PREFACE xv

1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 1

22344

555

67II

I-I COMMUNICATIONS\

1-2 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS1-2.1 Information1-2.2 Transmitter1-2.3 Channel-Noise1-2.4 Receiver

1-3 MODULATION1-3.1 Description1-3.2 Need for modulation

1-4 BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS1-4.1 Sine wave and Fourier series review1-4.2 Frequency spectra of nonsinusoidal waves

2 NOISE 14

15

15

16

16

17

17

19

20

20

21

21

21

23

25

25

25

2-1 EXTERNAL NOISE2-1.1 Atmospheric noise2-1.2 Extraterrestrial noise2-1.3 Industrial noise

2-2 INTERNAL NOISE2-2.1 Thermal agitation noise2-2.2 Shot noise2-2.3 Transit-time noise2-2.4 Miscellaneous noise

2-3 NoIsE CALCULATIONS2-3.1 Addition of noise due to several sources2-3.2 Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in cascade2-3.3 Noise in reactive circuits

2-4 NOISE FIGURE2-4.1 Signal-to-noise ratio2-4.2 Definition of noise figure.

"

vi CONTENTS

26

27

29

30

2-4.3 Calculation of noise figure2-4.4 Noise figure from equivalent noise resistance2-4.5 Noise figure from measurement

2-5 NOISE TEMPERATURE

3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 35

35

3638

39

43

43

46

47

50

52

3-1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION THEORY3-1.1 Frequency spectrum of the AM wave3-1.2 Representation of AM3-1.3 Power relations in the AM wave

3-2 GENERATION OF AM3-2.1 Basic requirements-Comparison of levels3-2.2 Grid-modulated class C amplifier3-2.3 Plate-modulated class C amplifier3-2.4 Modulated transistor amplifers3-2.5 Summary

56

57

59

60

62

64

64

65

67

68

69

69

71

71

73

75

4 SINGLE-SIDEBAND TECHNIQUES

4-1 EVOLUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF SSB

4-2 SUPPRESSION OF CARRIER4-2.1 Effect of nonlinear resistance on added signals4-2.2 The balanced modulator

4-3 SUPPRESSION OF UNWANTED SIDEBAND4-3.1 The filter system4-3.2 The phase-shift method4-3.3 The "third" method4-3.4 System evaluation and comparison

4-4 EXTENSIONS OF SSB4-4.1 Forms of amplitude modulation4-4.2 Carrier reinsertion-Pilot-carrier systems4-4.3 Independent-sideband (ISB) systems4-4.4 Vestigial-sideband transmission

4-5 SUMMARY

808182858989

~. THEORY OF FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATION5-1.1 Description of systems5-1.2 Mathematical representation of PM5-1.3 Frequency spectrum of the PM wave5-1.4 Phase modulation5-1.5 Intersystem comparisons

CONTENTS vii

92

92

95

97

98

98

100

101

101

108

109

113

5-2 NOISE AND FREQUENCY MODULATION5-2.1 Effects of noise on carriet-Noise triangle5-2.2 Pre-emphasis and de-eiilphasis5-2.3 Other forms ofinteiference5-2.4 Comparison of wideband and narrowband FM5-2.5 Stereophoni~ PM multiplex system

,5-3 GENERATION OF FREQUENCY MODULATION

5-3.1 PM methods5-3.2 Direct methods5-3.3 Stabilized reactance modulator-AFC5-3.4 Indirect method

5-4 SUMMARY"

6 RADIO RECEIVERS 118

119

119

120

122

122

128

134

136

141

141

146

151

158

158

159

162

169

173

173

174

175

176

6-1 RECEIVER TYPES6-1.1 Tuned radio-frequency (TRF) receiver6-1.2 Superheterodyne receiver

6-2 AM RECEIVERS6-2.1 RF section and characteristics6-2.2 Frequency changing and tracking6-2.3 Intermediate frequencies and IF amplifiers6-2.4 Detection and automatic gain control (AGC)

6-3 COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVERS6- 3.1 Extensions of the superheterodyne principle6-3.2 Additional circuits6-3.3 Additional systems

6-4 FM RECEIVERS6-4.1 Common circuits-Comparison with AM receivers6-4.2 Amplitude limiting6-4.3 Basic FM demodulators6-4.4 Radio detector6-4.5 FM demodulator comparison6-4.6 Stereo FM multiplex reception

6-5 SINGLE- AND INDEPENDENT -SIDEBAND RECEIVERS6-5.1 Demodulation of SSB6-5.2 Receiver tvoes

7 TRANSMISSION LINES 185

. 185

186

188

7-1 BASIC PRINCIPLES7-1.1 Fundamentals of transmission lines7 -1.2 Characteristic impedance

viii CONTENTS

192193196199

202202206

214214215216217

7-1.3 Losses in transmission lines7-1.4 Standing waves7-1.5 Quarter- and half-wavelength lines7 -1.6 Reactance properties of transmission lines

7-2 THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS7-2.1 Fundamentals of the Smith chart7-2.2 Problem solution

7-3 TRANSMISSION-LINE COMPONENTS7-3.1 The double stub7-3.2 Directional couplers7-3.3 Baluns7-3.4 The slotted line

8 RADIATION AND PROPAGATION OF WAVES 222

223

223

229

236

237

239

246

248

?A.Q

8-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION8-1.1 Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves8-1.2 Effects of the environment

8-2 PROPAGATION OF WAVES8-2.1 Ground (surface) waves8-2.2 Sky-wave propagation-The ionosphere8-2.3 Space waves8-2.4 Tropospheric scatter propagation8-2.5 Extraterrestrial communications

9 ANTENNAS 255

256

256

257

258

258

259

261

262

262

264

264

265

266

267

?(\7

9-1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS9-1. 1 Electromagnetic radiation9-1.2 The elementary doublet (Hertzian dipole)

9-2 WIRE RADIATORS IN SPACE9-2.1 Current and voltage distributions9-2.2 Resonant antennas, radiation patterns, and length calculations9-2.3 Nonresonant antennas (Directional antennas)

9-3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS9-3.1 Antenna gain and effective radiated power9-3.2 Radiation measurement and field intensity9-3.3 Antenna resistance9-3.4 Bandwidth, beamwidth, and polarization

9-4 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON ANTENNAS9-4.1 Ungrounded antennas9-4.2 Grounded antennas

CONTENTS ix

268

269

272

272

272

273

274

275

276

278

280

281

281

290

293

295

296

297

298

300

301

302

303

9-4.3 Grounding systems9-4.4 Effects of antenna height

9-5 ANTENNA COUPLI~G AT MEDIUM FREQUENCIES9-5.1 General considerations9-5.2 Selection of feed point9-5.3 Antenna collplers9-5.4 Impedance matching with stubs and other devices

9-6 DIRECTIONAL HIGH-FREQUENCY ANTENNAS9-6.1 Dipole arrays9-6.2 Folded dipole and applications9-6.3 Nonresonant antennas-The rhombic

9-7 UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS9- 7.1 Antennas with parabolic reflectors9- 7.2 Horn antennas9- 7..3 Lens antennas

9-8 WIDEBAND AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE ANTENNAS9-8.1 Folded dipole (bandwidth compensation)9-8.2 Helical antenna9-8.3 Discone antenna9-8.4 Log-periodic antennas9-8.5 Loop antennas9-8.6 Phased arrays

9-9 SUMMARY

10 WAVEGUIDES, RESONATORS AND COMPONENTS 310

311

312

314

318

324

331

331

334

335

335

338

340

343

347

353

353

355

10-1 RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES10-1.1 Introduction10-1.2 Reflection of waves from a conducting plane10-1.3 The parallel-plane waveguide10-1.4 Rectangular waveguides

10-2 CIRCULAR AND OTHER WAVEGUIDES10-2.1 Circular waveguides10-2.2 Other waveguides

10-3 WAVEGUIDE COUPLING, MATCHING AND ATTENUATION10-3.1 Methods of exciting waveguides10-3.2 Waveguide couplings10-3.3 Basic accessories10-3.4 Multiple junctions10-3.5 Impedance matching and tuning

10-4 CAVITY RESONATORS10-4.1 Fundamentals10-4.2 Practical considerations

x CONTENTS

357

357

358

365

367

10-5 AUXILIARY COMPONENTS10-5.1 Directional couplers10-5.2 Isolators and circulators.10-5.3 Mixers, detectors and detector mounts

10-5.4 Switches

378

378

380

381

382

384

387

387

389

390

391

394

396

398

400

401

403

405

408

408

410

411

II-I MICROWAVE TRIODES~ 1-1.1 Frequency limitations of gridded tubes11-1.2 UHF triodes and circuits

11-2 MULTICAVITY KLYSTRON11-2.1 Operation11-2.2 Practical considerations

11-3 REFLEX KLYSTRON11-3.1 Fundamentals11-3.2 Practical considerations

11-4 MAGNETRON11-4.1 Introduction11-4.2 Operation11-4.3 Practical considerations11-4.4 Types, performance and applications

11-5 TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE (TWT)11-5.1 TWT fundamentals11-5.2 Pr!lctical considerations11-5.3 Types, performance and applications

11-6 OTHER MICROWAVE TUBES11-6.1 Crossed-field amplifier11-6.2 Backward-wave oscillator11-6.3 Miscellaneous tubes

417417419

420421422424

12-1 PASSIVE MICROWAVE CIRCUITS12-1.1 Stripline and microstrip circuits12-1.2 SAW devices

12-2 TRANSISTORS AND IN'rEGRATED CIRCUITS12-2.1 High-frequtncy .limitations12-2.2 Microwave transistors ~d integrated circuits

12-2.3 Microwave integrated c~rcuits12-2.4 Performance and apptications of microwave transistors

and MTCs 425

CONTENTS xi

427

427

430

430

432

432

435

440

440

444

446

448

448

451

454

455

458

459

461

462

463

464

465465469470472475

12-3 VARACTOR AND STEP-RECOVERY DIODES AND MULTIPLIERS12-3.1 Varaclor diodes12-3.2 Step-recovery diodes12-3.3 Frequency multipliers

12-4 PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIERS12-4.1 Basic principles12-4.2 Amplifier circuits

12-5 TUNNEL DIODES AND NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE AMPLIFIERS12-5.1 Principles of tunnel diodes12-5.2 Negative-resistance amplifiers12-5.3 Tunnel-diode applications

12-6 GUNN EFFECT AND. DIODES12~6.1 Gunn effect12-6.2 Gunn diodes and applications

12- 7 AVALANCHE EFFECTS AND DIODES12-7.1 IMPATT diodes12-7.2 TRAPATT diodes12-7.3 Performance and applications of avalanche diodes

12-8 OTHER MICROWAVE DIODES12-8.1 PIN diodes12-8.2 Schottky-barrier diode12-8.3 Backward diodes

12-9 STIMULATED-EMISSION (QUANTUM-MECHANICAL) ANDASSOCIATED DEVICES12-9.1 Fundamentals of masers12-9.2 Practical masers and their applications12-9.3 Fundamentals of lasers12-9.4 CW lasers and their communications applications12-9.5 Other optoelectronic devices

13 PULSE COMMUNICATIONS 484

485485487491

494494496498499

13-1 INFORMATION THEORY13-1.1 Information in a communications system13-1.2 Coding13-1.3 Noise in an information-carrying channel

13-2 PULSE MODULATION13-2.1 Introduction-Types13-2.2 Pulse-width modulation13-4.3 Pulse-position modulation (PPM)13-2.4 Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

xii CONTENTS

507

508

510

13-3 PULSE SYSTEMS13-3.1 Telegraphy (and Telex)13-3.2 Telemetry

14 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 516

517

517

519

523

528

528

530

535

541

547

548

550

552

553

553

556

557

559

14-1 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY14-1.1 Digital fundamentals14-1.2 The binary number system14-1.3 Digital electronics

14-2 FUNDAMENTALS OF BATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS14-2.1 The emergence of data communications systems14- 2.2 Characteristics of data transmission circuits14-2.3 Digital codes14-2.4 Error detection and correction

14-3 DATA SETS AND INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS14-3.1 Modem classification14-3.2 Modem interfacing14- 3.3 Interconnection of data circuits to telephone loops

14-4 NETWORK AND CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS14-4.1 Network organizations14-4.2 Switching systems14-4.3 Network protocols

14-5 SUMMARY

15 BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 562

563

564

566

568

569

571

571

575

576

576

581

592

592

593

594

595

15-1 MULTIPLEXING15-1.1 Frequency-division multiplex15-1.2 Time-division multiplex

15-2 SHORT- AND MEDIUM-HAUL SYSTEMS15-2.1 Coaxial cables15-2.2 Fiber optic links15-2.3 Microwave links15-2.4 Tropospheric scatter links

15-3 LONG-HAUL SYSTEMS15-3.1 Submarine cables15-3.2 Satellite communications

15-4 ELEMENTS OF LONG-DISTANCE TELEPHONY15-4.1 Routing codes and signaling systems15-4.2 Telephone exchanges (switches) and routing15-4.3 Miscellaneous practical aspects15-4.4 Introduction to traffic engineering

1

CONTENTS xiii

16 RADAR SYSTEMS 600

601

601

606

612

612

617

620

623

626

632

634634

637

638642

16-1 BASIC PRINCIPLES16-1.1 Fundamentals16-1.2 Radar performance factors

16-2 PULSED SYSTEMS16-2.1 Basic pulsed radar system16-2.2 Antennas and scanning16-2.3 Display methods16-2.4 Pulsed radar systems16-2.5 Moving-target indication (MTI)16-2.6 Radar beacons

\16-3 OTHER RADAR SYSTEMS

16-3.1 CW Doppler radar16-3.2 Frequency-modulated CW radar16-3.3 Phased array radars16-3.4 Planar array radars

17 TELEVISION FUNDAMENTALS 648

649649651

655655657660

664664665670674679

682682684689

17-1 REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS17-1.1 Introduction to television17-1.2 Television systems and standards

17-2 BLACK-AND-WHITE TRANSMISSION17-2.1 Fundamentals17-2.2 Beam Scanning17-2.3 Blanking and synchronizing pulses

17-3 BLACK-AND-WHITE RECEPTION17-3.1 Fundamentals17-3.2 Common, video and sound circuits17-3.3 Synchronizing circuits17-3.4 Vertical deflection circuits17- 3.5 Horizontal deflection circuits

17 -4 COLOR TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION17 -4.1 Introduction17-4.2 Color transmission17-4.3 Color reception

18 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY 701

18-1 HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS

1 R.;2 WHY FTRF.R nPTTrS?

702

7()~

xiv CONTENTS

703

704

705

709

712

716

717

717

718

718

719

721

722

722

723

727

731

732

733

735

18-3 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT18-3.1 Reflection and Refraction18-3.2 Dispersion, Diffraction, Absorption, and Scattering

18-4 THE OPTICAL FIBER AND FIBER CABLES18-4.1 Fiber Characteristics and Classification18-4.2 Fiber Losses

18-5 FIBER OPTIC COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS18-5.1 The Source18-5.2 Noise18-5.3 Response Time18-5.4 The Optical Link\18-5.5 Light Wave18-5.6 The System

18-6 INSTALLATION, TESTING, AND REPAIR18-6.1 Splices18-6.2 Fiber Optic Testing18-6.3 Power Budgeting18-6.4 Passive Components18-6.5 Receivers

18-7 SUMMARY

APPENDIX: LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 741

INDEX 745

J