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Pregnancy and Childbirth

Chapter 5

The Developing Child

Page 138

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Empathy Belly

Choose a date to wear During one class periodMen and women both have the

opportunity

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Section 5-1 The Developing Baby

Key termsMake flash cards with vocabulary word on

one side and the definition on the other

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Video

Online the First nine months

YouTube - 9 months of pregnancy in less than 3 minutes

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Conception

About once a month, an OVUM (female cell or egg) is released by one of a woman’s ovaries

The egg moves through the Fallopian tube to the UTERUS (the organ where the baby develops)

The journey takes about 2-3 days

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Conception

When the egg reaches the uterus, it usually disintegrates and is flushed out of the body with the menstrual flow

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Conception

Sometimes the egg meets and is fertilized by a SPERM (male cell)

When the ovum and sperm unite, CONCEPTION takes place and pregnancy begins

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Fertilization

Can take place only 2-3 days after the ovum has been released

However, sperm can live up to 7 daysThere is a time period of about 10 days

each months when a female can become pregnant

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Period of the ZygoteThe first stage in developmentZYGOTE (fertilized egg)Time period lasts about 2 weeksThe zygote travels down the Fallopian

tube and attaches itself to the thickened lining of the uterus

The zygote grows by cell divisionExampleAfter 2 weeks it is the size of a pinhead

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Period of the Embryo

Second stage of pregnancy (EMBRYO)Develops from the 3rd week to the 8th

1. The mass of cells develops into all major systems of the human body- heart and lungs, bones and muscle

2. A sac filled with fluid forms around the embryo ( AMNIOTIC FLUID)

3. A tissue called the (PLACENTA) develops

4. (UMBILICAL CORD) bring nourishment and takes away waste

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Period of the Fetus

Last stage of pregnancyFrom the 8-9th week until birthDivide into 9 groups:Using the chart on pages 146-147, make

a chart depicting a month of pregnancyInclude: Size and weight, development,

description, and graphic

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Preparing for Birth

During the 9th month, the baby drops into the birth canal (LIGHTENING)

Fetus is usually upside down- head near mother’s pelvis

Less active- little space to moveThe muscles of the uterus and abdomen

stretch up to 60 times their original sizeAnd return within 6 weeks of birth

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Length of Pregnancy

37-42 weeks40 weeks most common

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Section 5-2 Conception

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Objectives

Describe how personal characteristics are inherited

Explain the cause of multiple birthsEvaluate different possible solutions for

infertility

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Key Terms

ChromosomesDominantGenesInfertilityRecessiveSurrogate

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The Genetic Package

Each person inherits characteristics from both parents

Examples: eye color, hair color, body build, etc.

Musical abilityMedical conditions

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Chromosomes

(CHROMOSOMES) tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell

At conception, every human baby receives 46

Chromosomes come in 23 pairs from mom and dad

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Genes

(GENES) units that determine the child’s inherited characteristics

Each chromosome has thousands of genes

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Dominant and Recessive Genes

(DOMINANT) stronger(RECESSIVE) weakerExample: mom has blue eyes and dad

has brown What color will the child have?Child will probably have brown eyes

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Making a unique person

Each sperm and egg contains a different combination of genes

When they combine in a fertilized egg, they produce a unique individual

Example: the child may haveThe father’s eye colorThe mother’s hair colorGrandfather’s dimples, etc.

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The Sex of the Child

Determined at conceptionSex chromosomes: X and YEvery egg cell contains an X

chromosomeEach sperm cell contains either an X or YIf the sperm that fertilized the egg carries

an X the child is a girl (XX)If the sperm carries a Y the child is a boy

(XY)

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Multiple Births

Are determined at conceptionSometimes the mass of cells split in half

soon after fertilizationEach clump of cells continues to divide

and grow into a separate embryoResult: (IDENTICAL TWINS)Both began as one zygoteSame sex and characteristics

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Fraternal Twins

Form when two eggs are released at the same time and each is fertilized

They grow side by side in the uterusDifferent eggs and different spermOnly similar as other siblings

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Infertility

The inability to become pregnant (INFERTILITY)

Medical advances improve chances to become pregnant

Perhaps there are physical problems:Women’s ovaries are not releasing an egg

each monthWeak sperm

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Options for Infertile Couples

AdoptionArtificial inseminationIn vitro fertilizationOvum transferSurrogate motherDivide into five groupsInvestigate a topic pages 153-154Record your findings

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Section 5-3 Problems in Prenatal Development

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Losing a baby

(MISCARRIAGE) baby dies before 20 weeks of pregnancy

(STILLBIRTH) baby dies after 20 weeksSupport groups help with mental painSurgery to remove fetus

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Types of Birth Defects

Serious problems that threaten the baby’s health or ability to live

Hundreds of birth defectsSome are mild or can be correctedOthers are severe lifelong disabilitiesSome may cause deathAbout 3 in every 100 births

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Examples

Misshapen footExtra toeBlindnessEtc.

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Causes of Birth Defects

Don’t know what causes about 60%Research is an on-going processMarch of Dimes (hyperlink)Found 4 main causes:Environmental causesHereditary causesErrors in chromosomesInteraction of heredity and environment

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Environmental Causes

Dependency on mother’s body for nourishment and oxygen

DietHarmful substancesMedicinesExposure to outside hazards (radiation)

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Hereditary Causes

Thousands of genes make up a genetic profile

5-6% of recessive genes are imperfectUsually not a problemHowever, if each parent passes on the

same recessive defective genes the gene becomes dominant

Males more prone: color blindness, hemophilia

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Errors in Chromosomes

Example: too many or too few chromosomes in each of the baby’s cells

Not inheritedMost common Down syndromeExtra chromosome 21

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Interaction of Heredity and EnvironmentExample: inherit a tendency for a heart

defect with another factor such as a drug or a virus

Example: cleft lip and spina bifida

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Prevention

Drugs, alcohol, caffeine avoidanceMake healthy choicesGenetic counselingPrenatal test:UltrasoundAmniocentesisChorionic villi

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Section 5-4 Avoiding Dangers

FAS (FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME)Directly related to alcohol consumptionAffected by the stage of pregnancy in

which the alcohol was consumedInterferes with tissue growth and brain

developmentDon’t drink at all

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Fetal alcohol syndrome

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Other Drugs

Prescription medicinesOver-the-counter medicinesCaffeineNicotineIllegal drugsInhalants

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X-rays

Radiation from X-rays can cause birth defects

Both men and women should avoid X-rays before pregnancy

Abdominal shields

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Rubella

German measlesEffects:DeafnessBlindnessHeart diseaseMental retardation

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STDs

Result in serious illness, deformity, or even death

Some can be treatedSome have no cures

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AIDS

If a woman has AIDS, baby may be at riskGiven treatment to reduce the chances

that the baby will develop AIDSEarly testing is important

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Birth Defects Pamphlet

assignment

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The end

Karen Palmer2010