Pregnancy and

Lactation

Life Cycle Nutrition

Prior To Pregnancy

• Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight

• Choose and adequate and balanced diet

• Be physically active• Avoid harmful influences

Weight Prior To Conception

• Underweight– Preterm

• Overweight and obesity– Post term– Cesarean section

Weight Gain

Weight Gain

#2 b

Weight Gain#4 c#4 c

#4 c

Exercise During Pregnancy

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs

#6 c #13 b,c

Nutrition-Related Concerns

• Nausea• Constipation and hemorrhoids• Heartburn• Food cravings and aversions• Non-Food cravings

–Pica #7 d #8 b

Nutrition-Related Concerns

Nutrition-Related Concerns

High-Risk Pregnancies

High-Risk Pregnancies

Infant’s Birth Weight

• Low birthweight (LBW)– Criteria: 5 ½ pounds– Causes:

•Mother’s weight•Mother’s nutritional status•Mother’s age

#1 b #11 d #12 a

Maternal Health• Preexisting diabetes• Gestational diabetes• Pre-existing hypertension• Transient hypertension of pregnancy• Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia• Pregnancy in adolescents• Pregnancy in older women

– Down’s Syndrome

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy

• Alcohol; caffeine• Illicit drugs; medicinal drugs• Herbal supplements• Smoking; chewing tobacco (SIDS)• Environmental contaminants• Vitamin/Mineral megadoses• Weight-loss dieting• Sugar substitutes

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding

Practices Incompatible With Lactation

• Alcohol; smoking; caffeine

• Illicit drugs; medicinal drugs

• Environmental contaminants

#16 b

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

#9 d

Alcohol• Prenatal alcohol exposure

– Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder = ARND

– Alcohol-related birth defects = ARBD

Alcohol• Drinking during pregnancy

• How much is too much?

• When is the damage done?– 1st trimester – brain, heart, kidney– 2nd trimester – increased abortion– 3rd trimester – growth retardation