA bls inkFkZ ,oa lsokvksa ds
mRikn vkSj miHkksx esa o`f) ds lkFk ekik tkrk gSA ftls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
dgrs gSA ;g loZfofnr rF; gks x;k gS fd vkfFkZd izxrh dks gh mUufr ekuus
dks dkj.k O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª ds lEeq[k vusd ladV [kMs gks x;s gSA bls vkt
le>us dh vko”;drk gSA bl dkj.k ls ;g vko”;d gks x;k gS fd fodkl
fd vo/kkj.kk dks ge ,dkRe ekuo n”kZu ds vkyksd esa le>us rFkk viukus dk
iz;kl djsaA /keZ rFkk vk/;kRe ds vkyksd esa tc ge fodkl dks O;k[;kf;r
djus dk iz;kl djrs gS rks loZizFke ;g ckr /;ku esa vkrh gS fd ftruh Hkh
HkkSfrd laink gSA ;g bZ'oj fufeZr gS] bZ'oj dh gSA blh dks b’kkokL;ksifu"kn~
esa bZ’kkokL;fena loZe~7 dgk x;k gSA ge lHkh dks U;klh ds ukrs bls mi;ksx esa
ykuk pkfg;sA Hkkjrh; thou n`f"V esa pkj o.kZ] pkj vkJe] iq:"kkFkZ prq"V; dh
O;oLFkk /keZ vk/kkfjr thou jpuk vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k fodkl ds izeq[k vk/kkj jgs
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 44
gSA blh ds vk/kkj ij gekjs fodkl dk ?kks"k.kk i= jgk ^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ
lÙkq fujke;k%A losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq ek·df'pn~ nq%[k HkkXHkosr^A fodkl /keZ
vk/kkfjr ekuo dsfUnzr ¼fdUrq ekuo lcdqN ugha½ ,dkRe n`f"V] 'kjhj] eu]
cqf)] vkRek ds Lrj ij rFkk O;f"V] lef"V] Lk`f"V] ijes"Bh ds Lrj ij Hkh gksuk
pkfg;sA
lUnHkZ &
1- egkRek xkW/kh] gfjtu & 10 Qjojh] 1940
2- egkHkkjr 'kkafrioZ & 109&10&11
3- oS’ksf”kd n'kZu v- 1 lwDr 21
4- dY;ka.k /keZ 'kkL=akd & i`- 149
5- ogh /keZ 'kkL=akd & i`- 249
6- foosdkuUn lkfg0 6&252
7- b’kkokL;ksifu"kn & 1-1
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 45
Impact of Higher Education on Women Empowerment Rupali Sharma
1
Abstract
India holds the second position in the world of having highest population and in total
population of it, approximately 49% are females. India is country where man
dominance in the society prevails. But if we analyze the current status of Indian
women with other countries of the world than we can realise that the scene is not
even satisfactory but the worst. Indian women generally faced all types of barriers to
success like illiteracy, domestic violence, lack of motivation lack of support and
many more. It is very important for the harmonious development of the country that
women should be shouldered with men. Higher education plays an important role in
empowering women.
Key words: Empowerment, Higher Education
Introduction
It is a big myth, if anyone thinks that womens are empowered just being highly
educated and employed. Women have to awake and understand the true meaning of
empowerment. Everyone must understand that empowering women doesn‘t mean
empowering them in technical area only. Women should remember that they are also
rational, intelligent and thinking human beings.
For years and years , women were always treated as lower to men in every aspect of
life and they were inbound to stay inside the house. They were not allowed to vote,
own property, or work in many jobs. This situation was due to strong addiction to
culture and tradition by Indians. And Such things was conducted not only for the
sake of society and children, but also due to own lack of confidence by womens to
live as a single in society and face the challenges of life. Now that we are out of
those dark ages, women are more EMPOWERED and have the confidence to do
chase their dreams. This means that they have the ability to choose their own
destiny, job, vote, and do anything equally which a man can do. The Oxford
American Dictionary defines "empowerment" as "to make (someone) stronger and
more confident, esp. In controlling their life and claiming their rights." When we talk
about women's empowerment, we talk about women taking more of a leadership role
instead of just being subordinates.
1. Senior Research Fellow, Dr. S.M.N Rehabilitation University, Lucknow
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 46
1. MEANING OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
The absence of democratic references have contributed to the slowing of women
empowerment process, especially in South Asia. Women's empowerment movement
has not survived in the authoritarian rule on the basis of sexuality and ideology of
male domination. The perspectives of South Asia have focused on opportunities and
services rather than the necessary political power. The concepts of gender
discrimination and male domination have been exaggerated and have been focused
on explicitly ending oppressive practices such as killing a wife or demanding dowry.
There will be lasting effect in the empowerment of women; social, social, gender,
which should include awareness before being subservient to women in the family,
class, caste, religion or society, can be changed.
Three empirical approaches to empowerment have been tried in South Asia:
Integrated Development, Economic Empowerment and Consciousness raising which
has been implemented in Awareness Groups and the establishment of consciousness
in education have been implemented which led to a new consciousness, i.e self
value, social and gender analysis and access to skills and information. Economic
empowerment approach has relied on improving women's control on economic
resources and strengthening women's economic security. Gramin Bank has given an
example of organizing women around savings and loans, income generation and
skill training activities. The integrated development approach has encouraged a
group of women who are engaged in solving development and social problems and
have formed special activity groups in the form of a means of mobilizing women.
No design has given assurance of success, the identity of the poorest and most dalit
people in the geo-political area has provided an entry point for action. Women were
encouraged to find a different time and place for themselves. There are different
perceptions about the reasons for the powerlessness of women in the three above-
mentioned approaches: greater poverty and access to resources, economic insecurity,
and subordination within patriarchal society and socio-economic inequalities.
2. MEANING OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Higher education is the systematic knowledge and practical skills that the theoretical
and practical problems allowed to be solved on the basis of given kind of training,
the total utilization and the development of creative achievements of science,
technology, and culture. The term "higher education" is also applied to the training
of highly skilled experts in the areas of economics, science, technology, and culture
in the higher school, which accept persons who have successfully completed
secondary general education schools or secondary specialized-educational
institutions.
Objectives
The main objectives of this research paper are:
1. To know the relevance of higher education in the women‘s life.
2. To analyze the need for empowerment of women.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 47
3. To identify barriers in the way of women empowerment.
4. To examine the impact of women empowerment on the development of the
country.
Research Methodology
This research paper is basically descriptive and analytical in nature. In this paper
attempt has been taken to analyse the importance of higher education for women in
India. The data used in it is purely from secondary sources according to the need of
this study.
Literature Review
Sethuraman, K. (2008), The Role of Women’s Empowerment and Domestic
Violence in Child Growth and Undernutrition in a Tribal and Rural
Community in South India, Research Paper No. 2008/15, United Nations
University.
The research paper explores the relationship between women‘s empowerment,
domestic violence, maternal nutritional status, and development of more than six
months between the age group of 6 to 24 months in the rural and tribal communities.
This longitudinal observation study included tribal and rural subjects in Rural
Karnataka,India.
Doepke, M., Tertilt, M. (2011), Does Female Empowerment Promote Economic
Development?
This study is an empirical analysis suggesting that money in the hands of mothers
(as opposed to their husbands) benefits children. This study developed a series of
non-cooperative family bargaining models to understand what kind of frictions can
give rise to the observed empirical relationships.
Duflo, E. (2011), Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.
The study argues that the interconnection of empowerment and development is
probably too weak to be self-sufficient and to have a equality between men and
women, continuous policy commitment may be required for equality for self's sake.
Kingdom, G.G. (2002), Education of women and socio-economic development,
Reason and Revaluation: Studies in the Babi and Baha’i Religions, volume 13,
Los Angeles: Kalimat Press.
This research paper reflects the findings of recent research on the social and
economic benefits of women's education and emphasizes the importance of the
methods through which the school education of women leads to social benefits. And
also supports Bahá'u'lláh perspective towards female education
Frenette, M., Coulombe, S. (2007), Has Higher Education among Young
Women Substantially Reduced the Gender Gap in Employment and Earnings?
Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, Canada.
This research paper examines the role of the rapidly growing academic achievement
among young women in increasing their relative position in the labor market and
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suggests that educational trends have not contributed to the reduction of full-time
employment gap.
Need of Women Empowerment
Empowerment is perhaps the totality of the following or similar abilities:
* Being the power to make your own decision
* Accessing information and resources to make a fair decision
* There is a range of options that you can choose from (not just yes / no, or /.)
* Ability to exercise strongly in making collective decisions
* Thinking positively on the ability to make changes
* Ability to learn skills for improving individual or group strength
* Demonstrate the ability to change the perceptions of others.
* Including the development process and those changes which never expire and start
on itself
* Raise your positive image and overcome stigma
Therefore, with the above mentioned points, we can divide the components of
female empowerment in five components, which is self explanatory why women
need empowerment: -
- The sense of a woman of self-worth;
- To determine their rights and options;
- The right to access opportunities and resources;
- The right and power to control their lives within and outside the home;
- And their ability to influence the direction of social change to create more social
and economic order at national and international level.
Relationship Between Higher Education and Women Empowerment
Higher education certainly enhances the status of women whether it contributes to
family income or not. She can be equal to men. Most women in our country are
uneducated so they are suppressed. It is the duty of school teachers to tell them that
to become a wife is not their ultimate goal. Standing on their feet and being
something is more important.
Education can bring unprecedented change in the lives of women, which in turn can
be a long-term social change by:
1. Enhancing Their Confidence
2. Raising their status in family and society
3. Get awareness about your rights
4. Promote your self esteem
5. Increasing Your Own Influence
6. Reducing their dependence
7. Better advancement of your children
8. Increasing their mobility
9. Opening career opportunities
Obstacles in Higher Education & Women Empowerment
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There are many obstacles in the path of women's empowerment and in higher
education. Some of them are as follows:
-Lack of education
-financial constraints
- Family responsibilities
- low mobility
- low capacity to bear Risk
- less necessity of achievement
- lack of ambitions for achievement
- social status
Status of Women in Indian Society
The value of a civilization can be determined by the place given to women in
society. Muslim influence on India has declined the situation of women
significantly. They were deprived of their rights of equality with men. Raja Ram
Mohan Roy started the movement against this inequality and subordination. Contact
of Indian culture with British culture also improved the status of women and the
third factor in the revival of women's condition was the influence of Mahatma
Gandhi, who inspired women to participate in the freedom movement. As a result of
this freedom of independence, Indian womens have established themselves as
teachers, nurses, air hostesses, booking clerks, receptionists and doctors and in other
positions. They are also participating in politics and administration. But despite this
improvement in the situation of women, the evils of illiteracy, dowry, ignorance and
economic slavery should be completely removed to give them the right place in
Indian society.
Conclusion
On the basis of above detailed analysis it could be concluded that there is no doubt
about the essential need of empowering women through higher education. Now it is
cleared that only literacy is not the ultimate solution but women should be highly
educated to know their rights and duties. And should be able to use their rights as
per the need. But it is also mandatory that there should proper implementations what
policies are made and what government of India has made different programmes
regarding women empowerment.
Based on the above detailed analysis, it can be concluded that there is no doubt
about the necessary requirement to empower women through higher education. It is
now clear that literacy is not the ultimate solution, but women should be highly
educated to know their rights and duties. And should be able to use their rights
according to the need. But it is also imperative that of appropriate policies should be
maintained and should be properly implemented what the Indian government has
done for empowerment of women through various programs.
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References
Mammen, Kristin and Christina Paxson. 2000, ―Women‘s work and
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Mamoon, D. (2006). Women‘s Empowerment through Education.
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Maslak, M.A. & Singhal, G. (2008). The identity of educated women in
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 51
i;kZoj.k eS=h
MkW0 izKk feJk1
izd`fr ,oa i;kZoj.k] laLd`fr ,oa laLdkj dh f'k{kk ds fy;s vf}rh;
n`"Vkar] laosnuk ,oa ijLijiwjdrk dk Hkko] egkdfo dkfynkl dh rwfydk dk
vuqie fp= ;qok ih<+h ,oa izcq) tu dks vkd`"V fd;s fcuk ugha jg ldrkA
izd`fr uVh ds dq'ky fprsjs egkdfo dkfynkl ds vkJeksa ,oa fo|k
dsUnzksa ds eqf[k;k] dqyxq# ;k dqyifr }kjk viuh larku@Nk=@Nk=k dks loZ
izFke ^izd`fr nsoks Hko^ dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA
ikrqa u izFkea O;oL;fr tya ;q"ekLoihrs"kq ;k]
uknRrs fiz;e.Mukfi Hkorka Lusgsu ;k iYyoe~A
vk|s o% dqlqeizlwfrle;s ;L;k HkoR;qRlo%]
ls;a ;kfr 'kdqUryk ifrx`ga loSZjuqKk;rke~AA1
vFkkZr~ tks rqEgsa ¼isM+&ikS/kksa dks½ lhaps fcuk ty Hkh ugha ihuk pkgrh Fkh]
tks vyadkj fiz; gksus ij Hkh Lusg ds dkj.k rqEgkjs yky&yky dksey iRrksa dks
Hkh ugha rksM+rh FkhA rqEgkjs igys&igys Qwyus ij tks mRlo eukrh Fkh] ogh
'kdqUryk vkt vius ifr ds ?kj tk jgh gS] vki lc mls tkus dh vuqefr
nhft,A oUkLifr oxZ ds lkFk fdruk lqUnj rknkRE;! fdruk mnkRr
ekuohdj.k! tks lkfgR; esa Hkh vU;= nqyZHk gSA ;g 'yksd izd`fr ds lkFk
vkReh;rk dk vf}rh; mnkgj.k gSA
egf"kZ d.o viuh nRrd iq=h dks izkr% mBrs gh ikS/kksa ds ty flapu dk
dk;Z nsrs gSaA og pk;] dkWQh nw/k ;k ty fi;s fcuk gh izkr% loZ izFke ckxokuh
djrh gS] ikS/kksa dks ty nsrh gS] tc ty ihrh gSA Jaxkj fiz; gS fdUrq Qwy
ugha rksM+rhA ikS/kksa esa igyh ckj dksaiy vkus ij og lf[k;ksa ds lkFk mRlo
1- v/;{k] laLd`r foHkkx] e-xk¡-fp-xzk-fo-fo] fp=dwV] lruk] e-iz-
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 52
eukrh gS vkSj tc og igyh ckj llqjky tk jgh gS rc d.o _f"k mUgha isM+
ikS/kksa ls vk'khokZn nsus ,oa csVh dks llqjky tkus dh vuqefr nsus dk vuqjks/k
djrs gSaA
lEiw.kZ izd`fr dks Lej.k djkrs gSa fd tks csVh rqe lcdks Lo;a ls vf/kd
I;kj djrh gS] og vkt vius x`gLFk thou esa izFker% izos'k djus tk jgh gSA
izd`fr Hkh mlds fy;s gj lEHko migkj ,oa vk'kh"k nsrh gSA dksbZ egkoj nsrk
gS] dksbZ J`axkj gsrq iq"i nsrk gS] dksbZ mlds tkus dk ekxZ lqxe djus gsrq ekxZ
esa Nk;k dj nsrk gS] rks dksbZ ekxZ ij iq"i o"kkZ dj nsrk gSA isM+ iRrksa ds
ek/;e ls vk¡lw cgk jgs gSaA e`x NkSuk ¼ftls 'kdqUryk us ikyk Fkk] mldh lsok
dh Fkh½ mldk iYyk idM+ ysrk gS] mls tkus ugha ns jgk gSA lEiw.kZ izd`fr
ml csVh dh fonkbZ esa nq%[kh gSA ;Fkk&
{kkSea dsufpfnUnqik.Mqr#.kk ekaxY;ekfo"d`ra]
fu"B~;wr'pj.kksijkxlqHkxks yk{kkjl% dsufpr~A
vU;sH;ks ounsorkdjrySjkioZHkkxksfRFkrS
nZRRkkU;kHkj.kkfu u% fdly;PNk;kifjLif)ZfHk%AA 2
vFkkZr~ fdlh o`{k us pUnzor~ 'kqHkz ekaxfyd oL= mRiUu djds fn,] fdlh
us ik¡o jaxus ds fy, vrho lqUnj egkoj fudky dj fn;k vkSj blh izdkj
vU; o`{kksa us ef.kcU/k izns'k rd ckgj fudys gq, iYyoksa ds leku lqUnj ou
nsorkvksa ds gkFkksa ls gesa ;s vkHkj.k vkfn lefiZr fd,A bl izdkj leLr izd`fr
us 'kdqUryk dks vewY; migkj nsdj viuh iq=h tSlk Lusg iznku fd;kA
vkt tc ekuo&ekuo ls ckr djus esa ldqpkrk gS] mlds ikl le;
ugha gSA ifjokj fj'rs ,oa iM+ksl ls vuqefr dh vko';drk ugha gSA
ekuo ekuorkjfgr gS] izd`fr dk nksgu fcuk lksps le>s djrk gSA
LokFkZijrk ds fy;s th jgk gSA e'khujh ,oa lalk/kuksa dks mn~ns'; ,oa y{; cuk
jgk gSA lEiw.kZ f'k{kk iqLrdksa ,oa efLr"d esa cUn gS] ekuo&O;ogkj ls frjksfgr
gSA ekuo fcfYMax ij fcfYMax cuk jgk gSA e'khuksa ls ty [khapdj lEiw.kZ ty]
feV~Vh] ikS/ks ,oa taxy dks u"V djus esa yxk gSA ml le; egkdfo dkfynkl
dk izd`fr isze] izd`fr laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k larqyu ekuork ds fy;s vR;Ur mikns;
gSA
es?knwr esa ;{k viuk lans'k es?k ds ek/;e ls viuh fiz;k ds ikl Hkstrk
gSA ;{k ds }kjk es?k dks viuh fiz;k ds fy;s HkkHkh 'kCn dk lEcks/ku izd`fr ds
izfr ekuoh; Hkko dks n'kkZrk gSA viuh fiz;k ds ?kj dh igpku crkrs gq,
egkdfo dgrs gSa&
r=kxkja /kuifrx`gknqRrjs.kkLenh;a]
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 53
nwjkYYk{;a lqjifr/kuq'pk#.kk rksj.ksuA
;L;ksikUrs d`rdru;% dkUr;k of/kZrks es]
gLrizkI;Lroduferks ckyeUnkjo`{k%AA3
vFkkZr~ gs es?k! ml vydkiqjh esa dqcsj ds izklkn ds mRrj Hkkx esa
vofLFkr ge yksxksa dk Hkou bUnzk;q/k ds leku lqUnj ckgj ds njokts ls nwj
ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftlds ik'oZ esa esjh fiz;k ds }kjk iq= ds leku c<+k;k gqvk
vkSj gkFkksa ls rksM+s tkus okys xqPNksa ls >qdk gqqvk NksVk lk eUnkj dk o`{k gSA
mi;ZqDr 'yksd ds vFkZ ls Li"V gS fd ml dky esa yksx o`{kksa dks vius
vkSjl lUrkuksa ds leku Lusg ls ikyrs FksA lEiw.kZ izd`fr esa vHksnn'kZu rFkk
rknkRE; izn'kZu dsoy 'kCnksa rd gh lhfer u Fkk fdUrq og ml le; ds
tulkekU; dh gkfnZd vuqHkwfr FkhA orZeku eas o`{kksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa ds fy,
blh izdkj ds yxko dh vko';drk gS ftlls i;kZoj.k ds fcxM+rs Lo:i dks
iqUk% l¡okjus esa i;kZIr lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA egkdfo dkfynkl dk lUns'k gS
fd dsoy o`{k] yrkvksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa ds izfr gh ugha] fdUrq ioZrksa] ufn;ksa vkSj
/kjrh ds izfr Hkh gekjk laosnukRed lEcU/k gksuk pkfg,A os ¼ioZr] ufn;k¡ vkfn
tM+ izd`fr½ Hkh gekjs dkSVqfEcd lnL; gSa] blh vuqHkwfr dks izdV djrs gq, ;{k
dgrk gS ¼gs es?k eSa½ rqedks txr~ fo[;kr iq"dj vkSj vkorZd ¼uke okys es?kksa½
ds dqy esa mRiUu viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj :i /kkj.k djus okyk banz dk iz/kku
iq#"k tkurk gw¡A ;gh dkj.k gS fd HkkX;o'k eSa fiz;rek ls fcNqM+k gqvk rqEgkjs
ikl ;kpuk djus vk;k gw¡A
tkra oa'ks Hkqoufofnrs iq"djkorZdkuka]
tkukfe Roka izd`friq#"ka dke:ia e?kksu%A
rsukfFkZRoa Rof; fof/ko'kkn~ nwjcU/kqxZrks∙ga]
;kP´k eks?kk ojef/kxq.ks uk/kes yC/kdkekAA4
vkt ekuo&ekuo ls ;kpuk djus esa 'kekZrk gSA mldk vgadkj lkeus vkrk
gSA fdUrq dkfynkl izd`fr ls ;kpuk djrs gSaA
rHkh mudh izd`fr gjh Hkjh ,oa lq[knk;h gSA 'kkdqUrye~ dh ukf;dk dks
uk;d ,d yrk dh Hkk¡fr ns[k jgk gSA ^^v/kj% fdly; jkx%^^ og iYyo 'kk[kk
vkSj iq"i la;qDr yrk gSA og ukf;dk izkd`frd :i esa vf/kd lqUnj yx jgh
gSA ;Fkk&
ljflteuqfo)a 'kSoysukfi jE;a]
efyuefi fgeka'kksyZ{e y{eha ruksfrA
b;ef/kd euksKk oYdysukfi rUoh]
fdfeo fg e/kqjk.kka e.Mua ukd`rhuke~AA 5
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 54
vFkkZr~ 'ksoky ls vkPNkfnr gksus ij Hkh dey lqUnj gh izrhr gksrk gSA
efyu gksus ij Hkh pUnzek dk dyad 'kksHkk dk gh foLrkj djrk gSA mlh izdkj
;g d`'kkaxh ckyk Hkh oYdy /kkj.k dj vkSj vf/kd euksgj fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA
oLrqr% LoHkko ls e/kqj yxus okyh vkd`fr;ksa ds fy, dkSu lh oLrq vyadj.k
dk lk/ku ugha cu tkrhA oYdy /kkj.k djds mldk ¼'kdqUryk dk½ :i vkSj
fu[kjrk gSA lkSUn;Z dk ewydkj.k dsoy ckg~; oL=kHkw"k.k vkfn ugha] fdUrq 'kq)]
ljy ,oa LoLFk izkd`frd thou gksrk gSA blh izdkj&
dfBuefi e`xk{;k oYdya dkUr:ia
u eufl #fpHkaxa LoYieI;kn/kkfrA
fodpljfltk;k% LrksdfueqZDrd.Ba]
futfeo defyU;k% ddZ'ka o`URktkye~AA 6
vFkkZr~ bl e`xu;uh ds dksey 'kjhj ds fy, ;|fi ;g oYdy dBksj gS
rFkkfi tSls ty ls fdafpr~ ckgj fudyh gqbZ fodflr defyuh dk viuk
ddZ'k o`Urlewg fdlh Hkh izdkj v#fpdj ugha yxrk] oSls gh blds }kjk
/kkj.k fd;k x;k ;g :{k oYdy eu dh #fp esa fdlh izdkj dk fodkj
mRiUu ugha djrkA
j?kqoa'k esa jktk fnyhi uafnuh xk; dks cpkus ds fy;s Lo;a dks 'ksj ds
lEeq[k izLrqr dj nsrs gSaA dqekjlEHkoe~ esa ikoZrh izd`fr ds lkfu/; esa vius
b"V dh vkjk/kuk djrh gsA miek ds fy;s Hkh egkdfo izd`fr ds loksZifj
mnkgj.k dk p;u djrs gSaA ^^vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~^^ esa 'kdqUryk dk vkJe ds
dfBu dk;Z esa fu;qDr gksxk nq";Ur dks ^uhydey^ ds iRrs ds fdukjs ls
'kehyrk dks dkVus dk iz;kl fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA
bl izdkj egkdfo dkfynkl dk lkfgR; i<+ dj balku balkfu;r lh[k
ldsxkA ekuo esa izd`fr laj{k.k dk Hkko vk;sxkA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k nwj gksdj
i;kZoj.k lajf{kr gksxkA
izd`fr isze dk vuq'khyu djds iqu% gjh&Hkjh] lqUnj] iks"kd rFkk
lq[knk;h izd`fr gksxhA ge izd`fr ds Hk{kd ugha j{kd gksaxsA izd`fr gesa nsrh gS
lc dqN ge Hkh izd`fr dks nsuk lh[ksaA
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 55
lUnHkZlwph
1- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ prqFkZ vad] 'yksdla[;k& 11] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0
osnizdk'k 'kkL=h] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~
2008 bZ0A
2- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ prqFkZ vad] 'yksdla[;k& 7] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0
osnizdk'k 'kkL=h] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~
2008 bZ0A
3- es?knwre~] mRrjes?k] 'yksdla[;k& 12] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0 'ks"kjkt 'kekZ
jsXeh] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~ 2003 bZ0A
4- es?knwre~] iwoZes?k] 'yksdla[;k& 6] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0 'ks"kjkt 'kekZ jsXeh]
izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~ 2003 bZ0A
5- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ izFke vad] 'yksdla[;k& 20] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0
osnizdk'k 'kkL=h] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~
2008 bZ0A
6- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ izFke vad] 'yksdla[;k& 21] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0
osnizdk'k 'kkL=h] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~
2008 bZ0A
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 56
f'k{kk dk futhdj.k& lek/kku ;k leL;k
MkW- jsuw xqIrk1
Lkkjka'k
f”k{kk O;fDr dh vUrfuZfgr {kerk rFkk mlds O;fDrRo dks fodflr djus
okyh izfØ;k gSA gekjs ns”k esa tula[;k dk c<+rk ncko] dks’kksa dh deh dh
otg ls ljdkj f”k{kk dh vksj /;ku ugha ns ik jgh gSA blfy;s ljdkj us
bls futh {ks= esa lkSaius dk QSlyk fd;k] tks f”k{kk ds futhdj.k ls lEcfU/kr
gSA f”k{kk ds futhdj.k ls vk”k; f”k{kk dks futh gkFkksa esa lkSaiuk gSA f”k{kk ds
futhdj.k ls f”k{kk O;oLFkk esa dqN vuqdwy ifjorZu vk;s gSa] ogha nwljh rjQ
blus xEHkhj leL;kvksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k gS] ftudk ;fn le; jgrs lek/kku
ugha fd;k x;k rks ;g ns”k dh uhao dks Hkh fgyk ldrh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa
[kklrkSj ij jkT; }kjk mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr viukus ds ckn futh fudk;ksa dks
“kS{kf.kd laLFkku [kksyus dh vuqefr nh x;h gSA f”k{kk ds Åij ljdkj ds iw.kZ
,dkf/kdkj okyh fLFkfr esa cnyko gqvk gS] ftlls futh laLFkkvksa dks
Qyus&Qwyus dk volj feyk rFkk f”k{kk dk futhdj.k gksus ls f”k{kk ds {ks=
esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu vk;s gSaA f”k{kk ds futhdj.k us f”k{kk ds Lrj esa lq/kkj
dj f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk dks c<+k;k gSA
izkphu dky ls gh f'k{kk ekuo thou dk vfHkUu vax jgh gS] D;ksafd
f'k{kk efLr"d dk lao/kZu dj n{krk& izkfIr }kjk thou dks lUrks"ktud cukrh
gSA f'k{kk esa Kku] mfpr vkpj.k] vkSj rduhdh n{krk] f'k{k.k vkSj fo|k izkfIr
vkfn lekfOk"V gSA bl izdkj ;g dkS'kykas] O;kikjksa ;k O;kolk;ksa] ekufld]
uSfrd vkSj lkSUn;Z fo"k;d ds mRd"kZ ij dsfUnzr gSA
1- izoDrk] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] ,dyO;] egkfo|ky;] ckank] m0iz0
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 57
f'k{kk] lekt dh ,d ih<+h }kjk vius ls fupyh ih<+h dks vius Kku ds
gLrkarj.k dk iz;kl gSA bl fopkj ls f'k{kk ,d laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z djrh
gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 ds vuqlkj& **f'k{kk jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd ,oa
lkekftd fodkl dk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku gS] f'k{kk jk"Vªh; lEiUurk ,oa jk"Vª
dY;k.k dh dqath gSA** vkt f'k{kk og uhao gS ftl ij vk/kqfud lekt ds
LrEHk [kM+s gSaA vkt f'k{kk dk lOkZO;kihdj.k gks x;k gSA vkt vukSipkfjd ,oa
lLrh f'k{kk vkt vfr fof'k"V gks xbZ gS vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa bldk jk"Vªh;dj.k
gks x;k gS] ysfdu Hkkjr tSlk fodkl'khy ns'k vkfFkZd ncko ds dkj.k f'k{kk
ij vf/kd O;; ogu ugha dj ldrk gSA gekjk f'k{kk O;; gekjs ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk ek= 2-8 izfr'kr gS tcfd fodflr ns'kksa esa lkekU;r% Lohd`r
ekun.M 6 izfr'kr ;k mlls Hkh vf/kd gSA1 blds QyLo:i f'k{kk ;gk¡a cM+s
izpkj ls oafpr jgh gSA ljdkj ds fy, c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k o dks"kksa dh deh
,d xEHkhj leL;k gSA vr% f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futh {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh dh t:jr
gS vkSj bls csgrj djus ds fy, f'k{kk dk futhdj.k vko';d gSA
f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk vFkZ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futh laLFkkuksa] daifu;ksa ds
izos'k ls gSA ;g izos'k LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ f'k{kk esa lq/kkj] fodkl o
foLrkj vkfn mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s fn;k x;k FkkA rc ls vkt rd
futh {ks= f'k{kk ds {ks= esa viuk dHkh u lekIr gksus okyk vfLrRo LFkkfir dj
pqdk gSA ;g iw.kZr% lR; gS fd dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk ;k uhfr vPNs mn~ns'; ls ykxw
dh tkrh gS ijUrq ml ;kstuk ls tqM+s O;fDr viuh lQyrk] o lRrk esa
o'khHkwr gksdj lkekftd dY;k.k dks Hkwy dj Lofgrksa dh iwfrZ esa fyIr gks tkrs
gSaA ;gh fLFkfr f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dks ysdj gqbZA f'k{kk ds futhdj.k us f'k{kk
ds Lrj eas lq/kkj] fodkl o QSyko esa cgqr enn dj f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk dks
c<+k;k gSA bls vkSj csgrj djus ds fy, lekt] ljdkj o futh {ks= dks
feykdj ,d desVh cukuh pkfg, blls f'k{kk dk fodkl gksxk] yksx lkFk
feydj dke djsxsa] blls tks ftl {ks= esa etcwr gksxk] og viuk ;ksxnku
ml {ks= es djsxkA ijUrq futhdj.k dh lQyrk us f'k{kk dks ek= vkfFkZd :i
ls le`) oxZ o vaxzsth f'k{kk foLrkj dk :i iznku fd;k gS o cMh la[;k esa
tula[;k dh bu fo|ky;ksa rd igqap cgqr gh lhfer gS ftlesa lq/kkj dh
vko';drk gS D;ksafd f'k{kk dksbZ oLrq ugha ftls [kjhnk ;k cspk tk;sA2
f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dh vko';drk blfy, Hkh eglwl dh tk jgh gS
fd o"kksZa ls jkT;&izk;ksftr f'k{kk us bl {ks= dks yxHkx tulsok esa rCnhy
dj fn;k gS vkSj fo'ks"kdj blds izR;{k ykHkfUorksa ¼Nk=ksa½ us blds egRo dks
rjthg ugha nh gSA vr% ;fn f'k{kk nsus ds cnys mldh lEiw.kZ dher ;k
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vkaf'kd dher] f'k{kk&'kqYd vkfn ds :i esa olwy dh tkrh gS] rks ,d rks Nk=
blds egRo dks le>sxsa] nwljs bls xaHkhjrk ls ysxsa] ftlls mudh vkSj f'k{kk
nksukas dh xq.koRrk c<+sxhA
Hkkjr esa ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh [kLrk gkyr dks ns[krs gq, vfHkHkkod vius
cPpksa dks vc futh Ldwyksa esa Hkst jgs gSaA vfHkHkkodksa ds futh Ldwyksa esa Hkstus
ds ihNs rhu dkj.k gSA igyh ;g futh Ldwy csgrj f'k{kk eqgS;k djkrs gS]
nwljh lLrh vkSj rhljh ckr ;g gS fd cPpksa vkSj muds vfHkHkkodksa ds izfr
vf/kd tokcnsg gksrs gSaA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds
futhdj.k fd;s tkus ds D;k dkj.k gSa \ bu ij izdk'k Mkyuk vko';d izrhr
gksrk gS ftuesa ls dqN izeq[k gSaA buesa tula[;k esa vR;f/kd o`f) gksuk]
ljdkjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa deh gksuk] futh Ldwy ctV ds fglkc ls Hkh lLrs gSa]
f'k{kk ds uke ls vk;s gq, /ku dk nq:i;ksx] lqfo/kkvksa dh deh] f'k{kk ds fy,
dks"k dk vHkko gksuk tcfd futh Ldwy ljdkjh Ldwyksa ds eqdkcys csgrj vkSj
lLrh f'k{kk eqgS;k djkrs gSaA ljdkj bl okLrfodrk ls vka¡[k ugha ewan ldrh
gSA buls cpus dk lcls vklku mik; ;g gS fd ljdkj Nk=ksa dks QaM eqgS;k
djk,A bl lEcU/k esa mRrj izns'k esa o"kZ 2012&13 esa f'k{kk ds fy, jkT; ctV
dk 22-1 izfr'kr fgLlk [kpkZ fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq ;g pkj lky esa ?kV dj
17-2 izfr'kr ij vk x;kA3 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi gksuk Hkh
futhdj.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA tc n'kdksa ls ljdkjksa dks ;g irk gS] fd Ldwyksa
esa 'kkSpky; ugha gSa ;k ihus dk ikuh ugha gS ;k f'k{kd ugha gS] rks fQj Hkh
fLFkfr D;ksa ugh cnyh \ fLFkfr blfy, ugha cnyrh D;ksafd f'k{kk dk ekeyk
jktuhfr vkSj uhfr ds Lrj ij tqckuh izfrc)rk dk fo"k; gS] fØ;kUo;u dh
izfrc)rk dk ughaA bl ij Hkh fiNys 26 lkyksa esa gekjh ljdkjksa us eku fy;k
gS fd f'k{kk dk futhdj.k gh lcls mfpr fodYi gS] lafo/kku ds Hkhrj ekSfyd
vf/kdkj cuus ds ckotwn] bl fo"k; dks lcls T;knk ljdkjksa us gh utjvankt
fd;k gSA ljdkjsa ,d lkS :i;s esa ls dsoy 25 iSls fuxjkuh vkSj fujh{k.k ij
vkSj 40 iSls f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ij [kpZ djrh gS Hkkjr eas cqfu;knh f'k{kk
O;oLFkk esa gh vHkh 5 yk[k f'k{kdksa ds in [kkyh gS] tcfd 1-05 yk[k ljdkjh
Ldwy dsoy ,d f'k{kd ds Hkjksls ij gaSA f'k{kdks dh deh gksuk ;k vuqifLFkr
jguk vc vke ckr gksrh tk jgh gSA f'k{kdksa dk vU; dk;ksZa esa O;Lr ¼tSls
pquko] tux.kuk] iksfy;ks M~;wVh bR;kfn½ jgus ls Hkh f'k{k.k dk;Z ckf/kr gksrk
gSA
,uqvy LVsVl vkWQ ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ Hkkjr esa fiNys nl lky ls tkjh
gks jgh gS] bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ik¡poh d{kk esa i<+us okys cPps nwljh d{kk dk
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ikB ugha i<+ ikrs gSaA vkBoha ds cPpksa dks tksM+uk&?kVkuk] Hkkx nsuk ugha vkrk
gS bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj rhljh d{kk esa i<+us okys 42-3 izfr'kr cPps d{kk ,d
dh fo"k; lkexzh i<+ ikrs gSaA d{kk rhu ds 27-7 izfr'kr cPps nks vadksa okyk
?kVkuk dj ikrs gaS] tcfd d{kk ikap ds 26 izfr'kr cPps gh lkekU; Hkkx ns
ikrs gSa ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh ,slh gkyr ns[kdj f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dks c<+kok
feyk gSA i<+kbZ dk detksj Lrj o vdq'ky izca/k lapkyu o u;s&u;s iz;ksxksa
dk vHkko] /ku dk vHkko] ikB~;Øe esa jk"Vªh; Lrj esa vlekurk gksuk o
ljdkjh f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa f'k{kk ds ekudhdj.k dk vHkko tSls [ksydwn dk
eSnku u gksuk] vkd"kZd Hkou] fo|ky; ,d gh dejs esa lapkfyr gksuk o ikuh
rFkk 'kkSpky; dh O;oLFkk u gksuk rFkk cPpksa dks cSBus ds fy, dqlhZ&est vkfn
dk bLrseky u gksuk] f'k{kk deh'kuksa ¼eqn~fyvj deh'ku] jk/kkd`".ku deh'ku ,oa
dksBkjh deh'ku½ dh vuq'kalkvksa dk va'kr% Hkh ikyu u gksuk] yksxksa esa ljdkjh
f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k o fo'okl dk vHkko] ljdkjh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa
esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk i)fr dk vHkko] cPpksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, iqjLdkjksa
dk vHkko] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa laLdkjksa dks iksf"kr djus esa vkt dh f'k{kk
i)fr foQy lkfcr gqbZ gSA ;s dqN dkj.k gSa tks f'k{kk dks futhdj.k ds fy,
izksRlkfgr djrs gaS] ysfdu dqN yksxksa us f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dks vius ykHk dk
tfj;k cuk fy;k gS] mudh dksf'k'k gksrh gS fd os viuh f'k{kk :ih nqdku dks
vk/kqfud :i ls ltk&laokj dj yksxksa ds chp is'k djsa] rkfd bl vkd"kZ.k esa
vkdj yksx mudh vksj vkdf"kZr gksus yxsA Hkkjr esa lqizhe dksVZ us fiNys fnuksa
dgk gS fd **f'k{kk dks /ka/kk cukus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk ldrh** ysfdu futh
f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa us bldk nq:i;ksx dj reke rjg ds 'kqYd ds uke ij f'k{kk
dks olwyh vkSj equkQk[kksjh dk tfj;k cuk fn;k gSA ns'k ds lqizhe dksVZ us bl
ij jksd yxkrs gq, nku ds :i esa olwyh tkus okyh dSfiVs'ku Qhl dks voS/k
djkj fn;k gSA futh Ldwyksa esa nkf[kys ds bPNqd cPpksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ds fy,
nku dk [ksy eqlhcr dk lcc cu x;k gSA Ldwy esa cPps dk nkf[kyk djokus
ls igys reke rjg dh Qhl ds vykok nku ds :i esa Hkkjh&Hkjde jde ,asBrs
gSaA lqizhe dksVZ us dgk fd f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½ th ds
rgr f'k{kk ekSfyd vf/kdkj gS] blfy, f'k{kk ds uke ij fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k
laLFkk dks O;olk; djus dh NwV ugha nh tk ldrh gSA vnkyr us futh Ldwy
ekfydksa ls nks Vwd dgk fd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ogh yksx vk;as tks uks izkfQV uks
ykWl ds vk/kkj ij dke djus dks rS;kj gSaA ftudk edln flQZ equkQk
dekuk gS os f'k{kk dks NksM+dj vius fy, dksbZ nwljk dke ns[k ysaA vnkyr dk
;g QSlyk cgqr vPNk gS ysfdu futh laLFkkvksa us vkd"kZd Hkou& lqfo/kk,a]
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rduhd] [ksydwn O;oLFkk;sa tSlh lqfo/kkvksa dk izyksHku nsdj turk dks
vkdf"kZr djuk o ykHk dekuk] ;s mik; vkt ds le; esa pyu esa vk x;s gSaA
ljdkjh laLFkk;sa budk eqdkcyk ugha dj ikrha] blfy;s buds izfr yksxksa esa
fo'ks"k yxko ugha gSA futh laLFkk;sa viuk izHkko rks NksM+rh gSa ysfdu f'k{kdksa
dks de osru nsdj o dq'ky f'k{kd u j[kdj vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk dekus dh
gksM+ esa yxh jgrh gSaA ,d fjlpZ ds vuqlkj futh vkSj xSj foRrh; lgk;rk
izkIr Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dk osru ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh rqyuk esa 5&7 xquk de gSA
futh laLFkk,a f'k{kdksa dks de osru nsdj] vPNh f'k{kk dh dYiuk ek= djrs
gSaA4
dgha&dgha edkukas ds Hkhrj ,d ;k nks dejksa esa Ldwy pyk;s tk jgs gSaA
cxSj [ksydwn eSnkuksa ds futh fo|ky; dk;Zjr gSaA tks cPpksa ds LokLF; ds
fy, gkfudkjd gSaA ,d&,d d{kk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd la[;k esa cPpksa dks
v/;;u djk;k tkrk gSA i;kZIr lalk/ku o ekud ugha gksrs fQj Hkh bu
laLFkkuksa dks pykus dh ekU;rk fey tkrh gS] tks ns'k dk Hkfo"; dgykus okys
cPpksa ls /kks[kk gSA f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk izHkko ;g iM+rk gS fd bu f'k{k.k
laLFkkuks esa cgqr lh dfe;ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;gka ij T;knkrj futh f'k{k.k
laLFkkuks esa euekuh Qhl olwyh tkrh gS reke rjg ds 'kqYd ftuesa Hkou
Qhl] dEI;wVj Qhl] fctyh Qhl vkfn 'kkfey gSA buds vfrfjDr vf/kdrj
futh laLFkkvkssa ds ikl Lo;a ds Hkou o [ksydwn ds i;kZIr lk/ku ugha gSA5
f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ls lekt dks rHkh ykHk gks ldrk gSA tc dqN dfe;ksa dks
nwj djds blds fy, dkjxj dne mBk;sa tk;sa] ftuesa f'k{kk ij O;; c<+kdj
de ls de ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼thMhih½ dk 6 izfr'kr fd;k tk;s ,oa f'k{kk
ds O;kikjhdj.k vFkok cktkjhdj.k dks jksdus gsrq dsUnz ljdkj vf/kd dBksj
dkuwu cuk;s ftlls f'k{kk esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij jksd yxs vkSj vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps
okyh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks vuqefr nh tk;s lkFk gh f'k{kk dks jktuhfrd
gLr{ksi ls nwj j[kk tk;s rFkk ekudksa dk lgh rjhds ls ikyu djk;k tk;s o
f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj dks lgh rjhds ls ykxw fd;k tk;sA izf'kf{kr v/;kid j[ks
tk;sa o lgh osru fn;k tk;s ,oa d{kk esa cPpkas vkSj f'k{kdksa dk vuqikr lgh
gksuk pkfg,A Ldwyksa esa fuEu vk; oxZ ds cPpksa dks eq¶r f'k{kk nsus dk izko/kku
dM+kbZ ls ykxw djok;k tk;s ,oa Ldwyksa esa nku dk [ksy [kRe fd;k tk;s rFkk
Ldwyksa esa HksnHkko [kRe fd;k tk;sA futh laLFkkvksa dks Hkh ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr
ikB~;Øe i<+kuk vfuok;Z fd;k tk;s vkSj ljdkj ds }kjk r; ekunaMksa
f'k{kd&Nk= vuqikr] Hkou] iz;ksx'kkyk,a] iqLrdky;] [ksy&lkexzh o vU;
lqfo/kkvksa ij [kjk mrjuk gksxkA
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mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kk tks fd ns'k dh uhao ds cht cksrh
gS] mlds izfr bl izdkj joS;k ugha gksuk pkfg,A cPps ns'k dk Hkfo"; gksrs gS
vkSj muds izfr gekjh uSfrd ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA blds fy, ,sls futh f'k{k.k
laLFkkuks ij udsy dlsa tks fd f'k{kk uhfr ds ekunaMksa dks iwjk ugha djrh vkSj
u gh cPpksa ds Hkfo"; ds izfr tkx:d gaS vkSj vPNh futh ,oa ljdkjh f'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;s ftlesa LoLFk okrkoj.k dk fodkl gks vkSj
f'k{kk ds ikou mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk lds lkFk gh ns'k o lekt dks lgh
fn'kk fey ldsA
lanHkZ xzUFk lwph&
1- dqekj d`".k] 1998 'kSf{kd Kku vkSj opZLo& fnYyh % xzaUFkf'kYih
2- vxzoky ts0lh0] 1968 Lora= Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk fodkl& fnYyh % vk;Z
cqd fMiks
3- jSuk fouksn] 2009 f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj dkuwu&f'k{kk foe'kZ] fnYyh %
uoEcj&fnlEcj
4- f'k{kk vfHkO;fDr ¼okf"kZd vad½ 3&4 2004&05
5- feJ lehjkRet] fucU/k eatw"kk % f}rh; laLdj.k
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egcqfy;k
MkW- jkts”k dqekj iky1
Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS&o`gr ijEijk ;k
nh?kZ ijEijk ,oa y?kq ijEijkA o`gr ijEijk og gS tks Ldwyksa] eafnjksa esa iksf"kr
gksrh gSa] ftudk mYys[k gekjs /keZxzUFkksa esa feyrk gS] tks fyf[kr gSa] “kkL=h; gSa]
O;ofLFkr gSa rFkk fpUru”khy gSaA o`gr ijEijk dks dqN lekt”kkL=h mPp yksxksa
dh ijEijk ;k vfHktkRk oxZ dh ijEijk Hkh dgrs gSaA y?kq ijEijk vfyf[kr]
v”kkL=h;] de O;ofLFkr] de fpUru”khy o LFkkuh; gksrh gSA y?kq ijEijk dks
vf”kf{kr yksxksa dh ijEijk ekuk tkrk gS] tks Lo;afl) gksrh gS vkSj bldk
gLrkUrj.k ekSf[kd :Ik ls ih<+h nj ih<+h gksrk gSA y?kq ijEijk dk izpyu
d`’kd lektksa esa vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
^*egcqfy;k^* ;k ^*egcqy nkbZ^* dks ge y?kq ijEijk ds vUrxZr j[k
ldrs gSaA egcqfy;k NksVh cfPPk;ksa dk ioZZ gS tks fir`i{k ;k firj i{k esa euk;k
tkrk gSA egcqfy;k dk dksbZ fyf[kr bfrgkl ;k dksbZ fyf[kr dgkuh ugha
feyrh gSA fyf[kr bfrgkl u gksus ls ;g D;ksa eukbZ tkrh gS] dksbZ Li’V
dkj.k Kkr ugha gks ikrkA egcqfy;k ds lEcU/k esa tks dqN Hkh tkudkjh feyrh
gS] og lc ekSf[kd gSA ,d fo”ks’k ckr ;g Hkh gS fd egcqfy;k lc txg ugha
eukbZ tkrhA egcqfy;k dk izpyu cqUnsy[k.M {ks= ds xzkeh.k vapykas esa gh
fo”ks’kdj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
egcqfy;k uked y?kq ijEijk dks tkuus ds fy, geus cqUnsy[k.M {ks= ds
ckank ,oa fp=dwV tuin ds xzkeh.k vapyksa o dLcksa esa lgHkkxh voyksdu ,oa
vukSipkfjd lk{kkRdkj izfof/k dks viukrs gq, vusdksa cqtqxZ O;fDr;ksa ,oa
efgykvksa ls blds fo’k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dh gSA fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa us
egcqfy;k ds lEcU/k esa fHkUu&fHkUu nardFkkvksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gS ftuesa dqN
dk mYys[k izLrqr ”kks/k i= esa Hkh fd;k x;k gSA ekSf[kd lzksr ds vkykok
egcqfy;k ds laca/k esa tkuus ds fy, vU; dksbZ ek/;e izkIr ugha gks ldk gSA
1- vfl- izksQslj] lekt”kkL=]] xksLokeh rqylhnkl jktdh; LukRkdksRrj egkfo|ky;]
dohZ fp=dwV m-iz-
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 63
egcqfy;k flrEcj&vDVwcj esa xzkeh.k vapyksa o NksVs dLcksa dh NksVh&NksVh
cfPp;ksa ds }kjk euk;k tkrk gSA fir`i{k esa xkao dh yM+fd;k lqcg ls gh
fofHkUu izdkj ds jax&fcjaxs Qwy ,df=r djus esa tqV tkrh gSaA ;s Qwy dusj]
pdkSM+k] csljek] xqykc] xasnk] pesyh] fofHkUu izdkj dh ”kkd&Hkkth ds Qwy o
LFkkuh; {ks= esa miyC/k >kfM;ksa] ouLifr;ksa ds Qwy vkfn gks ldrs gSaA ,d
xkao ;k dLcs esa dbZ egcqfy;k ltkbZ tk ldrh gSaA pw¡fd xkao tkfr;ksa ds
fglkc ls fofHkUu Fkksdksa esa cVk jgrk gSA vr% Qwy ,d= djus ds fy, Hkh
yM+fd;ksa dk lewg tkfr;ksa ds Fkksdksa ds vuqlkj fudyrk gSA Qwy ,d= djds
,d Mfy;k esa j[k fn, tkrs gSa ;k fQj yM+fd;k¡ vius&vius Qwyksa dks vius
?kj ys tkrh gSaA Qwy ,d= djus dh izfØ;k nksigj rd pyrh gSA nksigj ckn
”kke dks izk;% rhu cts ls N% cts ds chp egcqfy;k dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gSA
ftl LFkku ij egcqfy;k dks ltkuk gksrk gS] mls igys xkscj ls yhi fn;k
tkrk gSA egcqfy;k dks vf/kdrj pcwrjs ;k lQkbZ;qDr LFkku ij gh ltk;k
tkrk gSA vc dqN yksx yhis gq, LFkku ij vkVs dk pkSd Hkh iwjus yxs gSaA ml
yhis gq, LFkku ds chpksa&chp ccwy dh dkaVsnkj lw[kh gqbZ Vguh xkM+h tkrh gSA
ml Vguh dks lcls T;knk mi;qDr le>k tkrk gS ftlesa dkaVs lcls vf/kd
gksaA dkaVsnkj ccwy dh Vguh dks cqUnsy[k.M ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esa ^*>ka[kj^* dgk
tkrk gSA yhis gq, LFkku ij ccwy dh xM+h gqbZ Vguh (>ka[kj) ij lHkh
yM+fd;ka izR;sd dkaVs esa ,df=r fd, gq, Qwyksa dks yxkrh gSaA ;g /;ku j[kk
tkrk gS fd Vguh dh lHkh ”kk[kkvksa ds dkaVksa ij Qwy yxs gSa fd ughaA tc
Vguh dh lHkh ”kk[kkvksa ds dkaVks ij Qwy yx tkrs gSa rks og Vguh cM+h lqUnj
fn[krh gSA la{ksi esa Qwyksa ls ynh gqbZ Vguh dks gh ^*egcqfy;k^* dgk tkrk gSA
;g egcqfy;k dqN nsj ml LFkku ij jgrh gS vkSj mlds pkjksa rjQ yM+fd;ka
cSBh jgrh gSaA lHkh yM+fd;ka ge mez dh gksrh gSaaA lkekU;r% yM+fd;ksa dh mez
ikap ls pkSng lky rd dh gksrh gSA ij blls cM+h mez dh yM+fd;ka o vkSjrsa
Hkh blesa Hkkx ys ldrh gSaA blesa dksbZ ck/;rk ugha gSA NksVs&NksVs yM+ds Hkh
blesa ”kkfey jgrs gSa] ij mudh la[;k de gksrh gSA
egcqfy;k dks ltkrh
gqbZ ,d yM+dh
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 64
egcqfy;k ds fuekZ.k ds i'pkr foltZu dh rS;kjh dh tkrh gSA ;g
foltZu eq[;r;k ryS;ksa] iks[kjksa] ugj] rkykcksa ;k unh esa fd;k tkrk gSA buds
u gksu ij ml xkao ;k dLcs esa tks Hkh tylzksr gksrk gS] mls foltZu ds fy,
pquk tkrk gSA egcqfy;k foltZu ds igys jkLrs esa yM+fd;ka dqN xhr xkrh gSaA
ftl Vguh ij egcqfy;k ltk;h tkrh gS] mlesa uhps idM+us ds fy, Ik;kZIr
MaBy gksrk gSA bl MaBy dks dbZ yM+fd;ka idM+dj mij mBk;s jgrh gSaA
jkLrs esa pyrs&pyrs bldh vnyk cnyh Hkh djrh tkrh gSaA jkLrs esa tks xhr
yM+fd;ksa }kjk xk;s tkrs gSa os dqN bl izdkj gS&
egcqfy;ka ds ukS&nl Qwy] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA
eksj ckck cok vk;ks [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA
eksj nkbZ fujk vkbZ [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA
eksj cIik cok vk;ks [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA
eksj vEek fujk vkbZ [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA
;s xhr lewg esa xk;s tkrs gSa vkSj LosPNkuqlkj fj”rsnkjksa ds uke vkSj Hkh c<+k
ldrh gSaA ;s xhr Hkh vyx&vyx xkao esa vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSaA dbZ xhrksa
esa Øec)rk Hkh ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA dqN yM+fd;ka ;s xhr Hkh xkrh gSa&
egcqy nkbZ&egcqy nkbZ] nky&Hkkr u [kk;sA
cgqjh ds /kks[ks fcukSjh pck;] panu pkSdh ek cSBk;A
iaxM+h ds Qwy >js] py l[kh chus pys ikoZrhA
egcqfy;k dk foltZu djus gsrq tkrh yM+fd;ka
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bl izdkj VwVs&QwVs xhr xkrs gq, ;s yM+fd;k viuh&viuh egcqfy;k
ysdj vius lehi ds rky&ryS;ksa ds ikl tkrh gSa vkSj ikuh esa MaBy dks
idM+dj ik¡p&N% ckj >i&>ikrh gSaA ,slk djus ij dkaVksa esa yxs gq, lHkh
Qwy ikuh ij rSjus yxrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k dbZ yM+fd;k ckjh&ckjh ls djrh gSa]
tc rd fd lc Qwy dkaVksa ls u fudy tk;saA cqUnsy[k.M {ks= esa egcqfy;k
dks ty esa folftZr djus dh izfØ;k dks ^*[kksaVuk^* dgk tkrk gSA foltZu
dsoy Qwyksa dk gh fd;k tkrk gSA dkaVsnkj >kM+h dks ?kj ys vk;k tkrk gSA
tgka ij egcqfy;k dks [kksaVk tkrk gS] ogka [kksaVus ds ckn izlkn forfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA ,d fo”ks’k ckr ;g ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd izlkn pus dh nky dk
gksrk gSA igys izlkn esa Lokn ds fy, ued feyk;k tkrk Fkk ijUrq vc cgqr
ls xkaoksa] dLcksa esa ued dh txg xqM+ Hkh feykus yxs gSaA izlkn ykus dh
ftEesnkjh lHkh yM+fd;ksa dh ckjh&ckjh ls gksrh gS vkSj ;g ,d fnu iwoZ gh r;
dj fy;k tkrk gS fd vxys fnu izlkn ykus gsrq fdldk uEcj gSA yM+fd;ksa
}kjk egcqfy;k eukus dh ;g izFkk iwjs fir`i{k esa pyrh gSA fir`i{k ds igys o
ckn egcqfy;k ugha [ksyh tkrh ;k euk;h tkrhA egcqfy;k dk ltu dsoy
fir`i{k esa gh gksrk gSA
egcqfy;k ds eukus ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fyf[kr lkexzh ugha feyrhA
bldh izd`fr ekSf[kd gh gSA bldh mRifRr tkuus ds lEcU/k esa dbZ dLcksa o
xkaoksa dk Hkze.k fd;k x;kA dqN xkaoksa ds cqtqxZ O;fDr;ksa us egcqfy;k ds lEcU/k
esa ,d&nks nUrdFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
,d nUrdFkk ds vuqlkj cgqr igys lqvkVk uked jk{kl Fkk] tks
yM+fd;ksa dks ekjdj [kk tkrk FkkA ,d ckj dqN yM+fd;ka dkaVs ysdj vius
?kj tk jgha Fkha] rHkh mudks jkLrs esa lqvkVk jk{kl fey x;kA ij yM+fd;ksa ds
gkaFkksa esa dkaVs ns[kdj og jk{kl muds ikl ugha vk;kA yM+fd;ka ?kj vk;ha vkSj
vius ekrk&firk ls bldk mYys[k fd;kA ?kj okykas us lkspk fd ;g jk{kl
dkaVksa ls Mjrk gS] blfy, gj yM+dh ds ikl dkaVksa dh ,d Mkyh j[k nhA ,d
fnu lc yM+fd;ksa us feydj dkaVksa dh Mkfy;ksa ls ml lqvkVk uked jk{kl dks
ekj MkykA blh [kq”kh esa yM+fd;ka egcqfy;k eukrh gSaA dqN yksxksa dk ;g Hkh
dguk gS fd dkaVksa esa yM+fd;ka Qwyksa dks yxkdj blfy, folftZr djrh gSa]
rkfd ftu yM+fd;ksa dks jk{kl us ekj Mkyk Fkk] mudh vkRek dks “kkfUr fey
ldsA tcfd dqN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd jk{kl ds ejus dh [kq”kh esa gh bldks
euk;k tkrk gSA
,d vU; nUrdFkk ds vuqlkj cgqr igys egcqy uke dh ,d cqf<+;k Fkh
tks cgqr >xMkyw FkhA cqUnsy[k.M ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esa tks O;fDr >xMkyw gksrk
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gS mls ^*>ka[kj^* dgus yxrs gSaA tc egcqy uke dh cqf<+;k fir`i{k esa ejh rks
yksx mlh dh ;kn eas egcqfy;k ltkus yxsA ckn esa ;g ioZ dsoy yM+fd;ksa
rd gh lhfer jg x;kA dgk tkrk gS fd ftldh e`R;q fir`i{k esa gksrh gS og
cM+k HkkX;”kkyh gksrk gSA dqN yksxksa dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd fir`i{k esa ejus
okys dks tykuk ugha pkfg, cfYd mldks unh esa folftZr dj nsuk pkfg,A
laHkor% blh dkj.k egcqy uke dh efgyk >xMkyw gksrs gq, Hkh tc fir`i{k esa
ejh rks yksx [kq”kh&[kq”kh ls mldh ;kn esa izrhdkRed :Ik ls mldks J)katfy
nsrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd >ka[kj egcqfy;k dk izrhd gS tcfd Qwy
mlds izfr J)k ds izrhd gSaA blfy, bl NksVs ls ioZ dks ^*egcqy nkbZ^* Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA
dqN yksxkas dks er gSS fd iwoZtksa dh vkRek dh ”kkfUr ds fy, gh
yM+fd;ka bl ioZ dks eukrh gSa] blfy, egcqfy;k dsoy fir`i{k esa gh [ksyh
tkrh gSA ijUrq ;g le>uk dfBu gS fd NksVh&NksVh yM+fd;ksa dks bruh cM+h
vk/;kfRed tkudkjh dgka ls izkIr gqbZA
egcqfy;k eukus ds tks Hkh dkj.k gksa] bruk vo”; gS fd ;g LFkkuh;]
xzkeh.k o dLck;h lekt dh ,d fo”ks’krk gSA xzkeh.k lektksa esa blh rjg dh
vusd izFkk;sa Hkh gks ldrh gSa ftudk dksbZ fyf[kr izek.k feyuk dfBu gSA
ijUrq ;g Hkh dguk vko”;d gS fd blh rjg dh fo”ks’krk;sa xzkeh.k thou dks
thoUrrk iznku fd;s gq, gSaA
lanHkZ
izkFkfed losZ{k.k
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BASEL- III : A ROADMAP TO THE FUTURE INDIAN
BANKING SYSTEM Dr. Mahendra Kumar Sultaniya
1 ABSTRACT
Reserve Bank issued Guidelines based on the Basel III reforms on capital regulation
on May 2, 2012, to the extent applicable to banks operating in India. The Basel III
capital regulation has been implemented from April 1, 2013 in India in phases
and it will be fully implemented as on March 31, 2018i.
Further, on a review, the parallel run and prudential floor for implementation of
Basel II vis-à-vis Basel I have been discontinuedii . Now days an analysis of risk in
the Indian banking industry is conducted along the lines of credit risk, interest rate
risk, market risk and the liquidity risk. Over the past two and half decades, leading
banks around the world have adopted a new paradigm for financial risk management
focused on the concept of economic capital.
Basel III reforms strengthen the bank-level i.e. micro prudential regulation, with the
intention to raise the resilience of individual banking institutions in periods of stress.
Besides, the reforms have a macro prudential focus also, addressing system wide
risks, which can build up across the banking sector, as well as the procyclical
amplification of these risks over time. These new global regulatory and supervisory
standards mainly seek to raise the quality and level of capital to ensure banks are
better able to absorb losses on both a going concern and a gone concern basis,
increase the risk coverage of the capital framework, introduce leverage ratio to serve
as a backstop to the risk-based capital measure, raise the standards for the
supervisory review process (Pillar 2) and public disclosures (Pillar 3) etc. The macro
prudential aspects of Basel III are largely enshrined in the capital buffers. Both the
buffers i.e. the capital conservation buffer and the countercyclical buffer are
intended to protect the banking sector from periods of excess credit growth.
1. Assistant Professor, Commerce, HRPG College Khalilabad, Sant Kabir
Nagar, U.P
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In this study would primarily enquire the basics as well as overall status of Basel
Norms, Basically Basel III norms towards emerging phenomenon in the Indian
Banking Industry as whole.
INTRODUCTION
Basel III reforms are the response of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
(BCBS) to improve the banking sector‘s ability to absorb shocks arising from
financial and economic stress, whatever the source, thus reducing the risk of spill
over from the financial sector to the real economy. During Pittsburgh summit in
September 2009, the G20 leaders committed to strengthen the regulatory system for
banks and other financial firms and also act together to raise capital standards, to
implement strong international compensation standards aimed at ending practices
that lead to excessive risk-taking, to improve the over-the-counter derivatives market
and to create more powerful tools to hold large global firms to account for the risks
they take. For all these reforms, the leaders set for themselves strict and precise
timetables. Consequently, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)
released comprehensive reform package entitled ―Basel III: A global regulatory
framework for more resilient banks and banking systems‖ (known as Basel III
capital regulations) in December 2010iii
.
Basel III reforms strengthen the bank-level i.e. micro prudential regulation, with the
intention to raise the resilience of individual banking institutions in periods of stress.
Besides, the reforms have a macro prudential focus also, addressing system wide
risks, which can build up across the banking sector, as well as the procyclical
amplification of these risks over time. These new global regulatory and supervisory
standards mainly seek to raise the quality and level of capital to ensure banks are
better able to absorb losses on both a going concern and a gone concern basis,
increase the risk coverage of the capital framework, introduce leverage ratio to serve
as a backstop to the risk-based capital measure, raise the standards for the
supervisory review process (Pillar 2) and public disclosures (Pillar 3) etc. The macro
prudential aspects of Basel III are largely enshrined in the capital buffers. Both the
buffers i.e. the capital conservation buffer and the countercyclical buffer are
intended to protect the banking sector from periods of excess credit growth.
BASEL NORMS WITH INDIAN BANKING
Reserve Bank issued Guidelines based on the Basel III reforms on capital regulation
on May 2, 2012, to the extent applicable to banks operating in India. The Basel III
capital regulation has been implemented from April 1, 2013 in India in phases
and it will be fully implemented as on March 31, 2018iv
. Further, on a review, the parallel run and prudential floor for implementation of
Basel II vis-à-vis Basel I have been discontinuedv . Now days an analysis of risk in
the Indian banking industry is conducted along the lines of credit risk, interest rate
risk, market risk and the liquidity risk. Over the past two and half decades, leading
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banks around the world have adopted a new paradigm for financial risk management
focused on the concept of economic capital.
―Economic capital‖ is the amount of capital a bank requires to achieve a given level
of protection against default for its creditors. Operationally, the question is usually
posed as ―How much capital should the bank have to achieve a target rating for its
long-term debt?‖ This is a straightforward inference from Merton‘s model of the
pricing of risky corporate debt: given the institution‘s net asset value and the target
probability of default, economic capital is the amount needed to achieve the target
probability of default. Applications of this approach include Risk Adjusted Return of
Capital (RAROC) or Value at Risk (VaR)vi
.
In principle, allocated economic capital can be used to risk-adjust returns across
various lines of business to reveal which activities create or destroy shareholder
value. The most successful application, however, has been to the measurement and
management of market risk. In a sharp break with previous regulatory practice, the
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision recognized this new approach to risk
management in the 1996 Amendment on Market Risk to the original Basel Accord
on Capital Adequacy. Rather than allocate positions to crude risk buckets or apply
mechanical asset price haircuts to positions in order to measure risks, the Basel
Committee provided the opportunity for qualifying banks to rely on the supervised
use of their own internal models to determine their capital charges for exposure to
market risk.
This internal models approach to regulation was expected to deliver several benefits.
First, it would reduce or eliminate incentives for regulatory arbitrage since the
capital charge would reflect the bank‘s own estimate of risk. Second, it would deal
more flexibly with financial innovations, incorporating them in the regulatory
framework as soon as they were incorporated in the bank‘s own risk management
models. Third, it would provide banks with an incentive to improve their risk
management processes and procedures in order to qualify for the internal models
approach. And fourth, compliance cost would be reduced to the extent that the
business was regulated in the same way that it was managed.
CREDIT RISK FACTOR IN INDIAN BANKING
The success of the internal models approach to market risk led to the extension of
the methodology to credit risk, the principal risk facing most banks. This is partly
due to a blurring of the traditional line between trading and the lending business.
Financial innovations have begun to erode traditional distinctions between the
trading book and the banking book. Increasingly, traders are dealing with less liquid,
less creditworthy instruments. A market in credit risk – more precisely credit risk
derivatives – is growing rapidly. And, bank loans are underwritten increasingly with
a view toward making them more marketable. Indeed, there is a thriving secondary
market in bank loans. Thus it was only natural that leading banks would attempt to
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apply the same financial technology that had proven so successful in measuring and
managing market risk to credit risk.
At the same time, regulators were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the
effectiveness of the original Basel Accord. In response to growing evidence of
regulatory capital arbitrage, regulators began to consider whether the paradigm used
so successfully in the regulation of market risk could be applied to credit risk and
operational risk. The result was a proposal for a new Basel Capital Accord (Basel
II).
The Basel Committee found that internal models of credit risk were not yet
sufficiently reliable (or verifiable) to replicate the approach to market risk and so
they embarked on a complex course of increasingly intrusive specifications about
how banks should manage their credit risk by means of an internal ratings approach.
On December 18, 2014, the Federal Reserve Board (Fed) issued a notice of proposed
rulemaking (NPR) to impose a surcharge on U.S.- based Global Systemically
Important Banks (G-SIBs). The proposed framework would require a top-tier U.S.
bank holding company (BHC) with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets
to calculate a measure of its systemic importance. This initiative has been criticized
by the Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee on Feb. 2015vii
.
Over the past years the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has refined its
approach to setting minimum capital requirements for operational risk. The result is
a revised definition of operational risk, a reduced target for capital charges for
operational risk relative to total minimum capital requirements and greater
specificity about how such capital charges might be implemented. I believe this
attempt to set capital charges for operational risk is fundamentally misguided.
The Basel Committee might have hoped that by imposing a risk-sensitive capital
requirement for operational risk it will lead institutions to enhance the measurement
and management of operational risk and will discourage them from substituting
operational risk for credit or market risk. The Basel Committee has stated a goal of
setting capital charges for operational risk in conjunction with an anticipated
reduction in the capital charge for credit risk, so that overall capital charges will
remain the same on average. This goal dictates their charge for whatever measure of
operational risk they devise and belies any claim that the capital charge with regard
to operational risk is somehow objectively determined.
In contrast to credit risk and market risk, there is no compelling rationale for setting
a capital charge for operational risk. Institutions can increase the option value of
deposit insurance by taking bigger market or credit risks since larger risks may yield
larger returns. Risk sensitive capital requirements thus have a direct impact on
incentives to take greater risks. But operational risk is downside risk only. Taking
more operational risk does not enhance the option value of deposit insurance. It is
simply a kind of expense that institutions try to minimize to the extent that it is cost
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effective to do so. These two different species of risk are best dealt with in two
different ways.
EFFECT OF CREDIT RISK ON INDUSTRY
It is by no means clear that capital regulation is the most efficient means of
achieving a reduction in the exposure of institutions to operational risk. Moreover,
there is no systemic risk rationale for imposing capital requirements because losses
due to operational risk tend to be idiosyncratic to a particular institution. The sorts of
institution-destroying operational losses that have occurred – often due to the actions
of a rogue trader – are usually attributable to a failure of internal controls rather than
inadequate capital. No reasonable amount of capital would be sufficient to cover
such an extreme event. The most effective means of reducing operational risk are
sound policies, practices and procedures, and insurance (which also serve the
function of shifting losses should they, nonetheless, occur).
LIQUIDITY RISK IN BANKING SECTOR
It is by the market turbulence that began in July 2007 stemmed initially from credit
prospects deteriorating in U.S. subprime mortgages, but quickly spread to other
markets. Growing uncertainty surrounding the valuation of structured credit
instruments affected their liquidity, leading to difficulties in the asset-backed
commercial paper (ABCP) market, where these instruments were partly funded.
Illiquidity spread to the broader money markets as concerns grew over the extent of
bank on- and off-balance-sheet exposures to these instruments, requiring bank
rescues and capital injections.
The speed and extent of the transition from ―market‖ illiquidity to ―funding‖
illiquidity, and their subsequent interaction, was remarkable and required
unprecedented intervention by mature market central banks to meet banks‘ liquidity
needs. As a result, important questions arise concerning the extent to which new
financial instruments have increased the financial system‘s vulnerability to liquidity
events and the adequacy of the tools central banks have at their disposal to address
such disruptions. The episode also has important implications for the clarity of
central bank communications when balancing their responsibilities for formulating
monetary policy and protecting financial stability.
The concepts of market and funding liquidity that are relevant for understanding the
episode are examined first, along with how banks have managed liquidity risks in
recent months. The various ways in which market and funding liquidity can interact
to cause self-sustaining ―liquidity spirals‖ is then explained, including why such
spirals may have become more prevalent. The response of central banks to the
liquidity crisis, as well as their ability to address such disruption, is discussed in light
of their operational frameworks.
An empirical analysis suggests that liquidity transmission has been a key element
during this period of stress and provides some evidence that certain types of central
bank support can reduce the elevated volatility associated with these events. After
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identifying ways in which liquidity management has been deficient during this
episode, the chapter concludes by proposing a set of reforms and policies to address
these issues.
THE NATURE OF MARKET LIQUIDITY RISKS
During the period of stress that began in July 2007, ―market liquidity‖— the ease
with which one can liquidate a position in an asset without appreciably altering its
price—fell dramatically for a wide range of assets, reflecting both the characteristics
of the markets in which these assets traded, and their specific characteristics.
Secondary market liquidity became extremely thin, most notably in markets for
structured credit products—where securities were highly tailored to the needs of
specific investors and, for the most part, were meant to be held to maturity.
Moreover, since most trading took place in over-the-counter (OTC) markets, price
reporting and a common venue to connect a wide variety of buyers and sellers were
absent.
In other cases, traders attempted to hedge positions, meet margin calls, or realize
gains in other safer or more liquid markets, transmitting demand for liquidity and the
resulting volatility more widely. This demand for market liquidity migrated to robust
trading platforms and easily valued securities. Robust price discovery mechanisms
and the knowledge that even large trade sizes would be less likely to move prices
appreciably attracted participants.
Market liquidity is often hard to measure precisely. The interpretation of typical
measures, such as bid-ask spreads and volumes, is more difficult during stressful
periods, since they also reflect volatility and credit risks. In this latest event,
anecdotal evidence suggests that the increased uncertainty and volatility, and higher
default risks of potential counterparties, made posted bid-ask spreads in many
instruments unreliable, as no trading took place at those prices.
Although recent developments would seem to make a strong case for amending
market risk management procedures to take into account liquidity risk, doing so in
the future will be challenging. One approach is to add a measure of liquidity risk to
the value-at-risk measure, but this has proved difficult, especially given the absence
of satisfactory measures of liquidity even in normal times. Thus, financial firms have
tended to use ad hoc approaches to control market liquidity risk, making their
responses to crises difficult to anticipate.
THE DETERMINANTS OF MARKET LIQUIDITY
A market is considered liquid if an investor has the ability to buy or sell a reasonable
amount of an asset without appreciably affecting the price. In practice, there are a
number of contributing elements to market liquidity:
Information Liquidity is enhanced if information about the asset‘s value is
distributed roughly evenly between intermediaries and potential buyers and
sellers. Wide bid-ask spreads quoted by intermediaries can reflect concerns
over asymmetric information.
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Intermediaries The existence of intermediaries such as brokers,
specialists, locals, or market- makers that can provide ongoing price quotes,
maintain an inventory of the asset, and perform timely execution of trades
will add to market liquidity.
Underlying funding of intermediaries Those acting as market
intermediaries and carrying inventories can be constrained in providing
liquidity by their own capitalization and their ability to finance their trading
positions.
Trading venue How buyers and sellers congregate, physically or
electronically, can also affect liquidity. Formal exchanges that have well-
established methods of recording and publishing prices can preserve liquidity
in stress circumstances better than over-the counter (OTC) markets, where
buyers and sellers must find one another to trade—often through brokers—
and traded prices may not be widely available.
Type of asset Customized credit derivatives and collateralized debt
obligations that are highly tailored to meet specific investor needs in the
primary market are often illiquid in secondary markets. An investor wishing
to unwind or modify a position may have to rely on the initial arranger of the
transaction, who may not be willing or able to provide liquidity under
stressed market conditions, or may do so only at a significantly discounted
price.
Size of tradable issue The larger the asset size freely available to trade, the
more liquid the asset is likely to be.
FUNDING LIQUIDITY RISKS
Events since July 2007 have demonstrated that funding liquidity risk is intimately
related to market liquidity, potentially causing systemic difficulties. Funding
liquidity risk captures the inability of a financial intermediary to service its liabilities
as they fall due. It is intrinsic to financial intermediation where liabilities of shorter
maturity are issued to finance longer-maturity assets with the intention of earning a
yield premium, and is particularly relevant to commercial banks, whose core
business historically has been to fund longer-term loans through short-term deposits.
Moreover, funding liquidity difficulties can quickly result in insolvency if an illiquid
firm is forced to sell assets quickly at fire-sale prices to raise cash, so reducing its
capital.
COMPLEXITIES IN LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Measurement of a bank‘s vulnerability to liquidity risk is inherently difficult. For
instance, demand deposits are usually stable sources of funding, but can quickly be
lost in a bank run. Conversely, banks perceived to be safer during crises may
actually attract deposits from competitors. Similarly, the degree to which a bank‘s
liquidity commitments may be called in a crisis is difficult to judge exactly and can
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depend on firm specific or systemic liquidity conditions, and on the perceived
reputational risk of exercising them.
Given the inherent complexity of managing liquidity risk, bank regulators have
adopted a diverse approach. For example, some countries maintain multiple metrics
to gauge bank liquidity, although most impose some type of minimum liquidity
requirement. Banks and regulators can legitimately differ over how long they believe
that a bank should be able to rely on internal sources to meet its cash flow
commitments.
The longer a bank must be able to survive on its own, the more liquid assets it needs
to hold, and the less efficient the banking system will be in providing maturity
transformation services to the economy. Moreover, the systemic nature of much
liquidity risk, and its ―jump-to-crisis‖ fat-tailed distribution, also makes it very
difficult to model funding liquidity risks so as to translate a given liquidity structure
into a probability of default. Hence, banking regulators have yet to develop a
liquidity equivalent to minimum capital requirements and have increasingly focused
on the integrity of liquidity risk-management systems rather than specific liquidity
ratios.
REFERENCES 1. ―Financial Stability Report‖ 9
th issues, issued by Reserve Bank of India published
on June 2014.
2. ―Financial Stability Report‖ 11th issues, issued by Reserve Bank of India published
on June 2015.
3. ―Financial systems and the real economy‖ BIS paper no. 91 published by Bank for
International Settlements on mar 2017.
4. Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking
systems Published ―Bank for International Settlements 2010‖ by Bank for
International Settlements Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland in
December 2010.
5. RBI Guidelines on “Implementation of Basel III Capital Regulations in India” through its vide letter no.-RBI/2011-12/530 DBOD.No.BP.BC.98 /21.06.201/2011-12 on May 2, 2012.
6. Circular No. DBOD.BP.BC.No.95/21.06.001/2012-13 dated May 27, 2013
Published on Prudential Guidelines on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline
New Capital Adequacy Framework (NCAF) - Parallel Run and Prudential Floor.
7. Merton’s paper, published in the Journal of Finance in 1974, see respectively, Merton 1974, 1970; see also Merton 1992, chapter 11.
8. Statement of the Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee on ―The Fed's SIFI
Surcharge: An Alternative Proposal‖ February 9, 2015.
9. ―Basel III : Implications for Indian Banking‖ by Dr Vighneswara Swamy,
Department of Finance, IBS Hyderabad.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 75
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rgr~ ns”k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa dke dj jgs jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ bdVB~s gksdj
vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij viuh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ka pyk lds vkSj yksxks dks
f”kf{kr o laxfBr dj ldsaA blds fy, mu vf/kdkjksa dh yM+kbZ vkSj mu
leL;kvksa dk gkFk esa ysuk t#jh Fkk tks gj ,d Hkkjrh; dh viuh yM+kbZ vkSj
mldh leL;k FkhA
ftl le; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] ns”k dh jktuSfrd lkekftd fLFkfr
iquZ#RFkku ds nkSj ls xqtj jgh FkhA jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dk izos”k u ds
cjkcj Fkk] ysfdu iquZtkxj.k dky esa fL=;ksa dh n”kk dks lq/kkjus ds fy, vusd
iz;kl fd;s tk jgs FksaA efgyk,sa Hkh vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx#d gks jgha
FkhA ,sls le; esa dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gqbZA dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls ,s ,sls eap
dk fuekZ.k gqvk tgk¡ ls turk viuh vkokt mBk ldrh FkhA Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh;
dkaxzsl ds izkjfEHkd 20 o’kksZ dk dky mnkjoknh jktuhfrd vkUnksyu dk dky
FkkA bl vof/k esa dkaxzslh jktuhfr dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk laoS/kkfud uhfr;ksa dh
LFkkiuk dk iz;Ru djuk FkkA bl uhfr dk dksbZ lkFkZd ifj.kke ugha fudykA
/khjs&/khjs dkaxzsl lnL;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f} gqbZ dkaxzsl dh lnL;rk esa iq#’k ,oa
efgyk;sa esa Hksn&Hkko ugh FkkA
1- izoDrk] jktuhfr'kkL=] ckcw xqykc flag egkfo|ky;] iksok] Qjsank] m0iz0
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 76
dkaxzsl ds laLFkkid lj â;qe u izkjEHk esa gh dgk ^^fL=;ksa dks lkFk fy;s
fcuk laxBu dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh lQyrk lafnX/k gksxh vkSk iz;Ru fu’Qy
gksaxsaA** efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd tkx#drk dh LFkkiuk ds ckn efgykvksa dks
dkaxzsl laxBu ds pqukoksa esa Hkkx ysus] dkaxzsl ds okf’kZd vf/kos”kuksa esa izfrfuf/k
cukus ,oa dkaxzsl ds eap ij Hkk’k.k nsus dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k1A vr%
dkaxszzl dh LFkkiuk dh dqN o’kZ i”pkr~ gh dkaxzsl vf/kos”ku esa efgyk izfrfuf/k
Hkkx ysus yxhA 1889 esa cEcbZ esa gk sus okyas 5osa vf/kos”ku esa izfrfuf/k cudj
vk;k efgykvksa ds uke gS iaf.Mrk jkekckbZ] fo|kxkSjh uhyd.B] jkekckbZ jkukMs]
Jherh fudEc] dknEcjh xkaxqyh vkSj Lo.kZ dqekjh xkS”kky] 1890 esa if.Mrk
jkkekckbZ vkSj Lo.kZ dqekjh nsoh ds iz;Ruksa ls yxHkx 100 efgykvksa us dydRrk
vf/kos”ku esa Hkkx fy;kA Jherh T;ksfr Ze; xkaxqyh us lu~ 1900 esa izFke ckj
dkaxzsl eap ls Hkk’k.k fn;kA bl dkaxzsl vf/kos”ku esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k
esa i;kZIr o`f} gqbZ vkSj mUgsa fopkj izdV djus dk volj iznku fd;k x;kA
xk¡/kh th ds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa inkiZ.k ds iwoZ Hkkjrh; efgyk;s dkaxzslh
eap cax&Hkax vkUnksyu rFkk gkse#y vkUnksyu esa dkQh lfØ;rk fn[kk;h
gkse#y vkUnksyu izHkkoh cukus esa ,uh csls.V dk uke egRoiw.kZ gSaA fons”kh ewy
dh gksus ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr esa mudk ;s ;ksxnku egRioiw.kZ gS Hkkjr ds izfr izse
ds dkj.k gh 1917 esa mUgsa loZlEefr ls dkaxzsl v/;{k cuk;k x;k FkkA buds
izHkko ls Hkkjr esa ^foesUl bf.M;u ,s”kksfl,slu* Hkkjr L=h e.My Hkxhuh lekt
dk xBu gqvk vkSj efgyk xfrfof/k;k rst gqbZ ,suh csls.V dh izsj.kk ls gh
ljksftuh uk;Mw us ukSdjh dk ifjR;kx dj Lora=rk loZLo R;kx djus dk ozr
fy;k vkSj vkxs pydj dkxzsl v/;{k in dks lq”kksfHkr fd;kA
twu 1917 esa tc ns”k ds N% izkUrksa esa dkaxzsl dh ljdkjs cuh rHkh vusd
egRoiw.kZ inks dks lEHkkyus ds fy, efgyk;s vkxs jgh flU/k vlsEcyh fMIVh
Lihdj Jherh eukyh ukxiqj esa rFkk e/;izns”k esa Jherh vuqlwb;k dkys fMIVh
Lihdj gqbZA fot; y{eh if.Mr dks izkIrh; ljdkjksa esa izFke efgyk ea=h cuus
dk volj izkIr gqvk FkkA os mRrj izns”k dh LokLF; ea=h cuh blds ckn
#fDe.kh enzkl ef=e.My esa lfEefyr gksus dk volj feykA
1917 esa x`g “kklu vkUnksyu ,d oS/kkfud vkUnksyu Fkk] csls.V “kkfUr
iwoZd oS/kkfud rjhdks ls Hkkjr esa Lo”kklu dh LFkkiu pkgrh Fkh ljdkj ds
fo#} lHkk,s dh x;h budh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k bUgsa fxj¶rkj dj fy;k
x;kA
dkaxzsl us ljdkjh uhfr dh ?kksj fuUnk dh vkSj utjcUn usrkvksa dks
NksM+us dh ekax dhA fryd us lR;kxzg djus dh /kedh nhA ljdkj ds fy,
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 77
bl vkUnksyu dh mis{kk djuk lEHko ugh jgk blfy, Hkkjrea=h ek.VsLd;w us
,sfrgkfld ?kks’k.kk }kjk ;g bPNk izdV dh fd ;q}ksijkUr Hkkjr esa mRrjnk;h
“kklu dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxhA bl ?kks’k.kk ls Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks
lUrks’k gqvk Qyr% gkse#y vkUnksyu f”kfFky iM+k vkSj ,suh csls.V Hkh tsy ls
eqDr dj nh x;hA
o’kZ 1931 ds vius djkph vf/kos”ku esa usg# ds usr`Ro esa ,d ekSfyd
vf/kdkj dk ladYi ikfjr fd;k x;k ftlesa efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa ds leku
fl}kUr dk izfrknu fd;k x;k ftlds }kjk efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ij /;ku fn;s
fcuk iw.kZ lekurk iznku fd x;hA
dkaxzsl us Lora=rk ls iwoZ lnSo efgyk iq#’k lekurk dks /;ku j[kdj
gh viuh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k rFkk Lora=rk izkfIr ds i”pkr~ Hkh lafo/kku
esa ,slh O;oLFkk dh x;h ftlls fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij efgyk iq#’k dh
jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ vlekurk u gksa lds] lHkh dks leku vf/kdkj
fey ldsA
lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1- n LVsVeSu% dydRrk 25 ekpZ 1947
2- d”;i] lqHkk’k % ghLVªh vkWQ ikfyZ;kes.V vkWQ bf.M;k] us”kuy cqd VªLV
bf.M;k
3- pUnz] fofiu % Hkkjr dk LorU=rk l?ka’kZ fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZoU;u
funs”kky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky; i`0 la0 41
4- oksgjk] vk”kjkuh % ^efgyk;sa ,oa LojkT;* Hkkjr ljdkj 1983 i`0 la0
97]98
5- esuu] ,y0 ,u0 ikWfyfVdy jkbV vkWQ vksesu bu bf.M;k] n LVsV
vkWQ oqesu bu lkmFk ,f”k;k bu dydRrk 1954 i` la0 86
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 78
Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ßmnkjoknÞ dh Hkwfedk
izsepUnz lkgw1
mnkjokn dh vo/kkj.kk
mnkjoknh fopkj /kkjk vU; fopkj/kkjkvksa dh Hkkafr fuf’pr vkSj Øe c) fopkj /kkjk
ugh gS vkSj u gh ;g fdlh ,d ;qx ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSA okLro esa ;g dksbZ ,d n’kZu
ugha] oju vf/kd fopkjksa dk lfEeJ.k gSaA ;g ,d thou n`f”V] thou Øe rFkk efLrd dh
,d izo`fRr gSa ftlds vUrxZr vusd ekU;rk,¡] vkn’kZ ,ao laLFkk,a gSaA **,d jktuhfrd
fl)kUr ds :i esa mnkjoknh nks i`Fkd rRoksa dk feJ.k gSA buesa ls ,d gSa yksdra= vkSj
nwljk O;fDroknA**1
mnkjokn dk tud *ykd* dks ekuk tkrk gSA mnkjokn dk ?kj baXyS.M gS vkSj
baXyS.M esa mnkjokn dk mn; vuqnkjokn dk fojks/k djus okyh ,d izo`fRr ds :i esa gqvkA
blesa lUnsg ugh fd tc vuqnkjoknh fczVsu esa yEcs le; ls pyh vk jgh jktuhfrd]
lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa] ijEijkvksa vkSj :f<+;ksa dks cuk;s j[kuk pkgrs Fks] ml le;
mnkjokn ds }kjk lq/kkj] ifjorZu vkSj izxfr dk leFkZu fd;k x;kA ykLdh dk er
gS&**mnkjokn dk laca/k fdlh lEiznk; ls de vkSj ekuo LoHkko ls vf/kd gSA ;g Lora=rk
ds fy, mRØ”V vfHkyk”kk dk |ksrd gS] bl izdkj dh izcy Hkkouk ds fy, nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds
fopkjksa ds izfr] pkgs os fdrus gh [krjukd ekywe gks] lgu’khyrk vkSj ftKklk ds Hkko dh
vko’;drk gS vkSj ;g nqyZHk ekuoh; xq.k gSaSA** 2
vkUnksyu ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa mnkjokn
bUgh izo`fRr;ksa ls izsfjr gksdj gh Hkkjrh; iqutkZx.k dss vxznwr lekt lq/kkjdksa
jktkjke eksgu jk;] n;kuUn ljLorh] foosdkuUn] ,uhoslsaV vkfn egkiqj”kksa us lekt esa
tkx`fRr mRiUu dhA jk”Vªoknh usrkvksa tks ik’pkR; Hkk”kk ds tkudkj Fks] nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth]
lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ] O;kses’k pUnz cuthZ] cn:n~nhu rSÓc] nhu’kkokpk] egknso xksfoUn jkukMs]
1- 'kks/k Nk=&bfrgkl] egkRek xkW/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn;] fo’ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] lruk e0iz0
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 79
jes’kpUnz nRr] xksiky d`”.k xks[kys] fQjkst ‘kkg esgrk vkfn us vius Hkk”k.kksa rFkk ys[kuh ds
ek/;e ls yksdra=] Lora=rk] lekurk] vfHkO;fDr] vf/kdkj rFkk laoS/kkfud fodkl o lq/kkj
dh ekWx dhA
Hkkjrh; jk”Vªoknh usrkvksa us mnkjokn ds ewy fl)kUrks a dks vius dk;ZØeksa esa viuk;k
tSls ekuoh; foosd esa vkLFkk] bfrgkl rFkk ijEijkvksa dk fojks/k ekuoh; Lor=ark dh /kkj.kk
esa fo’okl] O;fDr ds izkd`frd vf/kdkjksa dh /kkj.kk esa fo’okl] ‘kkldh; LosPNkpkfjrk dk
fojks/k vkSj dkuwu dh iz/kkurk dk izfroknu rFkk yksdrkaf=d i)fr dk leFkZu vkfnA bl
izdkj mnkjoknh n’kZu 19oha ‘knh esa lcls vf/kd izHkko’kkyh FkkA bl n’kZu us dbZ jk”Vªks ds
bfrgkl dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls izHkkfor fd;kA blus fo’ks”kkf/kdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr iqjkuh O;oLFkk
dk vUr dj Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk yksdra= dk leFkZu fd;kA vkt dh lalnh; laLFkk,
vkSj o;Ld erkf/kdkj dk fl+)kUr mnkjoknh n’kZu dh gh nsu gSA blus jk”Vªh; vkRefu.kZ;
ds fl)kUr dk leFkZu dj fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh jk”Vªh; Lok/khurk esa egkRoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;kA
mnkjokn dh ,d fo’ks”krk ;g jgh gS fd mlds }kjk cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
vuqlkj lnSo gh vius Lo:i esa ifjotZu fd;k tSlk fd Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ikrs
gSA Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkxzsal dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl dks
rhu pj.kksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA igyk&1885 bZ0 ls 1905 bZ0 rd dk dky uje mnkjoknh ;qx]
nwljk&1905 bZ0 ls 1919 bZ0 rd mxz mnkjokn dk dky vkSj rhljk&1919 bZ0 ls 1947 bZ0
rd xkW/kh ;qxA rhuks pj.kksa esa mnkjokn ds le;] ifjfLFkfr vkSj vko’;drkuqlkj mlds
Lo:i esa ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl izdkj mnkjokn dks yksdra=] jk”Vªh; Lo/khurk
vkSj vfFkZd izxfr dk n’kZu dgk tk ldrk gSA
izk;% ,slk gqvk fd tks Hkh fons’kh Hkkjr vk;sa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; /keZ] lLad`fr rFkk lH;rk
dks viuk fy;kA Hkkjr dh *mnkjpfjrkuke* dh izofRr vkfndky ls pyh vk jgh FkhA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vktknh vkSj Lora=rk dks c<kok nsus okyk fopkj *mnkjokn* lek;k gqvk
Fkk ftlus fonsf’k;ksa dks vkRelkr~ dj fy;kA
19oh ‘knh dks Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk dky dgk tkrk gSA blh le; lj fofy;e
tksUl] eSDleksyj] dkyczqd] jkSFk vkfn ik’pkr fo}kuksa us Hkkjrh; /keZ’kkL=ksa dk v/;;u dj
Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkeus Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj lLdf`r bfrgkl dk ,slk fooj.k izLrqr
fd;k tksa ledkyhu ;wjksih; lH;rkvksa dh rqyuk esa fuf’pr :i ls Js”B FkkA blh le;
jktkjke eksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh] Lokeh foosdkuUn rFkk vU; lektlq/kkjdksa us
lekftd ifjorZu o iqjkru laLd`fr ds iqu:)kj dk oh.kk mBk;kA bUgksaus jk”Vhª; tkx`fr
mRiUu djus dh fn’kk esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA ,0vkj0nslkbZ us fy[kk gSa&Þlkekftd {ks=
tkfr izFkk ds lq/kkj vkSj muds mUewyu] fL=;ksa ds fy;s leku vf/kdkj] cky fookg ds fo:)
vkUnksyu] lkekftd vkSj oS/kkfud vlekurkvksa ds fo:) tsgkn fd;kA /kkfeZd {ks= esa /kkfeZd
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 80
vU/kfo’oklksa ] ewfrZ iwtk vkSj ik[k.Mksa dk [k.Mu fd;kA ;s vkUnksyu O;fDrxr Lora=rk vkSj
lkekftd lekurk ds fy;s l?k”kZ Fks vkSj budk pje y{; jk”Vªokn FkkAß 3
rkfdZd n`f”V ls ;fn Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh dkyt;h ?kVukvksa ij fogaxe n`f”V Mkyh
tk;s rks 1857bZ0 ds izFke Lora=rk la?k”kZ ds ckn nwljh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;
dkxzsal dh LFkkiuk FkhA ;g ,d vk’pZtud ckr gS fd bldh LFkkiuk fdlh Hkkjrh; us ugh
cfYd ,d vodk’k izkIr vxazst vf/kdkjh ,0vks0 áwe us dh tks fd mnkjoknh fopkj /kkjk ls
izHkkfor FksA dkykUrj esa jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dh leLr ?kVuk;sa dkxzsal ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kfVr gksrh
jghA MkW0ih0lhrkjeS;k us fy[kk gS&Þdkxzsal dk bfrgkl gh Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dk bfrgkl gS
D;ksafd dkxzsal dh LFkkiuk ds iwoZ vkSj ik’pkR; nwljh vusd ‘kfDr;ksa ds }kjk Hkh bl mís’;
ls dk;Z fd;k FkkA ysfdu dkxzsal us Hkkjrh; Lora=rk ds la?k”kZ esa lnSo gh dsUnz dk dk;Z
fd;kA ;g og /kqjh Fkh ftlds pkjksa vksj Lora=rk dh egku xkFkk dh fofo/k ?kVuk;sa ?kfVr
gqbZAß4
dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ Hkh Hkkjr esa vU; lLFkkvksa }kjk jktuhfrd {ks= esa dk;Z
fd;k tk jgk FkkA ysfdu buesa ls dksbZ Hkh laLFkk vius dk;Z vkSj Lo:i dh n`f”V ls jk”Vªh;
ugh FkhA dkxzssal gh ,slh izFke laLFkk Fkh ftlus Hkkjr esa viuh vkokt mBkbZA Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;
dkxzasl ds laLFkkid mnkjoknh O;fDr FksA ykyk yktir jk; us Lohdkj fd;k FkkA fd áwe
Lora=rk ds iqtkjh FksA mudk gzn; Hkkjr dh fu/kZurk vkSj nqnZ’kk ij jksrk FkkA dydRrk ds
Lukrdks ds uke mUgksaus tks i= fy[kk Fkk mlesa mUgksaus *ns’kfgr* dk mYys[k fd;k FkkA áwe
dks osMjouZ] tktZ ;wys] ts0bZ0gkoMZ tSls vU; mnkjokfn;ksa dk lg;ksx izkIr gqvkA MkW0
tdkfj;k us fy[kk gS&ÞHkkjr vkSj fczfV’k iztkra=okfn;ksa ds la;qDr iz;Ruksa ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik
Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkxzsal dk tUe gqvkAß
dkxzsal ds izkfjEHkd 20 o”kksZ essa mnkj vFkok uje jk”Vªh;rk dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA bl
;qx esa dkxzsal fdlh Hkh izdkj ØkfUrdkjh laLFkk ugh FkhA blds usrkvksa us fczfV’k ljdkj ds
izfr fo’okl vkSj lg;ksx dh uhfr viuk;h rFkk ;kpuk] Le`fr i=ksa vkSj izfrfuf/k e.Myksa ds
ek/;e ls turk dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj fnykus dk iz;Ru djrs jgsA buds fopkj rFkk dk;Z
i)fr mnkjokj ds fl)kUrksa ls izsfjr FksA mu ifjfLFk;ksa esa mnkjokfn;ksa }kjk viuk;k x;k
ekxZ furkUr vkSfpR;iw.kZ vkSj O;kogkfjd FkkA ;fn muds }kjk vHkh ls gh fczfVl jkT; ds
vUr ;k Hkkjrh; Lora=rk ds ckr dh tkrh rks lEHkor% blls bl laLFkk ds vfLrRo ij gh
dqBkjk?kkr gksrkA fQj Hkh mUgksaus vxazsth ‘kklu ds nks”kks vkSj pfj= dks turk ds le{k izdV
fd;k] Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;rk dh tM+ks dks etcwr fd;k] Hkkjfr;ksa dks jktuhfrd izf’k{k.k fn;k]
Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dk vk/kkj rS;kj fd;kA ds0,e0eqa’kh us fy[kk&Þ;fn fiNys 20 o”kksZ esa
,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laLFkk ns’k jktuhfrd {ks= esa dk;Zjr u gksrh rks ,slh voLFkk esa xkW/kh
th dk dksbZ egku vkUnksyu lQy u gksrkAß mnkjokfn;ksa us dfBu ifjfLFk;ksa es a Hkh dqN
lQyrk;sa izkIr dhA muds iz;Ruksa ds QyLo:i 1892 dk bf.M;u dkmfUly ,DV ikfjr
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 81
gqvk ftlls ifj”knksa esa Hkkjrh; lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<kbZ xbZA 1894bZ0 esa mUgksaus og dkuwu
lekIr djk;k ftlds }kjk odhyksa dks ftyk U;k;kf/kdkjh ds fu;U=.k esa j[kk tkrk Fkk vkSj
muds jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ij jksd yxk nh xbZ FkhA
1905 bZ0 ls 1919bZ0 rd ds dkxzsal dk f}rh; pj.k mxz jk”Vªokn dk ;qx FkkA
19oh0 ‘krkCnh ds vfUre o”kksZ esa ns’k rFkk vUrjkZ”Vªh; txr esa ,slh ?kVuk;sa gqbZ ftUgksus
Hkkjrh; uo;qodks ds n`f”Vdks.k esa vewy ifjorZu dj fn;kA bl izdkj dkxzsal esa ,sls oxZ dk
mRFkku gqvk tks fou;’khy i)fr dk ifjR;kx dj ‘kfDr’kkyh mik;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl
vkUnksyu dk vk/kkj xfr’khyrk rFkk lfØ;okn FkkA blfy, mUgs mxzoknh dgk x;k gSA
;|fi mudh ekaxs rFkk mís’; i zkjEHk dh rjg mnkjokn ls izsfjr FkhA fdUrq mudh dk;Z
i|fr rFkk Lo:Ik esa ifjorZu gks x;k vr% ;gkW mnkjokn dk nwljk :Ik ns[kus dks feyrk gSaA
vius y{; dh izfIr ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa mUgksaus ofg”dkj] Lons’kh vkSj jk”Vªh; f’k{kk dks
ek/;e cuk;kA fryd us dgk Fkk& Þvius mn~ns’;ksa ds dkj.k ugh oju mls izkIr djus ds
mik;ksa ds dkj.k gesa mxzokfn;ksa dh mik/kh feyhAß
caxky foHkktu] dtZu dh fufr;ksa vkSj le; dh vko’;drk us dkxzsal ds r:.k ny
dks mxzoknh cuk fn;k FkkA ;|fi nksauks dh oxZ ds mí s’; ,d tSls Fks&laoS/kkfud fodkl]
iztkra=] LojkT; vkSj fQj Lora=rk A jkeukFk lqeu fy[krs gS&Þgekjh jk”Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa
nkasuks ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa vkSj nksauks gekjh jktuhfr ds LokHkfod midj.k gSA oLrqr% os ,d
gh vkUnksyu ds nks i{k gSA ,d gh nhid ds nks ifj.kke gSA igyk izdk’k dk |ksrd gS]
nwljk xehZ dkA igyk cqf) dk i{k gS] nwljk Hkko dkA ßLi”V gS fd vkUnksyu ds c<rs pj.k
esa jk”Vªokn us tksj idM+k ftl dkj.k uez mnkjoknh mxz mnkjokn dk Lo:Ik /kkj.k djus
yxkA fryd us fy[kk gSß gekjh uhfr;ksa ds izfr nks u;s ‘kCnks dk iz;ksx gksus yxk
gSa&mnkjoknh ny vkSj mxzoknh nyA ;s ‘kCn le; ls lEcfU/kr gS blfy;s ;s le; ds lkFk
cny tk;saxsA tSls dy ds mxzoknh vkt ds mnkjoknh ny cu x;s gSA blh izdkj vkt ds
mxzoknh dy ds mnkjoknh ny cu tk;saxsA**
Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu ds rhljk pj.k dks izk;% xkW/kh ;qx dh laKk nh tkrh gSaA
bl ;qx esa dkxzsal dk mís’; iw.kZ LojkT; izkIr djuk FkkA lEHko gks rks vxzsath lkezkT; ds
Hkhrj gh vkSj vko’;d gks rks mlds ckgjA bl ;qx essa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr xkW/kh th ds
bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh jghA xkW/kh th Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa viuh fufr;ksa ds dkj.k dHkh mnkjoknh
yxrs gSa rks dHkh xjeiaFkh lq/kkjoknhA mUgksaus nf{k.k vQzhdk esa tks Hkh vkUnksyu fd;s os
mnkjokn ls izsfjr FksA vfgalk ds iqtkjh xkW/kh th us xksiky d`”.k xks[kys dks viuk
jktuhfrd xq: cuk;k vkSj vius vkUnksyuksa esa vfagalkRed lR;kxzg dh uhfr viuk;hA
egkRek xkW/kh us Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa fczfV’k ‘kklu ds lg;ksxh ds :Ik esa izos’k fd;k D;ksafd
mUgsa Hkh vxzastksa dh U;k; fiz;rk esa fo’okl FkkA mUgksaus ;ax bf.M;k esa ,d ys[k 31 fnlEcj
1919 dks fy[kk Fkk ftlesa muds mnkjoknh n`f”Vdks.k rFkk ljdkj ds lkFk lg;ksx dh bPNk
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 82
ij Ik;kZIr izdk’k iM+rk gSA mUgksaus fy[kk&Þlq/kkj dkuwu vkSj mlds lkFk gqbZ ?kks”k.kk fczfV’k
turk dh bl uhfr dk |ksrd gS fd vc og Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk U;k; djuk pkgrh gS vkSj
bls bl lEcU/k esa lc lUnsg feVk nsuk pkfg,A gekjk dR;ZO; ugh gS fd ge budh
vkykspuk djsa] ges rks bUgs lQy cukusa dh n`f”V ls gh bu ij vey djuk gSAß vxys 9
eghus esa jktuhfrd ?kVuk pØ bruh rsth ls pyk fd lEiw.kZ fLFkfr cny xbZ vkSj xkW/kh th
us ljdkj ls vlg;ksx djus dk fuf’p; fd;kA 1919 dk vf/kfu;e] jkSyV ,DV]
tfy;Wkokyk gR;kdk.M] g.Vj desVh rFkk f[kykQr ds iz’u us mUgs vlg;ksxh cuk fn;kA
xkW/kh th mnkjoknh vkSj mxzoknh nksauksa nyksa dh jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa ds jktuhfrd
mRrjkf/kdkjh FksA mUgksaus u dsoy nksuksa dh uhfr;ksa dk leUo; fd;k cfYd nkssauks dks ,d
vf/kd xfr’khy vkSj O;kogkfjd eksM+ Hkh fn;kA mUgksaus vius LojkT; esa jkejkT; dh dYiuk
dhA bls izkIr djus ds fy;s viuh uhfr;ksa esa mnkjoknh fopkjksa dks viuk;kA
vkjfEHkd dky esa mnkjoknh usrkvksa us fczfV’k ‘kks”k.k dh ckr rk s dh ysfdu fu/kZu
turk ds fy;s dqN ugh fd;kA xkW/kh th us Li”V dj fn;k dh dkxzsal fu/kZu] ewd vkSj Hkw[kh
turk dk izfrfu/kRo djrh gSA vr% mUgksaus muds lekftd vkSj vfFkZd fgr ds fy;s dk;Z
fd;kA xkW/kh th ,d lUr jktuhfrd Fks tks jktfufrd lk/;ksa ds fy;s uSfrd lk/kuksa dk
fo’okl djrs FksA mUgksaus vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] lfou; voKk vkUnksyu] O;fDrxr lR;kxzg
vkUnksyu rFkk Hkkjr NksMksa vkUnksyu }kjk fczfV’k ljdkj dks ;g fo’okl fnykusa dk iz;Ru
fd;k fd Hkkjr dh Lora=rk U;k;iw.kZ gSA og Hkkjr esa vxzsath jkT; ds cus jgus ds fy;s
fdlh Hkh rdZ dks Lohdkj ugh djrs FksA blh /kkjk ds vU; jk”Vªh; usrkvksa us ns’k dks ubZ
fn’kk nh] loS/kkfud fodkl esa fo’okl fd;k rFkk vU; l`tu’khy dk;ksZ ds ek/;e ls vke
turk esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk iSnk fd;kA bUgh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vusd ns’k HkDr
vius izk.kksa dk cfynku nsus esa rfud Hkh ugh fgpfdpk,A
bl izdkj Li”V gS fd izkjfEHkd mnkjoknh usrkvksa us ftl jk”Vªokn dk fodkl dj
Hkkjfr;ksa esa tkxfr mRiUu dh vkSj ns’k dh lexz vktknh izkIr djus ds fy;s tks cht jksfir fd;k
mlsa fryd vjfoUn ?kks”k] fofiupUnz iky] ykyk yktir jk; tSls jk”Vªokfn;ksa us reke >a>kokrksa
ds ckotwn flafpr fd;k vUr% xkW/kh ;qx esa vFkd izs;Ruksa o cfynkuksa dks lgrs gq, Lora=rk :ih
Qy dks izkIr dj fy;k x;kA
ikn&fVIi.kh
1½ eSDouZ&QzkWe ywFkj Vq fgVyj] ist & 11
2½ ykWLdh&fn lksly ,.M ikWfyfVdy vkbfM;kWt vkWQ le fjizstsaVsfVo fFkadlZ vkWQ
foDVksfj;u ,t] ist & 100
3½ ,0vkj0 nslkbZ0&lksly cSd xzkm.M vkWQ bf.M;u us’kufyTe] ist & 210
4½ vkj0lh0 etwenkj&fgLVªh vkWQ fn QzhMe ewoes.V vkWQ bf.M;k] ist & 150
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 83
lanHkZ xzUFk lwph
1½ ns’kkbZ] ,0 vkj0 & Hkkjrh; jk”Vªokn dh lkekftd i`”B Hkwfe] fnYyh
1976
2½ xzksoj] oh0,y0 rFkk ;liky & vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ] ,l0pUnz ,.M daiuh
fy0 ubZ fnYyh]1999
3½ tSu] iq[kjkt & Hkkjr dk jk”Vªh; vkanksyu ] lkfgR; Hkou
vkxjk]1982
4½ egktu] ch0Mh0 & vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l0pUnz0,.M daiuh
fy0 ubZ fnYyh] 1999
5½ iV~VkfHk lhrkjeS;k & dkxzsal dk bfrgkl ¼1885&1935½ ubZ fnYyh
6½ ljdkj] lqfer & vk/kqfud Hkkjr] ¼1885&1947½] jktdey izdk’ku
ubZ fnYyh] 1992
7½ lrh’k dqekj & mnkjokn vkSj xksiky d`”.k xks[kys] 1983 okjk.klh
8½ fofiu pUnz & Hkkjr dk Lora=rk la?k”kZ] ubZ fnYyh] f}rh;
laLdj.k 1998
9½ oekZ] ,l0vkj0 & Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkanksyu ¼1857&1947½] lkfgR; Hkou
vkxjk] 2006
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 84
vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds thou esa HkfDr;ksx dh lk/kuk ,d
foospu
MkW-lanhi Bkdjs1
HkfDr;ksx % vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk %&
^HkfDr* 'kCn ^^Hkt~&lsok;ke~** /kkrq esa ^fDru* izR;; yxdj curk gS]
ftldk vFkZ& lsok] iwtk] mikluk vkSj laxfrdj.k vkfn gksrk gSA vr% HkfDr
ml Hkkouk dk uke gS ftlesa mikld iw.kZ :i ls mikL; czEg ds Hkko esa
Hkkfor gksdj loZrks Hkkosu rn~:irk dks gh vuqHko djrk gSA
lk/kuk txr esa HkfDr;ksx Hkh ,d vU;re lk/kuk gSA Hkxoku ds lkFk
lEcU/k tksM+us ds dkj.k HkfDr Hkh ^;ksx* gh gSA HkfDr;ksx lcls ljy] lqxe
vkSj loZ tufiz; Hkh gSA
^izse* ;k ^HkfDr* ds ek/;e ls bZ'oj ;k czEg dks ikus dk ekxZ HkfDr;ksx
dgykrk gSA bl ekxZ esa iw.kZrk izkIr djus ds fy;s bZ'oj ds izfr izse gh ,d
lkjHkwr oLrq gSA bl HkfDr;ksx dk vf/kdkjh dksbZ Hkh cu ldrk gS] vFkkZr
lalkj ds lHkh L=h&iq:"k] ckyd] o`) rFkk ;qod HkfDr;ksx ds vf/kdkjh cu
ldrs gSA blfy;s Jhen~ 'kadjkpk;Z th us Hkh HkfDr;ksx dk egRo izdV djrs
gq;s dgk gS&
eks{kdkj.klkexz;ka HkfDrjso xjh;lhA
LoLo:ikuqlU/kkua HkfDrfjR;fHk/kh;rsAA
LokRerRokuqlU/kkua HkfDrfjR;ijs txq%A1
vFkkZr eqfDr dh dkj.k :i lkexzh esa HkfDr gh lcls c<+dj gS vkSj
vius okLrfod Lo:i dk vuqlU/kku djuk gh ^HkfDr* dgykrk gSA dksbZ&dksbZ
LokRe&rRo dk vuqlU/kku gh HkfDr gS] ,slk dgrs gSaA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd
HkfDr;ksx ds }kjk Lo&Lo:i dk vuqlU/kku vFkkZr vUos"k.k djuk vkSj vUr esa
mlh ijerRo esa fLFkfr izkIr dj ysuk gh HkfDr;ksx gSA
1- ;ksx foHkkx] bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; tutkfr; fo'ofo|ky;] vejdaVd] e0iz0
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 85
ukjn HkfDr lw= esa nsof"kZ ukjn th HkfDr dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq;s dgrs gSa&
^^lk rfLeu ije izse :ik**2
vFkkZr Hkxoku ds izfr mRdV izse gh HkfDr gSA HkfDr ds vusd izdkj
cryk;s x;s gSa] ijUrq ukjnth ftl HkfDr dh O;k[;k djrs gSa] og izseLo:ik
gSA Hkxoku esa vuU; izse gks tkuk gh HkfDr gSA Kku] deZ vkfn lk/kuksa ds
vkJ; ls jfgr vkSj lc vksj ls Li`gk'kwU; gksdj fpRro`fRr vuU; Hkko ls tc
dsoy Hkxoku esa gh yx tkrh gS] txr ds leLr inkFkksZa ls rFkk ijyksd dh
leLr lq[k&lkefxz;ksa ls ;gka rd fd eks{k&lq[k ls Hkh fpRr gVdj ,dek=
vius ije izsekLin Hkxoku esa yxk jgrk gS] lkjh eerk vkSj vklfDr lc
inkFkksZa ls loZFkk fudydj ,dek= fiz;re Hkxoku ds izfr gks tkrh gS] rc ml
fLFkfr dks ^vuU; izse* dgrs gSaA
^^ijk'kjuUnu* Jh O;klth ds erkuqlkj Hkxoku dh iwtk vkfn esa vuqjkx
gksuk HkfDr gSA**3 vius ru] eu] /ku dks Hkxoku dh iwtu&lkexzh le>uk vkSj
ije J)kiwoZd ;Fkkfof/k rhuksa ds }kjk Hkxoku dh izfrek dh vFkok fo'o:i
Hkxoku dh iwtk djuh pkfg;sA Hkxor&iwtk esa eu yxkus ls lalkj ds
cU/kudkjd fo"k;ksa ls eu vius vki gh gV tkrk gSA vr% ckg~; vkSj ekul
nksuksa gh izdkj ls Hkxoku dh iwtk gksuh pkfg;sA
^^Jh xxkZpk;Z th ds erkuqlkj Hkxoku dh dFkk vkfn esa vuqjkx gksuk gh
HkfDr gSA**4 Jh Hkxoku dh fnO; yhyk] efgek] muds xq.k vkSj ukeksa ds dhrZu
rFkk Jo.k esa eu yxkuk HkfDr dk iz/kku y{k.k gSA
blh izdkj ^^'kkf.MY; _f"k ds erkuqlkj vkRejfr ds vfojks/kh fo"k; esa
vuqjkx gksuk gh HkfDr gSA**5 vfofNUu:i ls 'kq) vkReLo:i esa jr jguk gh
vkRejfr gS] bl vkRejfr esa fuR; fLFkr jgus dks gh HkfDr dgrs gSaA ijarq
nsof"kZ ukjn ds er ls ^^vius lc deksZa dks Hkxoku dks viZ.k djuk vkSj Hkxoku
dk FkksM+k&lk Hkh foLej.k gksus esa ije O;kdqy gksuk gh HkfDr gSA**6
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd HkfDr ds fo"k; esa fofHkUu
ererkUrjksa dk mYys[k djus ds ckn nsof"kZ ukjnth us viuk er Hkh izdV dj
fn;k gSA mDr ererkUrjksa ij fopkj djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd buesa ijLij
ewyr% dksbZ Hksn ugha gSA lcdk ,dek= y{; gS] Hkxoku ds izfr vuU; izseA blh
dks vkRejfr ;k vkReizse dgk x;k gSA vr% ;g ^vkReizse* gh HkfDr dk 'kq)
y{k.k gSA
Lokeh foosdkuUn us HkfDr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s dgk ^^lPps vkSj
fu"diV Hkko ls bZ'oj dh [kkst djuk gh HkfDr;ksx gSA HkfDr;ksx esa HkDr ^izse*
;k ^HkfDr* ds ek/;e ls bZ'oj ;k czEg dks izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA**7
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 86
fouksckth ^HkfDr* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s dgrs gSa& ^^HkfDr dk mn~xe
izhfr ls gqvk gSA HkfDr esa HkDr dk bZ'oj ij n`<+ fo'okl gksrk gSA HkDr dks
loZ= gfjn'kZu gks ;gh HkfDr dk lkj gSA bl izdkj izÑfr esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys
lHkh thoksa esa bZ'ojrRo ns[kus dk iz;kl gh HkfDr dgykrk gSA**8
^^fouksckth us HkfDr vkSj lsok dks ,d gh ekuk gSA xjhcksa dh] nq%f[k;ksa
dh] vukFkksa dh] Hkw[kksa dh lsok djuk lk{kkr~ Hkxoku dh gh lsok djus tSlk gSA
;g lsok dk;Z ;fn ge fu%LokFkZ cqf) ls] fu"dke Hkkouk ls] fujagdkj gksdj
djrs gSa rks ;gh Hkxoku dh loksZRre HkfDr gksrh gSA**9
os dgrs gSa euq"; dh lsok dk ewY; fudkyuk gS] rks mls vgadkj ls
foHkkftr djuk iM+rk gSA lsok ds {ks= vuar gSaA lsok ftruh gks lds djsa]
fdUrq lkFk&lkFk O;fDr dk vgadkj de gksuk pkfg;sA blh dks /;ku esa j[kdj
fouksckth us ^HkfDr* dk xf.krh; Hkk"kk esa ,d lw= cuk;k Fkk&
lsok
¾ HkfDr
vgadkj
bl izdkj bl lw= ds vuqlkj fouksckth dgrs gSa fd vgadkj 'kwU; gksus
ls lsok vuar gks tkrh gSA lsokdk;Z Lo;a iwtk ugha gSA ftl izdkj Qwy dks
yxkuk iwtk ugha gS] bl Qwy dks Hkxoku ij p<+kuk gksrk gS rHkh og iwtk dk
:i ysrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj fu"dke yksdlsok ds Qwy vFkkZr lsokdk;Z Hkxoku
dks lefiZr djus ls og iwtk dk;Z cu tkrk gSA10 blh dks /;ku esa j[kdj
fouksckth dgrs gSa lsok O;fDr dh djuh pkfg, vkSj HkfDr lekt djsaA11
^HkfDr* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s rqylhnklth us Hkh mi;qZDr vkpk;ksZa dh
Hkkafr Hkxoku ds izfr vVwV izse dks gh HkfDr dgk gSA HkfDr izseLo:i gS] jke
ds izfr] izhfr j[kuk gh HkfDr gSA
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ^HkfDr* gh ,d ,slk lk/ku gS]
ftldks lHkh lqxerk ls dj ldrs gSa vkSj ftlesa lHkh euq";ksa dk vf/kdkj gSA
vr% bl dy;qx esa ^HkfDr* ls c<+dj vkReKku gsrq nwljk dksbZ lqxe mik;
ugha gSA blfy;s euq"; dks dfVc) gksdj dsoy bZ'oj dh HkfDr dk gh lk/ku
djus ds fy;s rRij gksuk pkfg;sA mi;qZDr HkfDr&fo"k;d ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V
gksrk gS fd ^bZ'oj* ds izfr tks izse gS] ogh HkfDr gSA laLÑr O;kdj.k esa ^HkfDr*
'kCn dk vFkZ lsok gksrk gS] D;ksafd HkfDr 'kCn ^Hkt~ lsok;ke~* /kkrq ls curk gSA
bl izdkj izse lsok dk Qy gS vkSj HkfDr ds lk/kuksa dh vfUre lhek gSA tSls
o`{k dh iw.kZrk vkSj xkSjo Qy vkus ij gh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj HkfDr dh iw.kZrk
vkSj xkSjo Hkxoku esa ije izse gksus esa gh gSA izse gh mldh ijkdk"Bk gS vkSj
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 87
izse ds gh fy;s lsok dh tkrh gSA blfy;s okLro esa Hkxoku esa vuU; izse gksuk
gh HkfDr gSA
fouksckth ds thou esa HkfDr&;ksx dh lk/kuk %
fouksckth ds O;fDrRo esa vkpk;Z] lar] egkRek] ;ksxh] lk/kd] fpard]
fopkjd] HkDr] nk'kZfud] jktuhfrK] vFkZ'kkL=h] f'k{kk&'kkL=h vkfn O;fDrRoksa
dk leUo; gSA yksxksa us mudks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kk vkSj le>kA ij
lR; ckr ;g gS fd fouksckth us dksbZ fo"k; ;k 'kkL= vNwrk ugha NksM+k ftl
ij mudh ys[kuh ;k okuh us dk;Z u fd;k gksA
mudk thou bruk O;kid Fkk] mudh cqf) bruh loZrkseq[kh Fkh] muds
lkFkh brus fofHkUu #fp okys Fks fd mUgsa lc izdkj ds fo"k;ksa ;k 'kkL=ksa ds ckjs
esa dqN&u&dqN dHkh&u&dHkh dguk iM+rk FkkA vr% gesa muds lkfgR; esa
izR;sd 'kkL= dh izofRr;ka feyrh gSaA ijUrq mudk Lo;a dk fopkj Fkk fd mudh
eq[; vkSj loZlaxzkgd izofRr vkRe&lk{kkRdkj dh FkhA izR;sd deZ djrs le;
mudh ofRr fujUrj fpRr 'kqf) dh cuh jgrh FkhA bl izdkj mudk izR;sd dk;Z
bZ'oj dh vuqHkwfr ls vksrizksr FkkA muds }kjk pyk;k x;k Hkwnku&vkUnksyu Hkh
dsoy Hkwfe dh leL;k lqy>kus dk vkUnksyu ek= ugha Fkk bls fouksckth us
euq"; tkfr ds izfr d#.kk mRiUu djus dk l'kDr ek/;e ekuk FkkA bl
vkUnksyu dks mUgksaus Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk ds rRoKku] osn vkSj mifu"knksa esa of.kZr
Kku ds vk/kkj ij lekt dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk lQyre iz;kl fd;k
FkkA blh dkj.k yksxksa us mUgsa lar dh miek iznku dh FkhA mudk thou Hkh
deZ.kk] eulk] okpk ,d HkDr&;ksxh tSlk lHkh ds fy;s vkn'kZ FkkA bruk fo'kky
O;fDrRo gksrs gq;s Hkh mUgsa vgadkj ;k ?keaM dHkh Li'kZ Hkh ugha dj ldrk FkkA
mUgksaus fo|kFkhZ thou ls gh ladYi fy;k Fkk fd os czEgpkjh] lR;kUos'kh] vfgald
vkSj vifjxzgh jgsaxsA blh ds vuqlkj mUgksaus viuk lEiw.kZ thou ft;kA blh ds
vuqlkj mUgksaus viuh ok.kh cuk;h] vius Ñfr;ksa dks fy[kk rFkk mu ij lnSo
dk;Z djrs jgsA nqcyk&iryk mudk 'kjhj] pj[kk vkSj mudks pykus dh lkexzh]
iguus ds fy;s xka/khth tSlh NksVh yaxksVh okyh /kksrh] vks<+us ds fy;s tkM+s esa
dEcy vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa dqN ugha] iqLrdky;ksa ls dqN iqLrdsa vkSj fy[kus dks FkksM+s
dksjs dkxt] Mk;jh] dye vkSj nokr dks NksM+dj muds ikl dqN ugha jgrk
FkkA
Hkkstu esa ogh phtsa ysrs Fks ftls Hkkjr dk xjhc ls xjhc fdlku izkIr
dj ldrk FkkA ij [kk|ksa vkSj is;ksa dh ek=k mudh xjhc ls xjhc fdlku dh
ek=k ls Hkh de FkhA os [kkus ds fy;s ugha thrs Fks cfYd thus ds fy;s [kkrs
FksA nw/k vkSj lfCt;ksa ds vfrfjDr os Hkkstu esa Qyksa dk iz;ksx djrs FksA mudk
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vkgkj fuf'pr vkSj vYi FkkA bldks Hkh u izkIr gksus ij os blds LFkku ij
dqN nwljk lgt izkIr uSlfxZd jl gh ysrs FksA bl izdkj mudk thou
fcYdqy lgtrk vkSj lknxh ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA bl izdkj fouksckth dk thou
Js"B lar dk mnkgj.k gSA mudk thou&fopkj lUrks a ds fpUru ds vk/kkj ij
gSA lar Kkunso] lar ukenso] lar rqdkjke] lar ,dukFk] lar jkenkl]
ukudth] dchj] lar rqylhnkl vkfn ds lkfgR; us lUrqfyr lekt&lajpuk
rFkk LoLFk lkekftd lEcU/kksa ij ewyHkwr vkLFkk vkSj vkpj.k fouksck&fopkj esa
izfo"V fd;k gSA ^^Kkunso ds Hktu vkSj mudh fpUrfudk esa eSa ftruk ,dkxz
Fkk] mruk xhrkbZ NksM+dj vU; fdlh Hkh xzUFk ds le; ugha FkkA buds vuqokn
ds le; esa dsoy lekf/kLFk Fkk ,slk xgjk vuqHko mudks gksrk FkkA Kkunso ds
lkFk os ftrus ,d :i Fks] mruk vU; fdlh ls ugha gq;s FksA**12 fouksck ds
ân; esa Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk ds fy, lEeku lar Kkunso ds dkj.k gh gqvk FkkA13
bl izdkj os larksa ds ân; ls ,d:i gq;s FksA
xka/khth ls Hkh os vR;Ur izHkkfor FksA muds izR;sd Ñfr esa xka/kh n'kZu
dh Nki Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA ijUrq xka/khth ls vR;Ur izHkkfor gksus ds ckn
Hkh fouksckth dk viuk Lora= O;fDrRo vkSj fopkj&fparu FkkA bl izdkj
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fouksckth ds ân; esa xqIr ljLorh ds
Hkkafr HkfDr dh vfojy /kkjk cg jgh FkhA muds HkfDr Hkjs d#.kknzZ ân; dk
ifjp; rks yksxksa dks rc gqvk] tc os nfjnzukjk;.k dh mikluk ds fy;s lrr
rsjg lky xkao&xkao iSny ?kwers jgsA bl izdkj muds thou dh cqfu;kn
bZ'ojfu"Bk ij gh jph x;h FkhA bZ'oj ds Lej.k ek= ls mudh vka[ks xhyh gks
tkrh FkhA bZ'oj ds lkFk mudk vuqla/kku lrr cuk jgrk FkkA14
HkfDr ds fo"k; esa Lo;a fouksck dgrs Fks& ^^,d fnu eSa /kwi esa ?kwe jgk
FkkA pkjksa rjQ cM+s&cM+s gjs o`{k fn[kk;h nsrs FksA bruh dM+h /kwi esa ;s o`{k gjs
dSls \ esjh le> esa vk;k fd Åij ls brus gjs&Hkjs fn[kus okys o`{kksa dh tM+sa
tehu esa xgjh igqaph gSa] ogka ls mUgsa ikuh feyrk gSA Åij ls /kwi vkSj vanj
ls ikuh] nksuksa dh Ñik ls lqUnj gjk jax mUgsa feyk gSA blh rjg gesa vanj ls
HkfDr dk ikuh vkSj ckgj ls riLp;kZ dh /kwi feys rks isM+ksa ds tSls ge Hkh
gjs&Hkjs gks tk;saxsA**15
lUnHkZ xzUFk %
1- Jhen~ vk|'kadjkpk;Z ¼2009½] foosd pwM+kef.k&32] xhrkiszl xksj[kiqj] i`-la-13 2- iksn~nkj guqeku izlkn ¼2010½] ukjn&HkfDr lw=&2] xhrk iszl] xksj[kiqj] i`-5 3- ogh&16] i`-la-12 4- ogh&16] i`-la-15
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 89
5- ogh&18] i`-la-20 6- ogh&19] i`-la-22 7- Lokeh foosdkuUn ¼1998½] ukjn&HkfDr lw= ,oa HkfDr foospu] jked`".k eB]
ukxiqj] i`-la-15 8- fouksck ¼2006½] v/;kRe rRo&lq/kk] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV]
okjk.klh] i`-la-68&69 9- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] i`-
la-29 10- HkV~V ehjk ¼2013½] fouksck ds thou&izlax] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV]
okjk.klh] i`-la-145
11- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] i`-
la-31
12- dkfyUnh ¼2008½] vfgalk dh ryk'k] j.kftr nslkbZ] ije/kke izdk'ku ¼xzke
lsok e.My½ ioukj o/kkZ] i`-la-254 13- dkfyUnh ¼2008½] vfgalk dh ryk'k] j.kftr nslkbZ] ije/kke izdk'ku ¼xzke
lsok e.My½ ioukj o/kkZ] i`-la-258 14- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] i`-
la-3&4] 15- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh]
doj ds vafre i`"B ls]
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 90
ledkyhu dyk xq: Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky
Mk0 mek”kadj izlkn1
ledkyhu dyk txr ds izfrf’B dyk xq:vksa esa Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky
dk fo”ks’k LFkku gSA bUgksaus Hkkjr esa ledkyhu dykRed dk;Z vkSj
dyk dh Lora=rk dks LFkkfir fd;k] ftlls dykdkj vius dk;Z djus
ds fofo/k & fo’k; p;fur djus esa Lora= jgsA vkt dk dykdkj
euksfoKku vkSj n”kZu ls tqM+dk jpuk djus ij fopkj djrk gS vFkkZr~
yhd ls gVdj cqf)] foosd ds vk/kkj ij jpuk djrk gSA ftlesa og
dYiuk dk lgkjk ysrk gS] vkSj u;s :iksa dk l`tu djtk gSA
1947 bZ0 esa dqN dykdkjksa us caxky “kSyh dh izpfyr dyk ijEijkvksa
dh csfM+;k rksM+dj ekSfyd vfHkO;fDr dhA budh dyk esa lkekftd
psruk dks vf/kd LFkku feykA ;gh dkj.k gS fd xjhcksa] misf{krksa vkSj
eqlhcrksa ds ekjs yksx bu fp=dkj ds fo’k; oLrq jgsA bu dykdkjksa
esa] Hkos’k pUnz lkU;y izeq[k gSA mudk tUe 22 vizSy 1901 esa *vle*
ds fMcwzx<+ xzke esa gqvk] vkSj e`R;q 9 tuojh 2003 esa gqbZA ;g o’kZ
muds **lgL=kf} o’kZ** ds :i esa euk;k x;kA budh izkjfEHkd f”k{kk
xkW/kh th ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu rFkk fons”kh oLrqvksa dks cfg’dkj ls
izHkkfor jghA dyk ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;fDr dh ckSf)drk rFkk caxky
Ldwy esa py jgs *iqutkZxj.k dyk vfHk;ku* dk vlj iM+k ilhZ czkmu]
vks0lh0 xkaxqyh ds f”k’;Ro esa budks dyk ds :i vkdkj vkSj dyk
O;kdj.k lh[kus dk volj izkIr gqvkA fp=dkj ds lkFk&lkFk bUgksaus
1- lgk;d vpk;Z] fp=dyk foHkkx] ,l-,e-ih-] jktdh; efgyk ih0th0
dkyst] esjB
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ewfrZdkj ds :i esa Hkh vius Hkkoksa dh xgjkbZ ls O;Dr fd;kA blfy,
fnYyh iz”kklu us bUgsa lEekfUUkr fd;k rFkk 1984 bZ0 esa budh
*ine~&Hkw’k.k* dh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;kA lkU;ky dks cpiu ls gh
?kj esa dykRed okrkoj.k feyk tks budh d`fr;ksa ij fn[kkbZ iM+rk
gSA vius ckY;dky esa gh *ekW nqxkZ* ds :ikdkj izfrek esa jax] Hkkoksa ds
ek/;e ls ykfyR; vkSj lkSUn;Z ls lk{kkRdkj fd;kA ;gh laLdkj
dkykUrj esa vkids ewfrZ] f”kYi esa izLrqr gq,A buds fp=ksa dk eq[;
mn~ns”; fons”kh dyk dh tdM+ ls Hkkjrh; dyk dks eqDr djkuk jgkA
bUgksaus viuh dyk ds ek/;e ls lc dk /;ku lekt ds ml oxZ dh
vksj vkdf’kZr fd;k] tks izk;% misf{kr dk fn, x;s FksA ;s izk;% loZgkjk
oxZ ds FksA buds fp= n”kZd ds eu esa vfeV Nki NksM+rs FksA dyk ds
ek/;e ls vkLFkkoku] tuekul dks ik[k.M ,oa okg; vkMEcjksa ds ?ksjs
ls eqDr dj ,sls /kjkry ij ykuk FkkA tks vUreZu rd Hkkjrh; ls
tqM+k gksA
Hkos’k pUnz tUe tkr izfrHkk lEiUu dykdkj FksA bUgksaus fp=dyk]
ewfrZdyk] fHkfRr fp=.k] fHkfRr rduhd] xzkfQd dyk rFkk Vsjk&dksVk
vkfn cgq fof/kvksa esa vius dks ikjaxr fd;kA
Buds fp=ksa dh fo’k; oLrq buds vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor
gSA xjhcksa fo”ks’k ij] d`’kd] Jfedka ls fo”ks’k lgkuqHkwfr ds dkj.k
ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks fp=ksa dh fo’k;&oLrq cuk;kA bu fp=ksa esa
*iwokZHkkl* vkSj *fujk”kk* eq[; gSA 20oha “krkCnh esa caxky ds fouk”kdkjh
vdky dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fp= cuk;sA bUgksaus caW/kh& cW/kkbZ lhek esa
dHkh dk;Z ugha fd;kA izkd`frd fp=ksa dh gfjrek] xxu pqEch ioZr
/kkSyk ioZr rFkk O;fDr fp=.k esa budk dksbZ lkuh ugha FkkA buds
vkRefp=.k gWleq[k vkSj fouksnh LoHkko dks n”kkZrs gSA O;fDrfp=ksa esa
viuh iq=h *vEck* dk O;fDr&fp= ckyd iu dh papyrk dks n”kkZrk
gSA blds lkFk gh bUgsa i”kq&if{k;ksa ds fp=.k eaas egkHkkjr gkfly FkhA
buesa *cUnj* rFkk *fcYyh* J`a[kyk ds vUrxZr cuk;s fp= vkrs gS
ftlesa lgtrk vkSj fofo/krk gSA ewfrZf”kYi esa *cks> <ksus okyk* ewfrZ
f”kYi dh n{krk dks n”kkZrk gSA 1921 esa ykyk yktir jk; dh vko{k
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 92
izfrek rFkk vU; izfrf’Br O;fDr;ksa dh izfrek, cukbZ ftlesa fe0 ghFk]
tujy ds0 ,e0 dfjvIik] Mk0 jktsUnz izlkn] egkRek xkW/kh] jk/kk
d`’.ku vkfn gSA ftlesa ekalisf”k;ksa ds x<+u ij fo”ks’k /;ku fn;kA
blds lkFk gh vkius eqEcbZ esa ekLVj [kse th ls iRFkj rjk”kus dk
dke lh[kk ckn esa /kkSyiqj ds xqykch iRFkj ij **ofVZdy cwesu** cukbZA
Dys&ekMfyax rFkk *IykLVj vkQ isfjl* ls **vUuiw.kkZ** d`fr cukbZA
ftlesa ,d L=h dks gkFk esa dVksjk fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ftlesa ,d
ikS/kk yxk gS ftldk og vius vkapy ls <ddkj j{kk dj jgh gS
ftl izdkj ekW vius cPps dh j{kk djrh gSA lkU;ky us blds vykok
dk izHkko gSA bu ij tknw Vksus vkSj izsrkRekvksa ds leku Hkko n”kkZ;s
x;s ftl ij fidklks dh dyk dk izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
;s vkd`fr ewyd fp=.k ds fp=dkj dgs tkrs gSA ftUgksaus izrhdksa dk
Hkh lgkjk fy;kA buds ty fp= pedhyh jax ;kstuk vkSj dksey
ikjnf”kZrk fy;s gSA ftlesa dkWxM+k dh ?kkfV;ksa dh izHkko mWpkbZ] xgjkbZ]
/kjkry ds jax ds fcUnqvksa ?kqekonkj js[kkvksa }kjk lqUnj cuk;k gSA
budh rwfydk dk Li”kZizkd`frd :iksa esa vUrfuZfgr thou “kfDr dks
n”kkZrs gSA **m’kk dh [kkst**] ** lw;kZLr ds lehi** vkfn blh rjg ds
fp= gSA ;s c/kh&c/kkbZ yhd ls gVdj gSA buds dqN fp= tks *ok”k
i)fr* esa cus gSA vofuUnz ukFk VSxksj dh ok”k i)fr tkiku] Hkkjr dk
feys tqys :i esa fufeZr gS ftlesa *ikoZrh eYgkj* uked fp=ekyk ,slh
gh d`fr gSA rSy fp= esa bUgksaus u jaxksa dks vf/kd xk<+k u vf/d iryk
yxk;k gSA dgha&dgha *VSDlpj* dks mHkkjus ds fy, xk<+s jsxksa dk
iz;ksx vkSj O;fDr fp=ksa esa irys jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA buds fp=ksa
esa ukjh ik= *dqyhu oxZ* dh ugha gSA cfYd xjhc e/;e oxhZ; ifjokj
dh gSA bUgksaus ukjh dks vusd :iksa esa fpf=r fd;k gSA J`axkj fp= esa
lw{e js[kkvksa esa *yksd dyk* dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA *ckyo/kq*]
*mnkl L=h* vkfn rSy jaxksa ds fp=ksa esa vfHkO;atuk dh >yd gSA
yky] ihyk] dkyk jax bu fp=ksa ds iSysV ds eq[; jax jgs fQj Hkh jaxksa
dk Hkkoksa ds vuq:i iz;ksx fd;kA mlds i”pkr vki ty jaxksa dh vksj
eqM+s rFkk izkd`frd fp= cuk;sA
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 93
vki vius pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.kksa dks lw{e] iSuh] Li’V] HkkokRed n`f’V
ls ns[krs gSA pkgs og xkWo dk ;k “kgj dk n`”; gksA 1975 esa
mn;hHkku o`) iq:’k uke d`fr esa thou ds lkr n”kd ikj djus ij
vkRe fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls tUe fnu euk;k ftldh i`’BHkwfe esa fnYyh]
dqrqcehukj] cqyUn njoktk rFkk ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dk vadu bl ckr
dks crkrs gS fd mUgksaus ;gkW dh vusdjusd ;k=k,W dh gSA *mM+rh
irax* muds vkRe fp=ksa esa fouksnh izo`fRr dks n”kkZrh gSA
izd`fr fp=.k esa ;g ;FkkZFk ls izsfjr gS & ijarq dkUlsVscy dh rjg
niZ.k rqY; lkn`”; izfrfcfEcr ugha djrsA 1951 bz0 esa fpf=r
**fctw[kk** Ja`[kyk mudh mRd`’B dk;ksZa esa ls ,d gS tks vdky ls
izsfjr gS ftlesa Lo;a dks rFkk xk;ksa dks <kpsa dh rjg n”kkZ;k gSA
Lora=rk foHkktu ds le; cuk;s x;s fp= *dkSos* rRdkyhu lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr ij O;aX; gS tks iatkc foHkktu dh =klnh dks bafxr djrs
gSA budks /kwrZ] gR;kjs] cnek”k rFkk funksZ’k O;fDr dh tku ysus okys
ds :i esa n”kkZ;k gSA budk nks’k bruk Fkk f dos nwljs /keZ l s lEcU/k
j[krs FksA f}rh; dky esa bUgksaus izd`fr ds rhu jax uhyk] Hkwjk] gjk]
iSysV ds eq[; jax iz;ksx fd;sA Hkw&n`”;ksa esa bUgksaus ekuokd`fr;kW ugha
cukbZA bUgksaus fnYyh *f”kYih pdz* dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj uohu ekxksZa dh
[kkst dhA fu%lansg lkU;ky ,d ,sls dykdkj gS tks vkUrfjd vkSj
okg; LiUnu ds e/; ,d izdkj dk larqyu j[krs gSA
“kph jkuh xqVwZa dh “kCnksa esa& **lkU;ky dh dyk lk/kuk dk /;s; izxfr
vkSj mRFkku jgkA /;s; iwfrZ dk lk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k budh dksbZ Hkh
d`fr dHkh fu’iz;kstu ugha gqbZA**
lUnHkZ xzUFk
vzxoky oklqnso “kj.k & rhu dykdkjks ls HksaV
xqVw lph jkuh & dyk ds iz.ksrk
xakxqyh v)ZUrq dqekj & vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk
jkeu , ,l & Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh uohu izo`fRr;kW
Kapoor gita contemporary Indian artist. Ramchandra roa pr contemporary Indian art. V.C sanyal, Dinker koshike lalitkala academy new delhi,monographs
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 94
oS'ohdj.k ;qx esa v?;kid f'k{kk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa
xq.kkRed lq/kj
MkW- jhuk ik.Ms;1
'kSf{kd ,oa O;olkf;d n`f"V ls ns'k ds fofHkUu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa dk;ZjÙk
rFkk Hkkoh v?;kidksa dks dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa n{krk iznku djus] mUgsa ekuoh;
'kSf{kd lalk/uksa ds :i esa fodflr djus rFkk Hkkoh jk"Vªh; ukxfjdksa ds fuekZ.k
lEcU/h nkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, v?;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed
lq/kj rFkk muds le{k fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa dks nwj djuk vR;ar vko';d gS A
tkWu ,MEl us dgk fd v?;kid gh O;fDr] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa fo'o dk
fuekZ.kd ,oa fodkl dk izeq[k vk/kj gS A fcuk f'k{kd dh lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ds
fdlh jk"Vª dk orZeku ,oa Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k laHko ugha gS A blh ckr dks
Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us %&
xq: czãk] xq: fo".kq] xq: nsoks egs'ojk % A
xq: lk{kkr~ ijczã] rLe;S Jh xq:os ue% AA
ds :i esa dgk gS A ;g ijEijk ,oa lEeku v?;kidksa ds izfr lukru ls pyk
vk jgk gS A fdUrq v?;kid f'k{kk dks orZeku dky esa ns[krs gSa rks mlds Lo:i
esa dbZ ifjorZu vk x, gSaA v?;kid f'k{kk esa LFkkuh; lksp ds lkFk&lkFk vc
oSf'od lksp Hkh 'kkfey gks xbZ gS A
vkt Hkkjrh; lekt dsoy Hkkjrh; u gksdj fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLd`fr;k¡]
vk/qfudhdj.k ,oa oSf'odj.k ls vksr&izksr gSa A izfl¼ nk'kZfud jfoUnz ukFk VSXkksj
ds fo'o ukxfjd laizR;; dks orZeku esa oSf'od Lrj ij viuh igpku cukuh
gksxh rFkk bldk mÙkjnkf;Ro v?;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds fcuk laHko ugha gSA
foxr dbZ n'kdksa ls v?;kid f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vlUrks"ktud okrkoj.k
O;kIr gSa A tcfd le;≤ ij ;w-th-lh-] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ- vkfn laLFkkvksa us
v?;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus ds mn~ns'; ls ikB~;Øeksa esa ifjorZu
fd;k A fdUrq v?;kid f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa nh tkus okyh izf'k{k.k O;oLFkk]
ikB~;Øe O;oLFkk] ,dsMsfed LVkWiQ dkWystksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa lgHkkfxrk us bldh
xq.koÙkk dks izekf.kr fd;k gS A
1- lgk;d vkpk;kZ] f'k{kk ladk;] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 95
Hkwe.M+yhdj.k ds uke ij v?;kid&f'k{kk dk O;olkf;dj.k gks jgk gS
vkSj fo'o ds cktkj esa izf'kf{kr v?;kidksa dks vius vki dks fl¼ djus ds fy,
la?k"kZjÙk gS A foKku vkSj rduhdh ;qx esa la?k"kZ vkSj izfr;ksfxrkvksa pje mRd"kZ
ij gS rFkk f'k{kk esa jktuhfr dk izos'k gks jgk gS A ns'k fufj{K.kksa ds cks> ls
nck gqvk gS A mPp f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh izxfr ifjyf{kr
gksrh gS fdUrq vHkh Hkh izkFkfed vkSj ek?;fed f'k{kk fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds lkFk
misf{kr gSa A
'kSf{kd {ks=k dh xq.koÙkk ds lqn`<+hdj.k esa oSf'od n`f"Vdks.k dks lfEefyr
djds izkFkfed f'k{kk ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk iqufuZek.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A
ftldk ikB~;Øe vf/xe vk/kfjr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xka¡/h dh cqfu;knh f'k{kk]
fxtqHkkbZ ds fnokLoIu] VSxksj dk izd`fr izse] VkiQyj dh Hkfo";fefr] czwuj o
I;kts dk laKkUkkRed n`f"Vdks.k lwpuk o izkS|ksfxdh rFkk 'kks/k ds rRoksa dk
lekos'k djrh gks A 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ls ysdj
LFkkuh; Lrj dks ,d lw=k esa ck¡/uk gksxk A tks fuEuor~ gS %&
xq.koÙkk c<+kus okys laxBu
mPp v?;kid f'k{kk laLFkku (IASE)
fo- fo- f'k{kk ladk; (UFE) f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky;(CTE)
Izkk- o ek- f'k{kd izf'k0 laLFkku {ksf=k; f'k{kk laLFkku (R.I.E.)
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/ku (STERT)
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bu lHkh laxBuksa dk ldkjkRed tqM+ko fuf'pr :i ls f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa
ifjorZu ,oa uohu fopkjksa dk l`tu djsxk A
f'k{kk ds oS'ohdj.k }kjk fo'o dk leLr Kku vk/qfud lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
midj.kksa ds ek?;e ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A orZeku esa f'k{kk ,d fo|ky;
ls ckgj fudydj E-Gurukul rFkk E-Learning tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; f'k{kk L=kksr
rd igq¡p x;h gS A
oS'ohdj.k dk f'k{kk ij ldkjkRed izHkko %&
f'k{kd dh 'kSf{kd {kerkvksa] vk/qfudhdj.k ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k esa o`f¼
'kSf{kd fo"k;ksa dk mUu;u
mPp f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds {ks=kks esa uohure vuqla/ku] ubZ [kkstksa
ds fy, fn'kk fu/kZj.k
vlaxr] vrkfdZd ,oa Hkzfer f'k{kk n'kZu ls eqfDr
f'k{kk ds lkoZtfudj.k ds y{; dh izkfIr esa lgk;d
f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa fo"k;oLrq] fof/;ksa] izfof/;ksa] ewY;kadu] ikB~;Øe lkexzh
vkfn ds Kku o xq.kkRed lq/kj esa lgk;d
oS'ohdj.k dk f'k{kk ij udkjkRed izHkko %&
f'k{kk ds cktkjhdj.k dks vuns[kk dj futhdj.k dk leFkZu ?kkrd
lkaLd`frd ,oa jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dk {k; ,oa iru
vUrjkZ"Vªh; lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhdh dk Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa ij izgkj
uo ih<+h dk ewY;ksa ds fojks/ esa fn'kkHkze
oS'ohdj.k f'k{kd txr ds fy, cM+h pqukSrh %&
oS'ohdj.k ds ek?;e ls f'k{kkfon~] izkpk;Z vkfn iw.kZ dÙkZO;fu"Bk ds lkFk vius
mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuokZg dj ldrs gSa blds fy, vko';d gS fd os uohure
Kku ,oa rduhfd;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gks D;ksafd os gh jk"Vª ds HkkX; fuekZrkvksa ds fy,
f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djrs gSa vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k bldh ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gS A
gekjk lekt oS'ohdj.k dh jkg esa vkxs c<+ jgk gS A
uohure lapkj ,oa lwpuk lk/uksa dks xk¡oksa rd igq¡pkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk
gS A ewY;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa laj{k.k rFkk f'k{kk ds oS'ohdj.k tSls nkSjkgs ij f'k{k.k
izf'k{k.k ds nkf;Roksa esa fujUrj o`f¼ gks jgh gS A uohure rduhdh ds Kku ds
lkFk&2 Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dks xk¡/h th ds 3H esa ,d H vkSj lfEefyr djuk vko';d
gks x;k gS vkSj og gS %& Highway Information.
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 97
vr% vkt f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa ds le{k oS'ohdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa esa lkeatL;
LFkkfir djuk lcls cM+h pqukSrh gS A bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj djrs gq;s v?;kid
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa xq.kkRed lq/kj ds fy, fuEufyf[kr iz;kl fd;s tk ldrs gSa A
vUrjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; ,oa jktdh; Lrj ij v?;kidksa ds fopkj
foe'kZ dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg;s A
vè;kid f'k{kk dh i`Fkdrk dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A vè;kid&f'k{kk esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ds vè;kid ,d&nwljs ls dksbZ lEcU/
ugha j[krs gSa A izkFkfed] ekè;fed] dkWyst rFkk fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ds
vè;kidksa esa dksbZ lg;ksx ugha gksrk gS A blhfy, la;qDr dkWyst [kksys tk;sa
vkSj ,d jktdh; vè;kid f'k{kk cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh tk, A
f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z fo"k; ds :i esa c<+k;k tk, rFkk pqus gq,
fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk Ldwy [kksys tk,a A
Intership Programme dks c<+kok fn;k tk, A bl dk;ZØe esa
Nk=kkè;kid fo|ky; ds lHkh dk;ksZa rFkk ikB~;Øe lgHkkxh fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ys
ldsa A
lHkh jkT;ksa esa vè;kid p;u dh dksbZ ,d iz.kkyh ugha gS A
izR;sd jkT; esa vè;kid p;u ds fy, ijke'kZ lfefr fu;qDr dh tk ldrh gS
A
izos'k ds fy, Nk=kksa dk lk{kkRdkj gksuk pkfg, A f'k{k.k O;oLFkk
ds izfr Nk=kksa dh :fp ,oa :>ku dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
vè;kid f'k{kk dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, dq'ky ,oa ;ksX;
f'k{kdksa dh fu;qDr djuh pkfg, A
vè;kid izf'k{k.k ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, vko';drk ds
vuqlkj gh Nk=kksa dks izos'k fn;k tk, A
ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k ,oa ewY;kadu dh fof/;ksa esa lq/kj gksuk pkfg, A
iqLrdky; lEcU/h Kku] le;&lkj.kh dk fuekZ.k] fo|kFkhZ lHkkvksa
dk xBu] jftLVj dk;Z rFkk ikB~;Øe ds foHkktu vkfn dk vH;kl djokuk
pkfg, A
izf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, gksLVy dh lqfo/k] vkokl dk izcU/d]
iqLrdky;] okpuky;] iz;ksx'kkykvksa ,oa dk;Z'kkykvksa dh O;oLFkk 'kkfey gS A
vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vuqla/ku dk;ksZa dks izksRlkgu feyuk
pkfg, A
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 98
izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa esa py jgs dk;ZØeksa esa izos'k ds fy, V~;w'ku 'kqYd
ugha yxkuk pkfg, A
f'k{kk foHkkx rFkk ljdkj dks va'kdkfyd lqfo/kvksa dh O;oLFkk
djuh pkfg,A
vè;kid f'k{kk ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, mUgs izf'k{k.k
nsus okys vè;kidksa dks vPNk osru fn;k tkuk pkfg, A
fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx us osru Øe dh o`f¼ ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
dne mBk, gSa A
lS¼kfUrd ,oa iz;ksxkRed fo"k;ksa ds ikB~;Øeksa dks iqu%
fu;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
ikB~;Øe ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks orZeku le; ds Ldwyksa rFkk
Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj lds A
vè;kid f'k{kk esa f'k{k.k fof/ ,slh gksuh pfg, ftlesa
lsfeukj] fopkj&foe'kZ] la;qDr f'k{k.k rFkk lkewfgd okn&fookn 'kkfey gks
A
vè;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj ds fy, ;g vko';d gS
fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds foHkkxksa esa vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx dks f'k{k.k ikB~;Øe
,oa ewY;kadu lEcU/h vuqla/ku ds fy, dsUnz fcUnq cukuk pkfg, A
oSKkfud o vk/qfud rduhd ls lEcfU/r ;U=kksa dk iz;ksx
vf/d ls vf/d fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
vè;kid f'k{kk esa lq/kj ds fy, dksBkjh vk;ksx ds lq>ko %&
vk;ksx us dgk] ^^f'k{kk dks LorU=k :i ls ,d fo"k; ekuuk
pkfg, A mi&Lukrd Lrj ij bls ,d bySfDVo fo"k; ds rkSj ij i<+k;k
tkuk pkfg,A
fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa ds izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds okrkoj.k dks
le>us esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg, A
vè;kid f'k{kk ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkuk pkfg, A
fu"d"kZ%&
^^dksbZ ns'k vius vè;kidksa ls Å¡pk ugha mBk ldrk A ljdkj
rFkk leqnk; dks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu djus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,
ftlls vè;kidksa dks jpukRed vkSj fØ;kRed {ks=kksa esa mRlkg vkSj izsj.kk
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 99
feys A vè;kidksa dks ;g LorU=krk gks fd os leqnk; ls lEcfU/r ubZ
[kkst dj ldsa rFkk oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsa A**
REFERENCES:- Dr. Ramnath Kishan, Global Trends In Teacher Education, ND.
Singh M.S. (Ed) (2007) Challenges in teacher education ND Adhyayan Publication.
Pandey V.C. (2001) Education and Globalization ND Kalpaz Publication
www.google.com
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 100
jkek;.k dk lekt n'kZu
MWk- izfeyk feJk1
jkedFkk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSj mlds HkO; Lo:i dks vfHkO;Dr ,oa fpf=r djrh gSA
vkt lekt esa ekuo ewY;ksa dk ladV xgjkus yxk gSA bl ifjos’k esa Jhjke dk pfj= ,oa
jkek;.kdkyhu lekt gekjk ekxZn’kZu djrk gSA jkek;.kdkyhu lekt esa mPp dksfV ds
vkn’kksZa ds n”kZu izkIr gksrs gSa( jktk n’kjFk ds 'kkludky esa v;ks/;k vkSj ogka ds ukxfjdksa dh
mRre fLFkfr dk o.kZu okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M ls izekf.kr gksrk gS&
rfLeu~ iqjojs â"Vk /kekZRekuks cgqJqrk%A
ujkLrq"Vk /kuS% LoS% LoSjyqC/kk% lR;okfnu%AA1
ml mRre uxj esa fuokl djus okys lHkh euq"; izlUu] /kekZRek] cgqJqr fuyksZHk]
lR;oknh rFkk vius vius /ku ls larq"V jgus okys FksA
dkeh ok u dn;ksZ ok u`’kal% iq#"k% Dofpr~A
nz"Vqa 'kD;e;ks/;k;ka ukfo}ku~ u p ukfLrd%AA2
v;ks/;k esa dgha Hkh dksbZ dkeh] d`i.k] Øwj] ew[kZ vkSj ukfLrd euq"; ns[kus dks Hkh ugha
feyrk FkkA
losZ ujk’p uk;Z’p /keZ’khyk% lqla;rk%A
eqfnrk% 'khyo`RrkH;ka eg"kZ; bokeyk%AA3
ogk¡ ds lHkh L=h&iq#"k /keZ’khy] la;eh] lnk izlUu jgus okys rFkk 'khy vkSj
lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls egf"kZ;ksa dh Hkkafr fueZy FksA
orZeku lekt esa tc ge n`f"Vikr djrs gSa rks ;gh lc mi;qZDr xq.k vkt ds lekt
esa nks"kiw.kZ fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA v;ks/;k esa dksbZ Hkh ,slk ugha Fkk] tks vfXugks= vkSj ;K u djrk
gks( tks {kqnz] pksj] lnkpkj 'kwU; vFkok o.kZladj gksA ckydk.M esa o.kZu gS&
1- lgk;d vkpk;kZ] laLd`r foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV
ukukfgrkfXuukZ;Tok u {kqnzks ok u rLdj%A
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 101
dfÜpnklhn;ks/;k;ka u pkoRrks u ladj%AA4
jke;.kdkyhu lekt esa o.kZO;oLFkk vR;Ur lqpkj :i ls fu;ksftr FkhA pkjks o.kksZa ds yksx
vius&vius dÙkZO;ksa esa layXu jgrs FksA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M esa o.kZu izkIr gksrk
gS&
LodeZfujrk fuR;a czkã.kk% foftrsfUnz;k%A
nkuk/;;u’khykÜp la;rkÜp izfrxzgsAA5
ogk¡ fuokl djus okys czkã.k lnk vius deksZ a esa yxs jgrs] bfUnz;ksa dks ok esa j[krs] nku vkSj
Lok/;k; djrs rFkk izfrxzg ls cps jgrs FksA ogk¡ dgha ,d Hkh ,slk f}t ugha Fkk] tks
ukfLrd] vlR;oknh vusd 'kkL=ksa ds Kku ls jfgr] nwljs ds nks"k <wa<us okyk] lk/ku esa
vleFkZ vkSj fo|kghu gksA dgk x;k gS&
ukfLrdks uku`rh okfi u dfÜpncgqJqr%A
uklw;dks u pk’käks uk fo}ku~ fo|rs Dofpr~AA6
vU; rhuksa o.kksZa ds fo"k; esa Hkh o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS fd os fdl izdkj vius&vius dÙkZO; dk
ikyu djrs Fks&
{k=a czãeq[ka pklhn~ oS’;k% {k=euqozrk%A
'kwnzk% LodeZfujrkL=hu~ o.kkZuqipkfj.k%AA
{kf=; czkã.kksa dk eqag tksgrs Fks] oS’; {kf=;ksa dh vkKk ikyu djrs Fks vkSj 'kwnz vius dÙkZO;
dk ikyu djrs gq, mi;qZDr rhuksa o.kksZa dh lsok esa layXu jgrs FksA
jkek;.kdkyhu lkekftd thou esa o.kZO;oLFkk tUet gksus ds ckotwn Hkh o`fÙk ,oa
dekZuqlkj ifjorZu'khy izrhr gksrh gS& ^^jkek;.k esa dgk x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ohjrk ls
{kf=; gks ldrk gSA**7
f’k{kk
jkek;.kdky esa f’k{kk dk izpqj fodkl gks pqdk FkkA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M
ds vuqlkj ml v;ks/;kiqjh esa osn ds Ngksa vaxksa dks tkuus okyk] ozrghu] lglzksa ls de nku
nsus okyk] nhu] fof{kIr fpÙk vFkok nq%[kh Hkh dksbZ ugha FkkA
uk"kMxafon=kfLr ukozrks uklglzn%A
u nhu% f{kIrfpÙkks ok O;fFkrks okfi dÜpuAA8
O;fDrRo ds lE;d~ fodkl ds fy;s f’k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks osn n’kZu] mifu"kn~] jktuhfr /keZ’kkL=]
vFkZ’kkL=] O;kdj.k] vk[;ku rFkk mik[;ku vkfn dk Kku djk;k tkrk FkkA mPp f’k{kk ds
lkFk&lkFk ftKklqvksa dks fofo/k izdkj dh dykvksa dk izf’k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA
xq#tu fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ik=rk dk vUos"k.k djds gh f’k{kk iznku djrs Fks bldk izek.k
okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA egf"kZ fo’okfe= th dgrs gSa&
^^iznkrqa ro dkdqRLFk ln`’kLRoa fg ikfFkZoA**9
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 102
ddqRLFkuUnu! eSaus bu nksuksa dks rqEgsa nsus dk fopkj fd;k gSA jktdqekj \ rqEgha buds ;ksX;
ik= gksA
jkek;.kdkyhu lekt esa f’k{kk ds fy;s xq#dqyksa dk lUnHkZ feyrk gS] tks f’k{kk vkSj
fo|k ds fo[;kr vf/k"Bku FksA _f"k Hkj}kt vkSj okYehfd ds vkJe f’k{kk ds iz/kku fo|k
LFky FksA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds v;ks/;kdk.M esa Jhjke dgrs gSa fd ^^l iUFkkfÜp=dwVL;
xrL; cgq’kks e;kA10 ** vFkkZr~ ;g ogh LFkku gS tgka ls fp=dwV dks jkLrk tkrk gSA
bfr iUFkkuekfn’; egf"kZ% laU;orZrA
vfHkok| rFksR;qDRok jkes.k fofuofrZr%AA11
bl izdkj ekxZ crkdj tc egf"kZ Hkj}kt ykSVus yxs] rc Jh jke us ^rFkkLrq* dgdj
muds pj.kksa esa iz.kke fd;k vkSj dgk& ^vc vki vkJe dks ykSV tkb;s*A
L=h n’kk&
jkek;.kdkyhu lekt esa ukjh dh vusd n’kkvksa dk fo’kn~ fp=.k feyrk gSA
mPpoxhZ; yksxksa esa cgqfookg izFkk izpfyr FkhA fQj Hkh jkek;.k esa ,d iRuh&izFkk dks Js;"dj
dgk x;k gSA lkekftd thou esa fookg dh vfuok;Zrk dks fo’ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk FkkA
iq#"kksa ds leku fL=;ksa dh f’k{kk ij cy fn;k tkrk FkkA fookg dh Lo;aoj izFkk dks
fo’ks"k egRo FkkA jkek;.k esa vkn’kZ Hkk;kZ ¼iRuh½ dk fo"kn~ fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA egklrh
lhrk th vius ifr ds ân; vkSj efLr"d dks vius esa dsUnzhHkwr dj fy;k djrh Fkha(
r’;kÜpHkrkZ f}xq.ka ân;s ifjofrZrsA
vUrxZrefi O;Drek[;kfr ân;a ânkAA12
iRuh ifr ds Hkkb;ksa ds lkFk vius Hkkb;ksa ;k iq=ksa tSlk O;ogkj fd;k djrh FkhaA og
vius e`nq] lq’khy rFkk lsokijk;.k O;ogkj ls lcdks izlUu j[kus dh ps"Vk djrh FkhaA egf"kZ
of’k"B us rks ,d LFky ij iRuh dks ifr dh vkRek dgk gS&
^vkRek fg nkjk% losZ"kka nkjk lxzg ofrZuke~A13*
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 103
fu"d"kZ&
mi;qZDr o.kZu ls Li"V gS fd jkek;.k dkyhu lekt ,d vkn’kZ lekt Fkk ftl
dkj.k ls lEiw.kZ jk"Vª esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk dk;e jgrh FkhA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M
lIre lxZ ls ;g ckr izekf.kr gksrh gS& ^iz’kkUra loZesaoklhn~ jk"Vª iqjoja p rr~A14*
vr% orZeku le; esa jkek;.k dkyhu lekt n’kZu dh egrh mikns;rk fl) gksrh gSA
lqj{kk ds fy, lekt dh
lc vk;as rks vPNk gSA
lkekftd i;kZoj.k dks
cpk ik;s arks vPNk gSA
dHkh ph[ksa eklweksa dh
dHkh vcyk iS euekuh
vxj ekuork vk tk;s
rks thou /kU; lcdk gSA
lUnHkZ lwph
1- okYehdh; jkek;.k ckydk.M] "k"B% lxZ%] 'yksd 6-
2- ogh] 'yksd 8-
3- ogh] 'yksd 9
4- ok- jk- ckydk.M] "k"B% lxZ%] 'yksd 12-
5- ogh] 'yksd 13
6- ogh] 'yksd 14
7- nqcs- ,p- ,u] ^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr* i`- la- 180] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn
8- ok- jk- ckydk.M] "k"B% lxZ%] 'yksd 15-
9- ok- jk- ckydk.M] }kfoa’k% lxZ%] 'yksd 20-
10- ok- jk- v;ks/;kdk.M] iapiapk’k% lxZ% 'yksd 9-
11- ogh- 'yksd 10-
12- ok- jk- 2- 69 13- ok- jk- 1] 77] 27-8 14- ok- jk- ckydk.M] lIre% lxZ% 'yksd 15-
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 104
Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk vk/kkj gS pquko lq/kkj
MkW0 lqcks/k dqekj1
Hkkjr fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdrkfU=d ns'k gSA yksdra= dk lQy
lapkyu Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko ij vk/kkfjr gSA ^^o;Ld erkf/kdkj ij
vk/kkfjr Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d izfØ;k dk vk/kkj gS]
D;ksafd ,d fuf'pr le; vUrjky ds mijkUr turk vius yksdfiz; er }kjk
'kkldksa ds ek/;e ls lRrk esa viuh lgHkkfxrk dk fuokZg djrh gS vkSj
fuokZpd 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls mRrjnkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA^^1
lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/kdkj }kjk vke turk esa
tks vkLFkk O;Dr dh Fkh] ml ij ernkrk izk;% [kjs mrjs gSaA /ku ds nwf"kr
iz;ksx] c<+rh fgalk] vR;f/kd [kphZys pquko] ernku dsUnzksa ij dCtk] pqukoksa esa
mEehnokjksa dk vf/kD;] Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko djkus okyh ljdkjh e'khujh
ds fu"i{krk ij lansg] jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk vkpkj lafgrk dk mYya?ku]
lRrk:<+ nyksa }kjk pquko e'khujh dk nq:i;ksx rFkk efgykvksa vkSj
vYila[;dksa ds vi;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ls pqukoh izfØ;k nwf"kr gks pqdh gSA vkt
lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd yksdra= dks l'kDr djus ds fy, pqukoh izfØ;k
esa yksxksa dh c<+rh mnklhurk dks jksdus rFkk pquko dks lkFkZd cukus ds fy,
pqukoksa esa lq/kkj dh furkUr vko';drk gSA
pquko vk;ksx dh lHkh vuqla'kkvksa esa pquko lq/kkj ds izLrko 'kkfey jgs
gSaA okLro esa izFke vke pquko ds ckn pquko lq/kkj dh vko';drk okn&fookn
dk fo"k; jgk gSA QyLo:i pquko izlkj le; dh ekWx gSA Hkkjr esa fuokZpu
lq/kkjksa ds lUnHkZ esa lHkh igyqvksa dk v/;;u djuk lkef;d vkSj izklafxd gSA
1- lg- vkpk;Z] jktuhfr'kkL= foHkkx] Mh0,0oh0ih0th0 dkyst] xksj[kiqj] m0iz0
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^^laln us Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko lqfuf'pr djkus gsrq yksd izfrfuf/kRo
vf/kfu;e 1950 vkSj 1951 cuk,a gSa rFkk ifjlheu vk;ksx vf/kfku;e 1962]
1972 cuk, gSa vkSj buls fuokZpu dk <ax fofgr fd;k gS rFkk fuokZpu ls
lEcfU/kr fuokZpu {ks=ksa dh jpuk vkSj mudk ifjlheu fd;k gSA^^ bl dkuwu esa
pquko vk;ksx dks O;kid laLFkk ds :i esa fodflr fd;k gSA laln ds 16 vke
pqukoksa ,oa jkT; fo/kku lHkkvksa ds rhu lkS ipkl fuokZpuksa us bl O;oLFkk esa
vUrfuZfgr xq.k ,oa nks"kksa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA pquko O;oLFkk esa reke =qfV;kW
fo|eku gSaA ;|fi O;kid ifjorZu fd;k x;k gS rFkkfi pquko izfØ;k esa vkt
Hkh reke folaxfr;kW ,oa vusd dfe;kW izdk'k esa vk;h gSaA buesa lq/kkj gsrq
le;≤ ij foi{kh ny] fof/k fo'ks"kKksa] lafo/kku fo'ks"kKksa] U;k;fonksa]
i=dkjksa rFkk vke turk us Hkh O;kid lq>ko izLrqr fd;k gSA pquko lq/kkj gsrq
reke lfefr;ksa rFkk vk;ksxksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA ftUgksus viuh vuq'kalkvksa ds
ek/;e ls pquko vk;ksx ,oa ljdkj dks voxr djk;kA fuokZpu O;oLFkk esa
O;kid dfe;ksa esa dqN egRoiw.kZ bl izdkj gSa &\
fuokZpu O;oLFkk esa cM+s iSekus ij /ku ckgqcy ,oa jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj
dk cksyckyk c<+kA 1967 ds ckn yksdlHkk rFkk jkT; fo/kku lHkkvksa ds pquko
esa /ku dk cM+s iSekus ij [krjukd nq:i;ksx c<+k gSA ns'k esa yksdrkaf=d
O;oLFkk ds vfLrRo ij lokfy;k fu'kku gS vijk/k ds jktuhfrdj.k ,oa
jktuhfrd ds vijk/khdj.k ls pquko izfØ;k dyafdr gq;h gSA vijk/kh i`"BHkwfe
ds mEehn~okj gfFk;kjksa ds cy ij pquko izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gq, pquko
yM+ jgs gSa vkSj thr Hkh jgs gSaA cM+s iSekus ij bl rjg ds mEehnokj iathd`r
jktuhfrd nyksa ds fVdV ij ;k funZyh; mEehnokj ds :i esa pquko yM+ jgs
gSaA tc rd dh lEiw.kZ laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk dks ifjofrZr u fd;k tk,A mUgsa
jksd ikuk vlEHko yxrk gSA orZeku fuokZpu iz.kkyh cgqer }kjk fuokZpu
lqfuf'pr ugha djrh ftls fd fot;h mEehnokj lEcfU/kr fuokZpu {ks= ds
cgqer dk izfrfuf/kRo djsA mls ek= vius izfr}Unh mEehnokjksa ls dqN gh er
vf/kd izkIr gksrk gSA ;|fi mls izkIr er cgqer ls lHkh de gSA
orZeku fuokZpu izfØ;k esa fuokZpu vk;ksx vius lEiw.kZ dk;Z lapkyu
gsrq ,oa jkT;ksa ds ra= ij vkfJr gS tks fd ,d deh dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA
/ku] cy ls vf/kd ckgqcy fuokZpu O;oLFkk dks iznwf’kr fd;k gSA ernku LFkyksa
ij dCtk vkSj xSj dkuwuh ernku yksdra= ds flj ij dyad gSA ljdkjh
e”khujh dk pquko ds le; nq:I;ksx ,d vke f”kdk;r jgh gSA blds lkFk gh
lkFk fuokZfpr mEehnokjksa }kjk fu’Bk cnydj cycny djuk lEiw.kZ pquko
izfØ;k ds lkFk etkd gSA ;|fi bls jksdus gsrq nycny fujks/kh vf/kfu;e
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cuk;k x;k gS fd ysfdu blesa vUrfuZfgr detksfj;ksa dh otg ls ;g
fu%izHkkfor jgk gSA
60 ds n”kd ls gh ns”k esa fuokZpu lq/kkj dh vko”;drk ij tksj fn;k
tk jgk FkkA Lora=rk ds ckn ls lEiw.kZ fuokZpu izfØ;k dks ,d ny }kjk
fuokZ) :Ik ls izHkkfor fd;k tkuk ,oa vU; nyksa dh uke ek= dh mifLFkfr
Hkkjr esa izfrfu/;kRed yksdra= ds fgr esa ugha jgk ftlls fd cgqer dks
izfrfuf/kRo fn;k tk ldsA2
Pkquko lq/kkj gsrq cgqr lkjs iz;kl gksrs jgs gSaA igyh ckj pquko dkuwu esa
la”kks/ku ,oa pquko lq/kkj ds lHkh {ks=ksa ls tqM+s iz”uksa dk ijh{k.k gsrq ,d la;qDr
lalnh; lfefr dk xBu 1970 esa fd;k x;k fdUrq fnlEcj 1970 esa yksdlHkk
ds fo?kVu ds lkFk gh bl lfefr dk vUr gks x;kA 1971 esa tc ubZ yksd
lHkk vkSj ubZ ljdkj vfLrRo esa vk;h rks tqykbZ 1971 esa Jh txUukFk jko dh
v/;{krk esa ,d 21 lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA rRi”pkr~ bl lfefr
us pquko lq/kkj ds eqn~ns ij dbZ o’kksZa ds vFkd iz;kl ds Ik”pkr~ laln dks
viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr fd;kA nks izfr;ksa esa izLrqr lq>ko esa cgqr cgqewY; lq>ko
FksA3
1974 esa t; izdk”k ukjk;.k us ^flfVtUl QkWj MseksØslh^ uked laxBu
dh vksj ls pquko lq/kkj ij v/;;u gsrq egkjk’Vª mPp U;k;ky; ds HkwriwoZ
U;k;k/kh”k vkSj izfl) jsfMdy g~;wefu’V Jh oh0,e0 rkjdq.Ms dh v/;{krk esa
,d N% lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA bl lfefr ds lnL; bl izdkj Fks
& oh0,e0rkjdq.Ms] ,e0vkj0e;kuh] ih0th0 ekoyadj] ,0ts0iqjkuh] vkj0lh0
nslkbZ vkSj ,0ih0 MCY;w MsDlV Fks A lfefr us viuh vuq”kalk 9 Qjojh 1975
dks izLrqr fd;k tks eq[;r% bl izdkj gSa %&
1- Ekrkf/kdkj 21 o’kZ ds ctk; 18 o’kZ dh vk;q esa gh ns fn;k tk,A
2- vk; ds Jksrksa dk mYys[k rFkk vke O;; dk iwjk fglkc fy[kuk leLr
jktuhfr nyksa ds fy, vfuok;Z dj fn;k tk, vkSj fuokZpu vk;ksx
bldh tkWp djk;sA mEehnokjksa ds pquko [kpZ ds fglkc dh tkWp djk;h
tk,A jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk mEehnokjksa ij fd;k tkus okyk [kpZ
mEehnokjksa ds fglkc esa tksM+k tk; rFkk pquko [kpZ dh orZeku lhek dks
nqxquk dj fn;k tk;sA
3- tekur dh jde yksdlHkk ds mEehnokjksa ds fy, 500 lkS ls c<+kdj
2000 :Ik;s vkSj fo/kkulHkkvksa ds mEehnokjksa ds fy, 200 ls c<+kdj
1000 :I;s dj nh tk,A
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1977 ds vke pquko ds Ik”pkr~ turk ikVhZ lRrk esa vk;h vkSj igyh ckj
jk’Vªh; vkSj jkT; Lrj dh nyksa dks nwjn”kZu vkSj vkdk’kok.kh ij pquko lUns”k
izlkj.k djus dk volj jkT; fo/kku lHkkvksa ds pquko esa feykA vkikrdky ds
nkSjku gq, lRrk dk nq:I;ksx dks lekir djus gsrq 54osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku
fo/ks;d yk;k x;kA blds lkFk gh lkFk turk ikVhZ ljdkj us pquko izpkj
lq/kkj gsrq ,d eaf=e.My lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k A ml ea=he.My lfefr
dk v/;{k rRdkyhu x`gea=h pkS/kjh pj.k flag Fks A rRdkyhu eq[; fuokZpu
vk;qDr Jh ,l0,y0 “kd/kkj us c<+rs pquko [kpZ ,oa ernku dsUnzksa ij dCtk
ls lEcfU/kr eqn~nksa ij egRoiw.kZ lq>ko izLrqr fd;kA4
Tkurk ikVhZ dh ljdkj vHkh pquko lq/kkj gsrq igy djus gh okyh Fkh
fd blds iwoZ gh og lRrkfoghu gks xbZA 1980 esa tc Jherh bfUnjk xkW/kh dh
ljdkj lRrk:<+ gqbZ rks Jh ,l0,y0 “kd/kj vkSj Jh vkj0ds0 f=osnh us
foi{kh nyksa ds lkFk fopkj foe”kZ djds pquko lq/kkj gsrq reke vuq”kalkvksa dks
izLrqr fd;kA5
Tc 1984 esa Jh jktho xkW/kh dh ljdkj lRrk esa vk;h rks iqu% pquko
lq/kkj dk iz”u mBk;k x;k A bl fn”kk esa lcls fu.kkZ;d dne tuojh 1985
esa ljdkj }kjk ny&cny vf/kfu;e dk ikfjr fd;k tkuk FkkA
Pkquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa 1990 esa lHkh jktuhfrd nykas ds izfrfuf/k;ksa
ls fopkj foe”kZ ds Ik”pkr~ la;qDr ekspkZ okyh Jh fo”oukFk izrki flag dh
ljdkj us ,d vU; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA laln lnL; vkSj fo”ks’kKksa dh
cgqyrk okyh bl lfefr ds v/;{k rRdkyhu dkuwuea=h Jh fnus”k xksLokeh FksA
lfefr us 1990 esa vius vFkd iz;kl vkSj Rofjr dk;Z ls lq/kkj gsrq vuq”kalk
fd;k ftls fnus”k xksLokeh lfefr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA budk izeq[k
lq>ko fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1- pquko lq/kkj rhu lnL;h fudk; gksuk pkfg,A
2- eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr vkSj vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o’kZ ;k
65 o’kZ dh vk;q rd tks Hkh ckn esa gks] gksuk pkfg,A vkSj fdlh Hkh
gkyr esa 65 o’kZ dh vk;q ;k 10 o’kZ ls vf/kd lek;kof/k rd mUgsa in
ij ugha cus jguk pkfg;sA
3- eq[; fuokZp;u vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh”k vkSj foi{k
ds usrk ds lkFk fopkj foe”kZ djds dh tkuh pkfg,A
4- eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr vkSj vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dks u dsoy ljdkj
ds vUrxZr bls fu;qfDr cfYd jkT;iky ds in lfgr bls fdlh vU;
in ds fy, vk;ksX; ?kksf’kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
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5- o’kZ 1981 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij u;k ifjlheu djukA vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr lhVksa esa ØekorZu djukA
6- cgqmn~ns”kh; QksVks igpku i= iznku djukA
7- fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks nks ls vf/kd fuokZpu {ks=ksa ij pquko yM+us dh
vuqefr u nsukA
8- vxEHkhj mEehnokjksa dks grksRlkfgr djukA Lora= mEehnokjksa dks
tekur jkf”k dks c<+k;k tk,A
bu lq>ko dks dk;Z :I nsus gsrq laln esa pkj fo/ks;d izLrqr fd;s x, rkfd 7
ebZ 1990 dks la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj ds R;kx i= nsus ls igys ikl fd;k tk;sA
pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa ujflag jko dh ljdkj us Hkh dqN egRoiw.kZ
iz;kl fd;sA mUgksus 83okW lafo/kku la”kks/ku fo/ks;d 1994 rFkk tuizfrfuf/kRo
vf/kfu;e ¼f}rh; la”kks/ku½ 1994 ,d vfrfjDr l= cqykdj ikl fd;kA
la;qDr ekspkZ dh ljdkj Jh ujflag jko ds ckn lRrk esa vk;h vkSj
pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa dqN laf{kIr iz;kl fd;sA tuizfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e
¼f}rh; la”kks/ku½ 26 tqykbZ 1996 dks ikfjr fd;k x;k A bl fo/ks;d ds dqN
egRoiw.kZ izko/kku bl izdkj gSa %&
1- ,d gh le; fdlh Hkh mEehnokj dks nks ls vf/kd fuokZpu {ks=ksa ls
pquko ugha yM+us fn;k tk,A
2- mEehnokj tekur jkf”k 10 xquk c<+kdj 300 lkS ls 5000 gtkj dj
fn;k x;k ftlls laln rFkk fo/kku lHkkvksa ds pqukoksa esa vxEHkhj
mEehnokjksa dks jksdk tk ldsA
3- fdlh mEehn~okj ds e`R;q dh n”kk esa ;fn fdlh iathd`r jktuhfrd ny
dk mEehnokj dh e`R;q gksrh gS rks lEcfU/kr ikVhZ dks vf/kdkj gksxk f
dog lkr fnu ds Hkhrj ml LFkku ij u;s mEehnokj dk p;u djsA
,slk dksbZ LFkkukiUu funZyh; mEehnokjksa ds fy, ugha gksxkA
4- pquko izpkj ds fnuksa dh la[;k 21 fnu ls ?kVkdj 14 fnu dj fn;k
x;kA
5- ernku i= esa mEehnokjksa dk uke bl Øe ls fd;k tk; fd iathd`r
ny ds mEehnokjksa dk uke ojh;rk esa vk,A bl izdkj dk vuqØe
{ks=h; ,oa vU; iathd`r ikfVZ;ksa ds fy, ykxw gksA vfUre dksfV esa
funZyh; mEehnokjksa dks “kkfey fd;k tk,xkA
6- yksd lHkk ds lhVksa dk u;k ifjlheu 1991 ds tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij
gksxkA
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7- pquko ds nkSjku vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk drZO; dh ykijokgh djus ij nf.Mr
fd;k tk,xkA6
rRdkyhu eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr Jh Vh0,u0”ks’ku us pquko lq/kkj gsrq dqN
fu.kkZ;d ,oa cgqpfpZr lkFk gh lkFk fooknkLin dne mBk,A mlesa lcls
egRoiw.kZ QksVks igpku i= dh vfuok;Zrk ij cy fn;kA fuokZpu vk;ksx us
la?k ,oa jkT; eaf=;ksa ds pquko +{ks=ksa esa pquko ds nkSjku vf/kdkf/kd nkSjs ij
izfrcU/k yxk fn;kA fuokZpu vk;ksx us eaf=;ksa dks ;g Hkh funsZ”k fn;k fd
pquko izfØ;k ds ?kks’k.kk ds Ik”pkr~ lEcfU/kr fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh
lHkk u cqyk, ;k dk;kZy;ksa ;k vfrfFkxgksa dk nq:Ik;ksx u djsaA fuokZpu
vk;ksx us mEehnokjksa dks ;g fn”kk funsZ”k fn;k fd os fnu izfrfnu ds [kpZ dk
ys[kk rS;kj djsaA vk;ksx us mEehnokjksa ds pquko [kpZ dh ,d lhek Hkh fu/kkZfjr
fd;k ftlls fd pquko [kpZ dks de fd;k tk ldsA
;g lR; gS fd ,d fo”kky ,oa fofo/krkvksa ls ;qDr jkT; gksus ds ukrs
Hkkjr dh viuh dqN vPNkbZ;kW gSa rks dqN dfBukbZ;kW HkhA Lora=rk ds ckn nks
n”kdksa rd Hkkjr esa pquko fod`fr;kW mruh ugha Fkha ijUrq mlds ckn ds o’kksZa esa
pquko lEcU/kh reke fod`fr;ksa us viuk izHkko fn[kkuk “kq: dj fn;kA gky ds
o’kksZa esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk cM+s iSekus ij vijk/khdj.k gqvk gSA 1993 esa xfBr
cksgjk lfefe dh fjiksVZ bl ckr ds xokg gSa fd jktuhfr esa vijk/k txr ds
fj”rs fdrus izxk<+ gks pqds gSaA iwoZ eq[; pquko vk;qDr th0oh0th0 d`’.kewfrZ us
1996 ds yksdlHkk ds pquko dk ,d uewuk mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 1997 esa tkjh
fd;k tks jktuhfr ds vijk/khdj.k dks n”kkZrk gSA mUgksus ik;k fd yksdlHkk ds
13]952 mEehnokjksa esa ls 1500 mEehnokjksa dh vkijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe jgh gSA
mudh vijk/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa gR;k] MdSrh] cykRdkj] xcu rFkk tcju olwyh
ds ekeys lfEefyr FksA mUgksus ;g Hkh n”kkZ;k fd ,sls de ls de pkyhl
mEehnokjksa us pquko thr Hkh fy;kA ftyk iz”kklu ls izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj
ij d`’.kewfrZ esa ;g nkok fd;k fd ns”k ds 25 jkT;ksa vkSj nks dsUnz “kkflr
izns”kksa esa fo/kkf;dk ds 4]072 lnL;ksa esa ls 700 lnL;ksa ij vusd izdkj ds
vijkf/kd ekeys ntZ gSa ftudh lquok;h tkjh FkhA
17 tuojh 2001 dks fuokZpu vk;ksx ds Lo.kZ t;fUr ds volj ij
jk’Vªifr ds0vkj0 ukjk;.ku us fuokZpu vk;ksx ds gokys ls dgk fd 500 ls
800 pqus x, izfrfuf/k;ksa dk vijkf/kd bfrgkl gSA
Hkkjr esa fu’i{k pquko ds fy, fuokZpu vk;ksx] laln rFkk dsUnz ljdkj
}kjk le;≤ ij iz;kl fd;s x;sA Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh v/;k; 9 ds
/kkjk 171> rd esa pquko lEcU/kh vijk/kksa ls lEcfU/kr dbZ izko/kku igys ls
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ekStwn gSaA bls vfrfjDr yksd izfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e 1950 rFkk 1951 esa pquko
lEcfU/kr dfri; fu;eksa dk mYys[k gSA 1996 esa yksd izfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e esa
vko”;d la”kks/ku Hkh fd;s x;sA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,d tufgr ;kfpdk ij fu.kZ; ysrs gq, ;g O;oLFkk
dh Fkh fd yksdlHkk] jkT; fo/kku lHkk] fo/kku ifj’kn dk pquko yM+us okys
izR;sd mEehnokj viuh vijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe viuh rFkk viuh iRuh ds uke dk
lEifRr vkSj vk; ds Jksrksa vkSj “kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk dk C;kSjk fjVfuZax vf/kdkjh
dks nsaA bl O;oLFkk ls jktuhfrKksa esa [kycyh ep x;h vkSj 20 ebZ 2002 dks
pquko lq/kkj dkuwu cukdj ek= ;g O;oLFkk dh x;h fd %&
1- mEehnokj dsoy mUgha ekeyksa dh tkudkjh nsaxs ftUgsa U;k;ky; us
laKku esa ys fy;k gSA
2- dsoy fot;h mEehnokjksa dks gh viuh vfLr;ksa rFkk nsunkfj;ksa dk
fooj.k nsuk gksxkA
3- fdlh mEehnokj ds fy, viuh “kSf{kd ;ksX;rk dk fooj.k nsuk vko”;d
ugha gksxkA
ljdkj ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) ^^I;wfiYl ;wfu;j QkWj flfoy fyoVhZt] yksdlHkk
rFkk ,lksfl,”ku vkSj MseksØsfVo fjQkElZ us u, fljs ls loksZPp U;k;ky; esa
pqukSrh nhA bl tufgr ;kfpdk ij loksZPp U;k;ky; ds rhu lnL;h;
[k.MihB ds U;k;ewfrZ ,e0oh0 “kkg] U;k;ewfrZ ih0oh0 jsM~Mh rFkk U;k;ewfrZ
Mh0,e0 /kekZf/kdkjh us tuizfrfuf/kRo dkuwu esa fd, x, la”kks/ku dks
vlaoS/kkfud djk ns fn;k A U;k;k/kh”kksa us dgk fd dsUnz ljdkj }kjk tkjh
pquko lq/kkj v/;kns”k fo/kkf;dk ds fy, mfpr mEehnokj pquus ds fy,
ernkrkvksa ds lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkjksa ¼vuq0 18 ds rgr ekSfyd vf/kdkj gSa½
esa dVkSrh djrk gSA vr% ;g vlaoS/kkfud gSA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us tuizfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e ds la”kks/ku dks [kkfjt djrs gq,
u;s fljs ls pquko vk;ksx dks funsZ”k fn;s fd vf/klwpuk tkjh djsaA
o`gLifrokj 13 ekpZ 2003 dks fn;s x, fu.kZ; ls vc izR;sd mEehnokj ds fy,
;g vfuok;Z gks x;k gS fd ukekadu izi= nkf[ky djrs le; ,d “kiFk i= ds
:Ik esa fuEufyf[kr lwpuk,a Hkh nkf[ky djsaA
1- D;k mEehnokj dk fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa nks’kh ik;k x;k@nks’keqDr
dj fn;k x;k@fMLpktZ fd;k x;k gS] ;fn gkW rks D;k ltk lqukbZ x;h
;k D;k n.M yxk;k x;k\
2- Ukekadu i= nkf[ky djus ls 6 ekg iwoZ rd mEehnokj fdlh ,sls ekeys
esa vfHk;qDr FkkA
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3- mEehnokj mldh iRuh rFkk mlds vkfJrksa ds uke ls lHkh izdkj dh
py] vpy lEifRr;ksa ,oa cSadksa esa tek /kujkf”k;ksa dk fooj.kA
4- mEehnokj ds Åij cdk;k lHkh izdkj ds nsunkfj;ksa ftlesa ljdkj rFkk
lkoZtfud foRrh; laLFkku ds cdk;k _.k Hkh “kkfey gSaA
5- mEehnokj dh “kS{kf.kr ;ksX;rkA7
pquko lq/kkj esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh mi;qZDr igy fuf”pr rkSj ij Lokxr
;ksX; gS fdUrq blesa ;g vk”k djuk jsr esa ikuh [kkstus tSlk gksxk fd
vijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe ;k voS/k dkjksckj ls vftZr dh x;h lEifRr dk Lokeh
pquko ugha thr ldsxkA Hkkjr dh U;k;ikfydk vkSj U;k; izfØ;k esa ftl
izdkj dh [kkfe;kW gSa ftlds pyrs fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; dks ykxw djuk vklku ugha
gS fdUrq fQj Hkh ^^va/ksjs dks dkslus ls vPNk gS fd ,d nhi tyk;k tk,A^^ bl
;qfDr ij pyrs gq, Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa pquko iz.kkyh dks mRrjksRrj
lq/kkj dh vksj ys tkus dk ekxZ rks iz”kLr gksrk gh gSA
pquko lq/kkj esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh mi;qZDr igy fuf”pr rkSj ij Lokxr
;ksX; gS fdUrq blesa ;g vk”k djuk jsr esa ikuh [kkstus tSlk gksxk fd
vijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe ;k voS/k dkjksckj ls vftZr dh x;h lEifRr dk Lokeh
pquko ugha thr ldsxkA Hkkjr dh U;k;ikfydk vkSj U;k; izfØ;k esa ftl
izdkj dh [kkfe;kW gSa ftlds pyrs fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; dks ykxw djuk vklku ugha
gS fdUrq fQj Hkh ^^va/ksjs dks dkslus ls vPNk gS fd ,d nhi tyk;k tk,A^^ bl
;qfDr ij pyrs gq, Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa pquko iz.kkyh dks mRrjksRrj
lq/kkj dh vksj ys tkus dk ekxZ rks iz”kLr gksrk gh gSA
05 tqykbZ 2004 dks pquko vk;ksx us ns”k dh yksdrkfU=d izfØ;k esa /ku&cy
,oa ckgqcy ds c<+rs opZLo us pquko lq/kkjksa ds fy, vius ,d u, lq>ko
^izikstYl vkWu bysDVksjy fjQkElZ^ “kh’kZd ls iz/kkuea=h MkW0 eueksgu flag dks
eq[; pquko vk;qDr Vh0,l0d`’.kewfrZ }kjk izsf’kr fd, x, FksA jktuhfr ds
vijk/khdj.k ij vadq”k yxkus ds mn~ns”; ls izsf’kr bl nLrkost esa ,sls lq>ko
izLrqr fd, x, gSa] ftuls 14oha yksdlHkk pqukoksa ds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij
tuizfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e esa la”kks/ku gsrq vijkf/k;ksa ds pqukoksa esa Hkkx ysus ls
jksd yxkbZ tk ldsA
ekpZ 2017 esa lEiuu gq, mRrj izns”k lfgr ikWp jkT;ksa ds fo/kkulHkk pquko
dk ifj.kke jkspd jgkA mRrj izns”k esa Hkktik ds peRdkjh thr ls nq[kh clik
lqizheksa ek;korh lfgr dbZ jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk mBk;s x, bZ0oh0,e0 ij
loky pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa ,d ckj iqu% pquko vk;ksx ds fu’i{krk ij
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iz”u fpUg yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k] ysfdu pquko vk;ksx ijh{k.k dj bl
cscqfu;knh vkjksi dks [kkfjr dj vius LoPN ,oa fu’i{k Nfo dks dk;e j[kkA
bl izdkj fdlh izdkj ls bZ0oh0,e0 esa NsM+NkM+ dk izek.k u nsdj jktuhfrd
ny [kqn gh bl izdj.k ls vius dks ihNs dj fy,A
mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd iwoZ ds pqukoksa dh rqyuk
esa vc pquko vk;ksx O;kid pquko lq/kkj djds yxHkx cgqr lh folaxfr;ksa dk
fujkdj.k dj fn;kA foxr o’kksZa esa budh nkf;Roiw.kZ fu’Ik{krk ,oa lfØ;rk
pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa ljkguh; gSA
lUnHkZ %&
1- xksiky d`’.k % ^^bysDVªksy ikVhZf”kis”ku ,.M iksfyfVdy bfUVxzs”ku^^ jtuh
dksBkjh dkUVsDl vkWQ bysD”ku psat bu bf.M;k] 196] ubZ fnYyh
,dsMfed cqd] 1969] i`0 67-
2- jfo jk;] bysDVªky fjQkElZ] uhM vkWQ nh vkoj iksfyfVDl bf.M;k]
ok0AAA] 4 vDVwcj 1998] i`0 7-
3- MkW0 jsM~Mh ,.M lqUnj jke] ^^MseksØslh ,.M bf.M;u bysDVªksy flLVe] uhM
QkWj fjQkZEl] mIiy ifCydsf”kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh-
4- ,l0,y0 “kd/kj % ^^bysDVªksy fjQkElZ] tkSey vkWQ daLVªhP;wuy ,.M
ikfyZ;kesUVªh LVMht] ok0 1&2 tuojh&twu 1984] i`0 1&11] 1992] i`0
15&16-
5- ,l0,y0 “kd/kj % ^^bysDVªky fjQkElZ tksuy vkWQ dkWLVhP;wuy ,.M
ikfyZ;kesUVh LVMht] tuojh&twu] 1984] 93-
6- Lqk’kek ;kno] bysD”ku dkes”ku ,.M bysDVªky izkslsl] egsUnz izrki flag
,.M fgeka”kq jko] bf.M;u iksfyfVdy flLVe] LVªSDpj iksfylh MosyiesUV
ubZ fnYyh] KuUnk izdk”ku] 1998] i`0 519-
7- ^^bysDVªy fjQkElZ % “ks’kUl Øqlsn^^ flfoy lfoZlst Økfudy] 9 ekpZ 1995]
i`0 9-
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READING TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES FOR STUDENTS WITH VISUAL
IMPAIRMENT IN INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS OF NORTH-EASTZONE OF
DELHI
Mr. Brijesh Kumar Rai1
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the status of availability of
reading technological devices for students with visual impairment in North-East
Zone of Delhi’s inclusive schools. The study included three educational districts
namely East, North- East and North, which are covered under North-East Zone of
Delhi. The sample of this study included 15 schools fromabove mentioned three
educational districts(five from each district.Sample was selected through purposive
sampling.Mixed method approach was used in this study. Researcher developed
checklist cum questionnaire to collect the quantitative and qualitative data.
Percentage was used for quantitative data analysis. Result of the study shows that
schools have low-tech technological devices such as highlighter/ marker, tape
recorder, tactile map etc. but modern devices such as DAISY, CCTV, and Braille
Refreshable were not found in any schoolsof this zone. The main reason for non-
availability of these devices in schools was lack of funds.
Keywords: Reading technological devices, Visual impairment, Inclusive school
INTRODUCTION
Many researches (Judge, Floyd, &Jeffs, 2008; Matzen et al., 2010) have
proved that technological devices played a major role in removing many barriers to
education and employment for visually impaired individuals. Students with visual
impairments can complete homework, do research work, take examination, and read
books, magazine along with their sighted peers, due to advancement of technology
in the field of special education. Students with visual impairments can continue to
work and pursue a great range of careers with the use of technological devices.
These devices make them to work independently. Like other persons with
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Visual Impairment,Faculty of Special
Education, Dr. ShakuntalaMisra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow
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disabilities, the individual with visual impairment also face many difficulties due to
their limitations but main issues include independent living, access to information
and meaningful experiences, although they are entitled to independence and
efficiency afforded by technology, including assistive technology (Kelly & Smith,
2011). Many studies (Peck &Scarpati, 2006; Allen, Bowden & James, 2009)
emphasize on the use of technological devices in teaching- learning process for
students with and without disabilities because technological devices enables teachers
to teach those concepts which seems to be difficult or impossible to teach students
with disabilities. As Bryant & Bryant (2012) say, ―For people without disability,
technology makes things easier; for people with disability technology makes things
possible‖, this statement shows the importance of technology for students with
disabilities. If schools‘ aimisthe inclusion of students with visual impairment, then
they must provide opportunity to those students to take benefits of technological
devices. To achieve the aim of inclusionfor students with visual impairment, schools
must ensure the availability of technological devices for those students. What is the
status of availability of technological devices in schools? That‘s the rationale behind
selection of this topic.
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the status of reading technological
devices for students with visual impairment in North-East Zone of Delhi‘s inclusive
schools.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS
Reading technological devices: In the context of present study reading
technological devices referred to any item, piece of equipment, or product
system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is
used by students with visual impairment for reading texts. Students with visual impairment: In the context of present study students
with visual impairment referred to those low vision and totally blind
studentswho were enrolled in inclusive schools of Delhi.
Inclusive schools of Delhi: In the context of present study inclusive schools
of Delhi referred to the Delhi Govt.‘s schools i.e. Directorate of Education‘s
(DoE) schools under jurisdiction of North-East Zone where both types of
students i.e. students with visual impairment and sighted students were
studying together.
North-East zone of Delhi:In the context of present study North-East zone of
Delhi referred to three educational districts of Delhi i.e. East, North-East, and
North.
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METHOD & PROCEDURE A mixed methodapproach was used in this study. The samples consisted of
15 inclusive schools of three educational districtsof North-East zone of Delhi i.e.
East, North-East, and North. There are total 114 schools in district East, 128 schools
in district North-East, and 63 schools in district North. In district East, out of 114
schools students with visual impairment were enrolled in 106 school. In district
North-East, out of 128 schools students with visual impairment were enrolled in 120
schools; while out of 63 schools of district North, 51 schools have enrollment of
these students. Researcher used purposive sampling to select the five schools from
each district (total 15 schools).The sample was selected according to the three
criteria: (i) Educational districts of North-East zone only.(ii) Five schools from each
educational district (ii) Schools where maximum number of students with visual
impairment (low vision & totally blind) were enrolled.
A checklist cum questionnaire was developed by researchers with the help of
various experts from the field of visual impairment in India. This tool was developed
to collect the quantitative and qualitative data.This tool is divided into two parts,
Part-A (quantitative data) contained 14 types of reading technological devices for
students with visual impairment, while part-B (qualitative data) contained two open
ended questions regarding reason for non-availability of reading devices.Fourteen
reading technological devices included in this tool are Highlighter/ Marker, Typo-
scope, Stand Magnifier, Hand Held Magnifier, Large Print Book, Tactile Image/
Map,Tape recorder, CD player, Recording devices, Talking/ Audio books, DAISY,
Refresher Braille Display, Computer with Screen Reading Software, and CCTV.
The respondent (IE-SSA &IEDSS teacher in-charge) were asked to put the mark ()
in the column either ‗Yes‘ or ‗No‘ against each reading technological device for
students with visual impairment on the account of availability and non-availability
of these devices in theirschools, further they were asked to write the reason for not
availability of device (if any device is not available).
DATA ANALYSIS After collection of data from selected 15 schools of above mentioned
threeeducational districts, quantitative and qualitative data was analyzed. Researcher
calculated the availability of 14 reading technological devices for students with
visual impairment in terms of percentage for each educational district separately.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY Findings of the study are divided into three parts, first part discussed the status of
reading technological devices for students with visual impairment in educational
district East, second part discussed the status in district North-East, while third part
explored the status of reading technological devices in district North.
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1. Availability of reading technological devices for students with visual
impairment in inclusive schools of district “East” of Delhi’s North-East
Zone
Researcher visited the five inclusive schools of district East of Delhito get
the status of availability of reading technological devices for students with visual
impairment, and found that out of 14 reading technological devices three reading
devise i.e. Highlighter/Marker,Large Print Books, and Recording deviceswere
available in all five schools, means availability of these devices is 100%. Another
two reading devices namely Tape Recorder & Cassette, and Computer with Screen
Reading Softwarewere found in four schools, means these devices were available in
80% schools. Three reading devices i.e. Typo-scope, Hand Held Magnifier, and
Tactile Image/ Map were found in three schools, means these three devices were
available in 60% schools. One reading device i.e. Talking/ Audio Books was found in
one school, means overall availability of this device is in 20% school. None of the
schools of the district East had five useful modern reading technological
devicesnamely Stand Magnifier, CD player, Digital Access Information System
(DAISY), Refreshable Braille Display, and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV).The
following bar diagram showing the status of availability of different types of reading
devices for students with visual impairment in the five schools of district East.
0
1
2
3
4
5
No
. of
Sch
oo
ls
Reading devices for students with visual imapairment
Availability of reading devices for students with visual impairment in Distt. "East" of Delhi
East
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2. Availability of reading technological devices for students with visual
impairment in inclusive schools of district “North-East” of Delhi’s
North-East Zone
Survey was conducted in the five inclusive schools of educational district
North-East of Delhi, and it was found that one reading devices i.e. Highlighter/
Markerwas available in all schools, means its availability was 100%. Another two
reading devices namely Recording Devices,and Tape Recorder & Cassette were
found in four schools, means these two reading devices were available in 80%
schools. Three reading devices i.e. Typo-scope, Hand Held Magnifier,and Tactile
Image/Map were found in three schools, means these devices were available in 60%
schools. Talking/Audio Books was found in two schools, means 40% schools; while
Stand Magnifier, and Computer with Screen Reading Software was available in only
one school, means overall availability of these two devices was in 20% schools.
None of the schoolsof the district hadfive reading technological devicesnamelyLarge
Print Books, CD Player, Digital Access Information System (DAISY), Refreshable
Braille Display, and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). The following bar diagram
showing the status of availability of different types of reading technological devices
for students with visual impairment in district North-East.
0
1
2
3
4
5
No
. of
Sch
oo
l
Reading devices for students with visual imapairment
Availability of reading devices for students with visual impairment in Distt. "North-East" of Delhi
North East
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3. Availability of reading technological devices for students with visual
impairment in inclusive schools of district “North” of Delhi’s North-East
Zone
Researcher visited the five inclusive schools of district North of Delhi to get the
status of availability of reading technological devices for students with visual
impairment, and found that out of 14 reading technological devices
onlyHighlighter/Marker was found in all schools, means availability of this devices
was 100%. Hand Held Magnifierwas found in two schools, means this reading
device was available in 40% schools. Three reading devices namely Tape Recorder
& Cassette,Recording devices, and Talking/ Audio Bookswere found in only one
schools, means overall availability of these three devices were in 20% schools. Out
of 14 reading technological devices nine useful devices namely Typo-scope,Stand
Magnifier,Large Print Books, Tactile Image/ Map, CD player, Digital Access
Information System (DAISY), Refreshable Braille Display,Computer with Screen
Reading Software and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV),were not found in a single
school of district North. The following bar diagram showing the status of availability
of different types of reading technological devices for students with visual
impairment in the five schools of district North.
0
1
2
3
4
5
No
. of
Sch
oo
l
Reading devices for students with visual imapairment
Availability of reading devices for students with visual impairment in Distt. "North" of Delhi
North
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DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Technological devices are the key to making educational environments
inclusive for students with visual impairment. Various types of technological
devices are considered a powerful tool for inclusion. This statement is supported by
Rocklage, Gillett, Peschong, andDelhorey (1995), who state ―Technology in the area
of assistive technology is critical and can facilitate the support and full participation
of an individual in daily tasks and activities‖. The primary aim should be to allow
children with disabilities access to technological devices which meets their needs
and provides for maximum participation in social and educational environments
(Wilds, 1989). Despite all these considerations schools under jurisdiction of three
districts of Delhi‘s North-East Zone,did nothave any modern technological device
for students with visual impairment. Analysis of qualitative data disclosed four main
reasons for non-availability of technological devices for students with visual
impairment in inclusive schools of North-East zonei.e. (i) Govt. has not allotted
budget to school to procure technological devices for student with disability, (ii)
unawareness among teachers and staff aboutreading devices(iii) unavailability of
trained teachers/ special education teachers, and (iv) unawareness of importance of
these devices.Further it was found that the schools where special education teachers
were working had more reading technological devices for students with visual
impairmentas compare to those schools where they were not working or
posted.Since special education teachers are aware about various reading
technological devices and their importance for these students hence they manage
anyhow to availability of these devices for students with visual impairment. But
schools where special education teachers were not working status of those schools in
terms of availability of reading technological devices were not up to the mark. This
finding is also supported by Fischer, Pumpian& Sax (1995) who say, ―Although
many educators are utilizing a range of ‗supplementary aids and services‘ necessary
to educate students with disabilities with their non-disabled peers, many are not
sufficiently familiar with assistive technology to use it effectively.‖ They further
report that many professionals have limited experience with the use of assistive
technology.
REFERENCES
Allen, C. L. B. V. & James, W. (2009). Assistive Technology: What Every School
Leader Should Know (3rd
ed.). Education, 129, p.556
Bryant, D. P. & Bryant B.R. (2012). Assistive Technology for People with
Disabilities (2nd
Ed.)N.J. (USA): Pearson.
Fischer, D., Pumpian, I., & Sax, C. (1995).Assistive Technology and
Inclusion.Retrieved from http://www.asri.edu/CFSP/brochure.asstech:htm Judge, S. Floyd, K., &Jeffs, T. (2008).Using an assistive technology toolkit to
promote inclusion, Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 121 -126.
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Kelly, S. M., & Smith, D. W. (2011). The impact of assistive technology on the
educational performance of students with visual impairments: A synthesis of the
research. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, vol.105, p.73-83.
Matzen, K., Ryndak, D. & Nakao, T. (2010). Middle school teams increasing access
to general education for students with significant disabilities: Issues
encountered and activities observed across context. Remedial and Special
Education, 31,287-34.
Peck, A. F. &Scarpati, S. (2006). Using high and low technology to help our
students.Teaching Exceptional Children, 6, (9), p.562.
Rocklage, L., Gillett, A., Peschong, L., &Delohery, B. (1995). Good Junk +
Technology + Creativity = Positive Inclusion Experiences.Retrieved from
http://www.csun.edu/~hfdss006/conf/2002/proceedings/16.htm
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 121
Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in Cultural
Ethics
Dr. Siddhartha Sharma1
Arundhati Roy is one of the few writers intensely interested in the socio-
political issues. Her novel, The God of Small Things captures many social values of
Indian society. The novel is set in a small town Ayemenem near Kottayam in Kerala,
and describes clearly the culture of Indian society and it is a story of caste
exploitation at the centre of which we find the forbidden love between Ammu and
the untouchable Velutha.
One of the major themes of this novel is based on caste as the protagonist is
suppressed as he is from a low caste and is referred to as an untouchable. They are
considered untouchables and to be shunned. Velutha is the figure that stands out as
the representative of the untouchables in the novel. ‗Velutha‘ which signifies
‗whiteness‘ in Malayalam, is represented as one with black completion.Many among
the untouchables are talented and brilliant. They can do all works as good as the
touchable do. But because the identity of ‗untouchable‘ labeled them, they can nor
develop or actualize their selves. Similarly, here Velutha works like a little
magician. He could do wonderful things like making tiny windmills and minute
jewel boxes out of dried palm reeds. VellayaPaapan, Velutha‘s father a toddy tapper
by profession was a paravan. Velutha, the untouchable boy had been in the habit of
going to Ayemenam House with his father for work.
Mammachiwas the first one to noticeVelutha‘s remarkable ability as a
carpenter. Despite his untouchability and poor background, Velutha is a great
support to Ammu‘s family. Among Velutha‘s contribution to Ammu‘s family are,
he is the best operator of machine in their factory besides he also has great carpentry
skills. But, like Mammachi said, if Velutha hasn‘t been a Paravan, he might have
become an engineer. Unlike the scholarly Oxford-trainedChacko, it is Velutha who
maintains the new canning machine and the automatic pineapple slicer. Veluthaalso
oils the water pump and the small diesel generator, and so on. So, it is clearly
prominent that the whole family of Mammachi depends more and more on Velutha.
But, Velutha‘s identity as the untouchable has made Mamachi‘s family cannot
appreciate him properly.
1. Associate Professor of English ,MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna(MP)
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VellayaPaapan had his own fears when Velutha grew into a young man. One day
Vellutha disappeared, and for the next four years nobody has any idea about his
whereabouts. Later he reappeared in Ayemenam but still nobody had idea where he
had been during this period. After his arrival Mammachi put him in charge of the
general maintenance of the factory. This caused antipathyand resentmentamong
other factory workers who were not untouchable. His father was fully aware of his
son being a rebel and had great fear for him. But soon terror holds of him when ―he
saw what his untouchable son had touched. More than touched‖ (254). The only
thing he could do was to rush to Ayemenam House and report the matter to
Mammachi.
The caste system does not permit love between Ammu and Velutha, and is
totally unacceptable by the society. Nevertheless they love each other, Ammu as the
touchable who will never be allowed to have any ‗special relationship‘ with Velutha,
the untouchable. Baby Kochamma rushed to the police station to explain the
circumstances that had led to the abrupt dismissal of Velutha. It was Sophie Mol‘s
death which comes as the last nail in Velutha‘s coffin. He was falsely implicated
though everyone knew that it was an accidental death. The police brutally
manhandled Velutha that led to his death. Velutha‘s body was dumped in the
Pauper‘s pit where the police routinely dumped their dead. That marked the end of
the life of an untouchable, a trade unionist, a rebel, a carpenter and to cap it all, a
lover. His desire to ‗relive‘ as a touchable triggered the tragedy.
The gender bias plays a vital role in our society. The status and condition of
man and woman in society is influenced very much by the culture. In Arundhati
Roy‘s The God of Small Things, there are three generations of women who each of
them was born and raised under different circumstances. Starting from the oldest
generation, there are Mammachi, then the generation of Ammu, and the youngest
generation is Rahel. Mammachi, Ammu‘s mother lives under the control of men.
She got married in puberty with seventeen-year-old man who has substantial control
over her life. In the beginning years of their marriage, when Mammachi had been a
promising violinist player, she left her career because Papachi asked her to leave it.
It was during those few months which they spenttogether in Vienna that
Mammachi took her first lessons on the violin. But the lessons were discontinued
when Mammachi‘s teacher Launsky-Tieffenthaltold Pappachi that his wife was
exceptionally talented. But this is not the only incident that shows us the domination
of man on a woman as his wife. The other case is the fact that there were some
domestic violence occurred in Mammachi‘s family. Papachi, in his life time often
beat Mammachi with a brass flower vase. In addition, Papachi insulted Mammachi
as she was never allowed to sit in his Plymouth, until after his death.
The other man who has control over Mammachi‘s life is Chacko, her
privileged and Oxford educated son. When he returned home after his divorce from
Margaret, he takes over Mammachi‘s pickle factory and referring to the factory as―. .
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. my factory, my pineapples, my pickles‖ (57) without regarding Mammachi who
has started and developed the factory before Chacko returned home. Facing these
facts, Mammachi has done nothing except accepting what has done on her.
Whatever her husband has done, as a virtuous woman, she accepts it because it is the
obligation of being woman as the culture has ruled her to be.
Ammu, belonged to the second generation of women in the novel is the one
who was mostly restricted by social circumstances. She is ruthlessly oppressed when
she tries to emerge as an individual in her own right. As the matter of fact, her
parents gave more affection to his brother for being a man than her as a woman. She
had no other choice but to live in her parents‘ house and to wait for marriage
proposal.Allthat time she dreamed of escaping from Ayemenem and from the
clutches of her ill-tempered father and long suffering mother.
Ammu went to Calcutta to spend her summer in a distant aunt‘s home. There
Ammu met her future husband. He was working as an assistant manager in a tea
estate in Assam. There she discovers that her husband was an alcoholic and a liar.
She then divorced him when he decided to sell her to his owner and returned to
Ayemenem to her parents. The society believed that a good woman should live with
her husband and accept whatever is done to her by her husband. Neglected and
ignored at Ayemenem, Ammu became extremely possessive of her vulnerable
twins–Rahel and Estha. Velutha was a very good friend to the twins and he was
ready to go to any extend to entertain them.
Ammu‘s love forVeluthais also a forbidden love as it is contradictory to the
cultural values of that time. As explained, the touchable people or the people who
have certain caste will never be allowed to have any relationship with the
untouchables. That‘s why Ammu‘s love forVeluthais not acceptable for both people
in Ammu‘s caste like Mamachi and Baby Kochama, and also for people in Velutha‘s
caste like his father who revealed their secret love to Ammu‘s family.
Ammutries to rebel against the cultural values and patriarchal system in
Indian society. Unlike her mother, she cannot accept the unjust attitudes and actions
of her husband and prefers divorce to keeping her marriage. Ammuis an example of
a member of society who breaks the communal laws of India.
Rahel, Ammu‘s daughter is the woman who has no place in her family and
society as well. Living in her grandparent‘s house, she is unable to lead the life of a
normal child. She lives as the witness of injustice of her mother‘s life. As Rahel is
growing up, she never experiences the real cultural tradition because no one regards
her presence, so that, Rahel becomes a free woman who unlike her mother, is not
restricted by the mental conditioning of the cultural tradition. That is why, on her
return to Ayemenem, she answers an old man who asked about her marital status by
―We‘re divorced‖ (130), without worrying about how the old man willtake her
answer. Despite thetrials and tribulations she had to undergo, Rahel emerged as a
strong individual. The author through this novel presents before us the constant
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struggle of the woman against their incessant exploitation, torture and struggle
which they undergo because of the male dominated conservative social structure.
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Balvannanadhan, Aida. Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in the
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Batra, Shakti. Arundhati Roy: The God of Small Things. Delhi: Surjeet Publications,
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Bharat, Urbashi. History Community and Forbidden Relationships in The God of
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Arundhati Roy the Novelist extraordinary. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1999.
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Bhatt, Indira and Nityanandam Indira.Explorations: Arundhati Roy’s The God of
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New Delhi: Creative Books, 1999. Print.
Dhawan, R.K. Arundhati Roy. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1999. Print.
Ganguly, Debjani. Caste, Colonialism and Counter-Modernity. New York:
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Nazari, Fahimeh. ―Revisiting the Colonial Legacy in Arundhati Roy‘s The God of
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Singh, N.P. Women in The God of Small Things: Arundhati Roy the Novelist
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oSfnd dky esa fyaxksikluk
M�0 v”ksd dqekj1
oSfnd dky ftls vk;ksZa dk dky Hkh dgk tkrk gS] esa lkekU; :i ls
oSfnd nso e.My dk gh izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ijUrq rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
lEcU/kh /keZxzUFkksa ,oa vU; ,sfrgkfld Jksrksa dk xgu fo”ys’k.k djus ij ges
bl dky esa “kSo/keZ fo”ks’k dj fyaxk;r lEiznk; ls lEcfU/k izek.k Hkh Li’V
:i ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
;g fuf”pr gS fd oSfnd vk;ksZ ds iatkc esa clus ls igys flU/kq?kkVh ds
yksx fupyh flU?kq?kkVh esa clrs Fks vkSj lEHkor% iwoZ ,oa mRrj dh vksj dkQh
nwj rd QSys gq, FksA flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk oSfnd lH;rk ls dkQh iqjkuh Fkh]
eksgutksnM+ksa esa ,d Þlqesjks&cschyksfu;uÞ feV~Vh dh fVfd;k feyh gS tks
lh0,y0QSczh ds vuqlkj 2800&2600 bZ0iw0 dh gSA 1 blls fl) gksrk gS fd
ftl le; oSfnd vk;Z Åijh iatkc esa cl jgs Fks] ml le; Hkh flU/kq ?kkVh ds
uxj vkckn vkSj le`) voLFkk esa FksA vr% dqN le; rd] lcls igys] oSfnd
vk;Z vkSj flU/kq ?kkVh ds yksx ledkyhu jgs gksaxsA iatkc ds ekSnkuksa esa rqjUr
cl tkus ds ckn lEHkor% ;s nksuksa tkfr;ka “k=q ;k fdlh vU; :i esa rc
vkil esa lEidZ esa vk;h gksaxh tc vk;ksZ us nf{k.k ;k nf{k.k iwoZ dh vksj c<+uk
izkjEHk fd;k gksxkA _Xosnh; lw=ksa esa gesa nklksa] nL;qvksa ,oa vk;ksZ ds vusd
“k=qvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA 2 bu “k=qvksa ds iqjksa vkSj nqxksZ dk Hkh dbZ ckj
mYys[k vk;k gS] tks iRFkj ;k /kkrq ls cus gq, FksA ;s iRFkj ;k /kkrq uxjh;
lH;rk dk Kku djkrs gSaA blls ;g Hkh fl) gksrk gS fd vk;ksZ ds ;s “k=q dqN
vlH; vkSj ccZj yksx ugha Fks ftldks vk;ksZ us lgt vius ekxZ ls gVk fn;k
cfYd os lH; tkfr;ka Fkha ftlds cM+s&cM+s uxj vkSj fdys Fks vkSj os laxfBr
1- izoDrk] txnh”k izlkn ik.Ms; Lekjd ih0 th0 dkyst nsoiqj vM~Mk cktkj egjktxat
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:i ls jgrh FkhaaaaA muds lkFk vk;ksZ dks Hk;adj ;q) djus iM+s] buds vusd
ladsr gesa feyrs gSa vkSj bUgha ;q)ksa esa fot; ikus ds fy;s vk;Z yksx nsorkvksa
ls izkFkZuk djrs FksA 3 lp rks ;g gS fd ;gh oSfnd tks bu “k=qvksa dks
frjLdkj dh Hkkouk ls nkl vkSj nL;q dgrs Fks viuh lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj
lkefjd esy&feyki Hkh dj ysrs FksA 4 vr% tc gekjs ikl bl ckr dk
LorU= izek.k gS fd ftl izns”kksa esa oSfnd vk;Z yM+kb;ka yM+ jgs Fks] yxHkx
mlh izns”k esa] mlh le; ,d lH; tkfr dk fuokl Fkk] rc bl ckr dh
lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS fd ;gh tkfr] vk;ksZ dh “k=q Fkh ;k de ls de mu
“k=qvksa esa ls ,d Fkh ftudk mYys[k _Xosn ds lwDrksa esa gqvk gSA 5 bl rdZ ds
leFkZu esa bu “k=qvksa dh dqN ,slh fof”k’Vrkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk g S
tks dsoy flU/kq ?kkVh ds yksxksa esa gh ik;h tkrh FkhaA _Xosn esa nks fofHkUu
LFkyksa ij nks _pkvksa esa *f”k”unsok%* “kCn vk;k gS&
izFke& u ;kor bUnz twtqoquksa u oUnuk “kfo’B% os|kfHk%A
l “k/kZn;ksZ fo’.kqL; tUrksekZ f”k”unsok vfixq_rao%A 6
vFkkZr&Þ gs bUnz! gesa i“kqpkjh ugh ekj ldrs] ge bUnztkfydksa ds eU=ksa ls ugh
ekjs tk ldrs] og nsorkghu i”kqvksa dks ekj dj izlUu gksrk gSA gekjs ;Kksa ij
f”k”uiwtdksa dh fot; u gksAÞ
;gka f”k”unsok% ls Li’V rkRi;Z fyax iwtdksa ls gS vkSj oSfnd vk;Z vkius
nsorkvksa dks f”k”uiwtdksa ls Js’B crk jgs gSaA ;gka ;g Hkh Li’V gS fd oSfnd
vk;ksZ dk izeq[k nso bUnz gS tks f”k”uiwtdksa dk ”k=q gSA oSfnd vk;ksZ dk /keZ
;K djuk gS tcfd “k=qvksa dk /keZ tknw&Vksuk gSA bl _pk dk Hkko gS fd
f”k”u nsork dHkh Hkh oSfnd vk;ksZ ls Js’V ugh gks ldrsaA 7
;gka foosP; gS fd ;kLd vius fu:dr esa *f”k”unsok%* dk vFkZ
*vczãp;Z* djrs gSa ftldk vFkZ gS dkeqdrkiw.kZ thouA *lk;.k* us ;kLd ds
bl vFkZ dk vuqlkj.k djrs gq, bls Þf”k”usu nhO;fUr dzhMUr bfr f”k”unsok%A
vczãp;kZ% bR;FkZ%AÞ dgk gSA lk;.k us *nsok%* “kCn dh O;k[;k *dzhMk* “kCn ls
dh gS tcfd fdlh _pk esa dgha Hkh nsok% dk vFkZ dzhM+k ugh cSBrk gSA 8
ns”keq[k ds vuqlkj lk;.k dh O;k[;k _pkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vuqi;qDr gSA
lEHkor% lk;.k vkSj ;kLd nksuksa gh bl rF; ls voxr ugha Fks fd oSfnd vk;ksZ
ds “k=q fyaxiwtd FksA lk;.k ds vuqlkj f”k”unsok% dk vFkZ fyax ls dzhM+k
djus okyk gSA mudk ;g vFkZ _pk ds lUnHkZ esa lafnX/k gS D;ksafd os bls
vczãp;Z ls O;Dr djr s gSaA blds foijhr fyax esa vO;Dr “kfDr dh egRrk u
gh v”yhy gS vkSj u gh ve;kZfnrA _pk esa ;s ckrsa rks vkxzgiwoZd dgh x;h
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gSaA _pk esa nks lEiznk; ds yksxksa dh rqyuk gS fdUrq xq.kksa dk foospu ugha gSA
blfy;s xq.kksa dh vuqfpr rqyuk vizklafxd gSA
f}rh;& lokta ;krkonq’ink ;URLo’kkZrk ifjlnRlfu’;u~A
vuokZ vPNrnqjL; osnks n`uafN”unsoka vfHkoiZlk Hkwr~AA 9
vFkkZr& *bUnz ;q) esa vfopy dneksa ls tkrk gSA og bl dkeuk ls vfHkHkwr
gksrs gq, tk jgk gS fd og ml iqj dh lkjh lEifRr ,oa oSHko izkIr djsxk
ftle sa lkS }kj gSa rFkk f”k”uiwtdksa dks cy ls ekj nsxkAÞ bl _pk esa oSfnd
vk;ksZ ds ;q) ds mn~ns”; Li’V gksrs gSaA bl _pk ls ;g Hkh Li’V gS fd
fuf”pr gh bUnz us iqj ¼uxj½ cukus okys rFkk f”k”uiwtd “k=qvksa dks ekjk vkSj
mudh lEifRr vig`r dj yhA _Xosn esa ftl lkSj }kj okys uxj dk o.kZu
izkIr gS og flU/kq dk gh uxj gSA iqu% ;g _pk Li’V ladsr nsrh gS fd bl
izdkj ds tulagkj ls oSfnd vk;ksZ us f”k”uiwtd flU/kqokfl;ksa dks ;q) esa
ijkHkwr fd;k] muds iqj ¼uxj½ u’V fd;s rFkk lEifRr dk vigj.k dj fy;kA
bl izdkj ;g rF; vlafnX/k gks x;k fd ;s iqjoklh lSU/ko f”k”uiwtd gh FksA
_Xosn esa bu f”k”uiwtdksa dks vR;Ur ?k`.kk dh n`f’V ls ns[kk x;k gSA 10
bl izdkj _Xosn ds le; esa f”k”uiwtdksa dks fufUnr crkrs gq, mUgsa voSfnd
dgk x;k gS bldk ewy dkj.k ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd oSfnd vk;kZ izkd`frd
“kfDr;ksa dh iwtk djrs FksA os tuusfnz; iwtk dh /kkj.kk ls nwj Fks D;ksafd buesa
tuusfUnz; iwtk dkvHkh fodkl ugha gks ik;k FkkA blds foijhr voSfnd vk;ksZ
esa tuusfnz; iwtk dk izpyu FkkA oSfnd vk;Z lkezkT;okn ds iks’kd Fks tSlk fd
mijksDr _pk ls Li’V gSA bUgksusa ijkftr yksxksa dks nkl] nL;q dh mikf/k
iznku dj voSfnd /kkjk ls tksM+ fn;k vkSj f”ko ;k muds fyax iwtk dks voSfnd iwtk dgkA
ijUrq bruk rks Li’V gS fd _XoSfnd dky esa Hkh fyax iwtk dk izpyu
Fkk] Hkys gh oSfndksa }kjk bls Lohdj u fd;k x;k gksA bu nksuksa tkfr;ksa ds
la?k’kksZ dk ifj.kke gqvk& *vk;ksZ dh fot;* vkSj /khjs&/khjs vU; ns”kksa dh rjg
;gka Hkh ijkftr vius fotsrkvksa ds lkFk ?kqy&fey x;s vkSj mudk i`Fkd
O;fDrRo yqIr gks x;kA ijUrq ;g lfEeJ.k dh izfdz;k nksuksa tkfr;ksa ij viuk
izHkko NksM+us esa lQy jghA bldk Li’V izek.k gesa vFkoZosn ds czkR; dk.M esa
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 11 ;gka ij oSfnd ,oa voSfnd /kkjk dk lek;kstu fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS rFkk osnksa esa f”ko dk fooj.k ,oa fyax iwtk dk izek.k feyus yxrk gSA vc
;g ckr ;gka ij tjk fofp= lh yxrh gS fd vk;ksZ us ftl izFkk dks xfgZr
le>k Fkk mlh dks mUgksusa vius ,d nsork dh mikluk dk vax cu tkus
fn;kA bldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd fyaxksikluk ,d cM+h izkphu izFkk Fkh vkSj
nwj&nwj rd bldk izpkj FkkA bldh ijEijk bruh izcy Fkh vkSj ftu yksxksa esa
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bldk izpkj Fkk mudh la[;k bruh vf/kd Fkh fd vk;Z lEHkor% bldk iw.kZ:i
ls neu ugha dj ldsA blds lkFk Lo;a vk;ksZ dh moZjrk lEcU/kh fof/k;ka Fkha
vkSj :nz Hkh moZjrk ds nsork FksA vr% vk;ksZ ds dqN ,sls oxkZs us] fo”ks’kr% mu
oxksZ us ftuesa ,slh moZjrk lEcU/kh fof/k;ksa dk lokZf/kd izpkj Fkk vkSj ftudk
flU/kq ?kkVh ds yksxksa ls lcls vf/kd lEidZ gqvk] bl izFkk dks Lohdkj djus esa
dksbZ vkifRr ugh le>hA vkf[kj bl izFkk dk ,d ,slh tkfr esa lEeku Fkk tks
oSfnd vk;ksZ ls de lH; ugha Fkh] vkSj fQj moZjrk lEcU/kh gksus ds ukrs og
oSfnd vk;ksZ ds tu&lk/kkj.k ds
/kkfeZd vkpkj&fopkj ds loZFkk izfrdwy ugha FkhA bl izdkj fyaxksikluk dk
oSfnd vk;ksZ esa izpkj gqvkA 12
vk;ksZ us bl izdkj fyaxksikluk dks Lohdkj rks dj fy;k ijUrq “kh?kz gh
mUgksaus blds ewy Lo:i dks fcYdqy iyV fn;kA viuh ewy /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk
dh i`’BHkwfe esa u jgus ds dkj.k vkSj vk;Z /keZ ds izxfr”khu fopkjksa ds izHkko esa
vkdj fyaxksikluk esa dqN u dqN ifjorZu rks vkuk gh FkkA ;|fi iqjkrurk ds
vknj ls vk;ksZ us mlds ckgjh vkdkj dks rks cuk;s j[kk] rFkkfi /khjs&/khjs
mlds lkjs Lo:i dks cny MkykA tuusfnz; lEcU/kh iqjkus fo”okl vkSj vkpkj
feVrs x;s] fyax ewfrZ;ksa dk vkdkj Hkh ;gka rd :f<+xr gks x;k fd mudk ewy
:i igpkuk ugha tk ldrk Fkk vkSj vUr esa Hkxoku f”ko dk fyax :i ,d
izrhd ek= gksdj jg x;k&^mlds fuxqZ.k Lo:i dk dsoy ,d ladsr^A
lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph&
1- M�0 ;nqoa”kh& “kSoer] fcgkj jk’VªHkk’kk ifj’kn iVuk f}0la0 1988 i`0 30
2- iqoksZDr i`0 30
3- mnkgj.kkFkZ _Xosn & ,Q0 eSDlewyj] ¼lEiknd½ yUnu] oSfnd la”kks/ku
e.My iwuk] 1863] & 2 & 14 n` 6
4- ;Fkk fo[;kr n”kjkK ;q) esaA
5- M�0 ;nqoa”kh & iqoksZDr i`0 30
6- _Xosn & iqoksZDr 7- 21 -5
7- ns”keq[k ih0 & b.Ml flfoykbts”ku] _Xosn ,.M fgUnw dYpj] ljkst
izdk”ku ukxiqj] 1992 i`0 306
8- iqoksZDr & i`0 306
9- _Xosn & iqoksZDr 10- 19- 3
10- eSDMkusy & fgLVhª vkQ laLdr fyV~jspj] oSfnd ekbFkkyth] okjk.klh] 1963 i0 155
11- ns[ksa& vFkoZosn] lR;ukjk;.k izsl cEcbZ] 1884] v/;k; 15 ¼czkR; dk.M½
12- M�0 ;nqoa”kh & iqoksZDr i`0 32
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Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 135
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 136
Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kk dh orZeku lUnHkZ esa
mikns;rk
ftrsUnz ukFk feJ1
oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa ^u dsoy ekuo us oSKkfud mUufr dj eaxy
rd igq¡p dj viuk ijpe Qgjk;k gS oju~ gkbMªkstu ce tSlh foLQksVd
lkexzh dks cukdj ekuork dks u"V djus dk Hkh leLr miØe cuk j[kk gSA
bl HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa euq"; ldkjkRed Li/kkZ ls ysdj udkjkRed Li/kkZ rd
dh lksp vius eu esa ltksa, cSBk gSA vkt euq"; bruk egRokdka{kh gks x;k gS
fd og lcdks ihNs NksM+dj lcdk mRihM+u o neu djds lcls vkxs jgus dh
lksp j[krk gSA vkt euq"; dk flQZ bruk lkspuk gS fd og viuh egRokdka{kh
lksp dh iwfrZ f'k[kj ij dSls igqaps\ blds fy, og fj'rs&ukrs rFkk lekt o
ekuork lc dks vuns[kk dj jgk gSA mlds LokFkhZiu us mldk nk;jk lhfer
dj j[kk gSA vkt og vkRedsfUnzr gksdj Lo;a rd lhfer gksdj jg x;k gSA
orZeku okrkoj.k us gekjh izkphu lH;rk] laLd`fr] ewY; ,oa ekU;rkvksa
dks u dsoy usLrukcwWan dj j[kk gS oju~ lc dqN myV&iyV dj j[k fn;k
gSA orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk ikB~;Øe Hkh ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks tkxr djus esa
iw.kZ l{ke ugha gSA vkt dh f'k{kk oSKkfud ;qx dh f'k{kk gS ftlesa dsoy
iz;kstukFkZ gh f'k{kk iznku dj ikB~;p;kZ dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS ;|fi
f'k{kk izfd`;k ds d{kh; o ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa }kjk Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa uSfrd]
pkfjf=d] lkaLd`frd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] yksdrkaf=d vkfn
ewY; ijd f'k{kkvksa dk lekosl fd;k x;k gS rFkkfi u rks v/;kid vkSj u gh
fo|kFkhZx.k budks cgqr vf/kd egRo nsrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k Ldwy] lekt rFkk
jk"Vª dk okrkoj.k fujUrj nwf"kr gksrk tk jgk gS rFkk ekuoh; laosnuk lekIr
gksrh tk jgh gSA
1- 'kks/k Nk= ¼vuqla/kku v/;srk½] f'k{kk ladk;] t0jk0fo0fo0 fp=dwV m0iz0
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,sls okrkoj.k esa ;g vko';d gh ugha oju~ vifjgk;Z gks tkrk gS fd
f'k{kk dks ge viuh izkphu laLd`frd /kjksgj ls tksM+sa rFkk okrkoj.k dks [kq'k o
ekuoh; cuk;saA ekuoh; laosnukvksa dk iqu% tkxj.k gks blds fy, gesa vko';d
igy djuh iMsxhA gekjh ewY; ijd f'k{kk,¡ gh gekjh lcls cM+h lkaLd`frd
/kjksgj gSA bl lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks thfor j[kuk izR;sd ns'koklh dk uSfrd
drZO; gSA
Hkkjrh; lakLd`frd /kjksgjksa ds iz.ksrk ds :i esa vusd izkP;xzUFk gekjs
le{k miyC/k gSa ftUgksaus gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgjksa dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj dj ,d
vkn'kZ thou ikou ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA bu izkP; xzUFkksa dh egRrk o
blesa of.kZr vusd f'k{kk,¡ izR;sd ;qx esa euq"; dk ekxZn'kZu djrh jgh gSa rFkk
lkaLd`fr dks lEiks"k.k rFkk lEc/kZu iznku djrh jgh gSA
fgUnh lkfgR; ds Lo.kZ ;qx ¼HkfDr dky½ esa lUr egkdfo rqylhnkl d`r
lukru laLd`fr ds vejxzUFk ^Jh jkepfjr ekul* esa vkn'kZ thou ,oa yksd
dY;k.k dh vusd ,slh f'k{kk,¡ gS tks vkt ds orZeku lUnHkZ esa u dsoy
izklafxd gSa oju~ vR;Ur mikns; gS rFkk lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks iq"V djus esa iw.kZ
l{ke gSA
bl egkxzUFk esa egkdfo rqylhnkl th us 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] uSfrd]
pkfjf=d] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] vk/;kfRed] leUo; ,oa
yksdrkaf=d tSlh vusd ewY; ijd f'k{kkvksa dk n'kZu izLrqr dj ge lHkh dk
ekxZn'kZu fd;k gSA ge bl egkxzUFk ls bu f'k{kkvksa dks xzg.k dj orZeku dh
Hk;kog fLFkfr ds ladV dks nwj djus esa l{ke gks ldrs gSaA
vkt ns'k ftu fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk gS mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij
fu;U=.k dj lc dqN Bhd&Bkd ,oa lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, bl xzUFk
esa of.kZr f'k{kkvksa dh laHkkoukvksa dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA
jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh th us Lo;a ftl yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk
liuk ns[kk Fkk mldh dYiuk Hkh mUgksaus Jh jkepfjr ekul esa vafdr jke
jkT; dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dh FkhA jktk n'kjFk tks fd Lo;a vo/k ds
pØorhZ lezkV gSa vkSj lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;ka muesa fufgr gSa ijUrq Jh jke us
jkT;kfHk"ksd ds fy, og efU=ifj"kn dh jk; ysuk mfpr le>rs gSaA
^^tkS iapfg er ykxsa uhdk] djgq¡ gj"k fg; jkefga VhdkAA**
bls yksdrkaf=d 'kfDr dh fou;'khyrk gh dgk tk;sxkA D;k ,slh
fou;'khyrk vktds yksdraf=d lezkV ds O;fDrRo esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS\
^^bZ'oj va'k tho vfouk'kh] psru] vey] lgt lq[k jk'kh]**
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 138
vk/;kfRed f'k{kk dk blls cM+k dksbZ nwljk mnkgj.k ugha gks ldrkA
ftl egkxzUFk us izR;sd izk.kh dks vkRek/kkjh rFkk bZ'oj dk va'k ekuk gS lkFk
gh vkRek dks psruk;qDr LoPN rFkk lgt :i ls lq[k dh jkf'k ekuk gS og
vusdrk es ,drk dk Li"V lUns'k ns jgk gSA Li"V gS fd tc ge lHkh ,d gh
bZ'oj dh lUrkus gSa rc /keZ] tkfr] Å¡p&uhp dk >xM+k D;ksa\ lkekftd
lejlrk ykus ,oa HkkbZpkjs dh f'k{kk iznku djus esa vkt Jh jkepfjr ekul
dh f'k{kk,¡ vrqyuh; ;ksxnku nsus esa l{ke gSaA
Hkkjr ds orZeku iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh th us Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr ftl
'kklu dh ckr dgh gS rFkk muds }kjk fy, x;s ns'kfgr esa vusd QSlyksa ij
Jh jkepfjr ekul dh f'k{kkvksa dh Li"V >yd fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA Jh jkepfjr
ekul dh vkfFkZd f'k{kkvksa rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr 'kklu rFkk Jh ujsUnzeksnh th
dk uksVcUnh dk QSlyk dk rqyukRed v/;k;u djus ij Lor% Li"V gks tkrk
gS fd og lekt esa vkfFkZd lejLrk ds i{k/kj gSaA
vkt ns'k vkradckn dh ftl foHkhf"kdk dks >sy jgk gS ,slh gh
foHkkf"kdk Jh jke ds ;qx esa yadkifr jko.k }kjk vkrad QSyk dj dh x;h FkhA
ml le; Jh jko.k ds vkrad dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, Jh jkepUnz us ckuj]
Hkkyw] jhN] ekuo vkfn dks laxfBr fd;k rFkk laxfBr gksdj jko.k ds vkrad
dks u"V fd;kA Bhd oSlh gh fLFkfr orZeku esa gSA vkt ns'k ds iz/kkuea=h Jh
ujsUnz eksnh th vkrad dh tuuh jk"Vª ikfdLrku }kjk iksf"kr vkradokfn;ksa vkSj
mudh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lewy u"V djus ds fy, fo'o eap ij vkradokn fojks/kh
leLr jk"Vªksa dks laxfBr dj jgs gSa rFkk gesa vk'kk gS fd ftl izdkj laxfBr
gks dj ml le; jko.k ds vkrad dks u"V fd;k x;k Bhd oSls gh Jh eksnh
th dh vkradokn ds fo:) laxfBr 'kfDr ,d fnu lexz vkradokn dks u"V
djus esa l{ke gksxhA vkradokn ds fo:) yM+dj mls u"V djus dh tks uhfr
Jh eksnh th py jgs gSa mlesa Jh jkepfjr ekul dh vkrad fojks/kh uhfr;ksa dh
Li"V >yd ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
Jh jkepfjr ekul esa ,slh vusd f'k{kk,¡ gSa tks orZeku fofHkUu
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa gekjk ekxZn'kZu dj ldrh gSaA
Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr fofHkUu f'k{kkvksa dh laHkkoukvksa dks uohu
n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kuk] lkspuk iMs+xk rHkh izR;sd laHkkouk dks lkdkj :i fn;k
tk ldsxkA
f'k{kk'kkL= o fgUnh ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr
f'k{kkvksa rFkk orZeku esa gksus okys muds ykHkksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/k gsrq
izo`Rr gksuk pkfg,A
Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 139
orZeku dh yxHkx leLr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh [kkst rFkk
laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k ds fy, Jh jkepfjr ekul dh f'k{kkvksa dh foLrr
Qyd ij ppkZ dj 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks bl iquhr dk;Z esa viuk ;ksxnku nsuk
pkfg,A
orZeku esa 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kkvksa dh vksj
viuk /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kkvksa esa fufgr lEHkkoukvksa dks
mtkxj dj euh"kh fo}kuksa ds le{k izLrqr djuk pkfg, rkfd mudh mikns;rk
dks lkFkZdrk fey ldsaA
lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1- jke fcgkjh yky] 'kSf{kd fpUru ,oa iz;ksx
2- MkW- jke'kdy ik.Ms;] f'k{kk orZeku lUnHkZ esa
3- jktifr nhf{kr] rqylhnkl vkSj mudk ;qx
4- jkeukFk lqeu] rqylhnkl vkSj mudh nsu
5- lhrkjke diwj] ekul ds ,sfrgkfld Jksr
6- jtuhdkUr 'kkL=h] ekul ehekalk