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PREHISTORY: -15bn to -1000
-13,700,000,000 Beginning of the universe: "Big Bang"
-4,600,000,000 Age of Sun and Earth
-3,800,000,000 Earliest single-celled life appears on Earth
-1,000,000,000 First multi-cellular plants (algae) appear
-540,000,000 Start of Cambrian Period, life proliferates in the sea
-450,000,000 Vegetation colonizes land, and Arthropods first land animals
-350,000,000 Formation of Pangaea supercontinent
-300,000,000 First amphibians and reptiles
-230,000,000 First dinosaurs and early mammals appear
-200,000,000 Continents begin to split into present configuration
-150,000,000 Archaeopteryx earliest known bird
-70,000,000 First primates and other modern mammals appear
-65,000,000 Dinosaurs die out
-15,000,000 Great apes speciate from other apes and monkeys
-4,000,000 Bipedal ape-like hominids first appear in Africa
-2,500,000 Australipithecus and Homo Habilis start to make tools
-1,500,000 Homo Erectus and Homo Ergaster control fire-200,000 Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens appear
-40,000 "Great Leap Forward" in human cognitive development
-25,000 Cro-Magnon Man reaches Europe - earliest Paleolithic art
-25,000 Neanderthals die out and Homo Sapiens dominates
-15,000 First Asian migrants cross Bering Straits to North America
-11,000 End of last "ice age" and start of current interglacial period
-8,000 Extinction of mastodons and other megafauna
-6,000 New Stone Age (Neolithic) in Europe - settled agriculture
-3,000 Bronze Age in Europe
-1,800 Main circle built at Stonehenge, Britain
-1,000 Iron Age in Europe
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ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST: -7000 to 600
-7000 Founding of Jericho - world's earliest known city
-4000 Early Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia
-3500 Sumerian cuneiform (picture-writing) developed
-3500 Sumerians invent wheel
-2500 Early Hebrew civilization in Israel area
-2100 Babylon established by the Chaldeans
-2000 Abraham migrates from Ur to Canaan
-2000 Hittite empire established in Asia Minor
-2000 Gilgamesh Epic (heroic poem) written in cuneiform
-2000 Phoenicians trading in Eastern Mediterranean
-1800 Babylonian king Hammurabi codifies laws
-1600 Phoenicians develop phonetic alphabet
-1400 Hebrews invade Canaan (Joshua)
-1300 Hebrew Exodus from Egypt under Moses
-1250 Israelites invade Palestine
-1200 Hittites overthrown by Assyrians
-1020 Saul becomes King of Israel
-1000 David becomes King of Israel - Philistines defeated
-970 Solomon becomes King of Israel
-940 Death of King Solomon - kingdom split into two
-800 Phoenicians establish colony at Carthage, North Africa
-720 Assyrians invade Palestine
-620 Ninevah sacked by Medes - end of Assyrian empire
-600 Hanging Gardens of Babylon built by Nebuchadnezar
-580 Nebuchadnezar takes Hebrews into captivity in Babylon
-540Medes and Persians under Cyrus control most of Asia
Minor
-530 Jews freed after Cyrus the Persian conquers Babylon
-525 Persians expand into Egypt, Asia Minor and towards India
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-486 Xerxes becomes King of Persia
-165 Jewish kingdom revived under Hasmoneans and Maccabees
-87 Babylonian tablet records passage of Halley's Comet
-63 Romans under Pompey conquer Palestine
-4 Birth of Jesus Christ
33 Death of Jesus Christ
67 Death of St Paul
70 Jerusalem destroyed by Romans after rebellion
135 Emperor Hadrian completes destruction of Palestine
600 Jewish Talmud written
ANCIENT EGYPT: -5000 to -30
-5000 Earliest Egyptian settlements
-3400 Hieratic writing developed by Egyptians
-3100 First Egyptian dynasty under Pharoah Menes - Memphis built
-2800 Papyrus used as writing material by Egyptians
-2600 Old Kingdom of Egypt - first pyramid built at Saccara
-2500 Pyramid of Giza built
-2040 Middle Kingdom of Egypt - reunification under Theban kings
-1500 New Kingdom of Egypt - civilization peaks
-1500 First alphabet developed in Egypt
-1327 Death of Tutankhamun
-725 Nubians from present-day Sudan conquer Egypt
-700 Assyrians invade Egypt
-500 Persians invade Egypt
-450 End of Pharoahs' rule in Egypt - 30th Dynasty
-400 Egypt independent of foreign domination
-270 Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria built
-51 Cleopatra becomes Queen of Egypt
-30 Cleopatra commits suicide - Egypt ruled by Romans for 7 centuries
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ANCIENT GREECE: -4400 to
+267
-4400 Minoan (or Aegean) culture established in Crete
-2700 First settlement at Troy
-1600 Greek tribes settle in Greece and Asia Minor
-1400 Knossos sacked - end of Minoan civilization
-1200 Siege of Troy, and adventures of Iliad and Odyssey
-1200 Mycaenean civilization starts to decline
-776 First Olympic Games held in Greece
-700 Death of Homer (writer)-700 Lydians introduce metal coinage
-540 Death of Croesus, fabulously rich king of Lydia
-510 Democratic constitution established in Athens
-490 Death of Pythagoras (mathematician and philosopher)
-490 Greeks defeat Persians under Darius and Xerxes
-460 Golden Age of Greece under Pericles
-450 Death of Aeschylus (dramatist)
-450 Great statue of Zeus built at Olympia
-430 Death of Hippocrates (physician)
-430 Peleponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta
-406 Death of Sophocles and Euripides (dramatists)
-400 Death of Democritus (philosopher)
-399 Death of Socrates (philosopher)
-385 Death of Aristophanes (comic dramatist)
-348 Death of Plato (philosopher)
-340 Greece reunited under Philip II - second flowering of arts
-330 Alexander the Great defeats Persians - expands towards India
-320 Alexander the Great dies and Greek empire is split
-320 Death of Aristotle (philosopher)
-300 Euclid develops geometry
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-250 Parthians control much of Eastern Greek empire
-210 Death of Archimedes (mathematician and scientist)
120 Death of Plutarch (biographer and writer)
200 Death of Claudius Galen (physician)
267 Goths overrun Greece, capture Athens and sack other cities
EARLY INDIA: -3000 to +1556
-3000 Advanced civilization (Dravidians) in Indus Valley
-2500 Tribes of Aryans (Indo-Europeans) gradually move into India
-1000 Rig Veda (first Indian sacred text) written-540 Magadha kingdom in Northern India becomes dominant power
-528 Enlightenment of Gautama Buddha
-480 Death of Gautama Buddha and spread of his teachings
-330 Alexander the Great makes incursions into India
-240 King Asoka extends his empire to cover most of India
320 Gupta dynasty reunites India and arts flourish
550 White Huns from the north west destroy Indian empire
1206 Turkish Sultanate established in Delhi - power centralized
1398 Mongols under Tamerlaine invade Northern Indian and sack Delhi
1509 Portuguese trading empire established at Goa, South India
1519 Sikhism founded in India
1526Babar (Babur), descendent of Mongol leader Tamerlaine founds
Mughal (Mogul) Empire in India
1556 Mughal leader Akbar comes to power - controls most of India
EARLY CHINA AND JAPAN: -
2500 to 907
-2500 First Golden Age of China under Yao, Shun and Yu
-1600 Shang Dynasty - advanced civilization and literature
-1030 Chou Dynasty - feudal system established
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-660 Japanese Empire established by Jimmu
-530 Death of Lao-Tsu, founder of Taoism
-500 Wars between rival Chinese kingdoms
-500 Confucius preaching in China
-480 Ch'in Dynasty - standardized language and administration
-220 Shih Huang Ti first emperor of united China
-210 Great Wall of China built to keep out Mongolians
-200Han Dynasty - Mandarin bureaucracy and invention of
paper
-140 Emperor Wu Ti expands Chinese Empire
200 Silk, porcelain and tea exported to west on Silk Road
220 End of Han Dynasty - China divided for 3 centuries
400 Japanese states united by Yamato clan
400 Shinto cult in Japan
520 Zen form of Buddhism introduced to China from India
581 Sui Dynasty - China reunited
600 China's Grand Canal (longest canal system in world) rebuilt
600 Khmer Empire established in Indo-China
618 T'ang Dynasty in China - arts and literature thrive
683 Empress Wu becomes first and only Chinese woman ruler710 Japanese capital established at Nara
794 Kyoto becomes capital of Japan during Heian period
868 First book printed in China
907 "Five Dynasties" and partition of China
EARLY AMERICAS: -2000 to 1490
-2000 Neolithic cultures in Peruvian desert
-1500 Olmecs settle on Gulf Coast of Mexico
-900 Chavin culture predominates in northern Peru
-400 Mayan civilizations develop in Central America
150 High Mayan society in Guatemala and Mexico
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250 Classic period of Mayan civilization
650 Zapotec civilization of southern Mexico at its zenith
700 Widespread pre-Inca culture develops around Lake Titicaca, Peru
900 Mayan Empire mysteriously collapses
1000 Viking Leif Erikson "discovers" North America
1100 Inca tribes move into Cusco valley, Peru
1200 Cahokia capital of Mississipian cultures of North America
1470 Centralized Incan empire stretches from Ecuador to Argentina
1490 Aztec Empire covers much of Mesoamerica by this time
ANCIENT ROME: -1000 to 476
-1000 Early Roman tribes settle around Rome
-750 Foundation of city of Rome
-510 Republic of Rome declared
-490 Romans free themselves from Etruscan domination
-280 Romans control most of Italy
-260 Start of Punic Wars against Carthage
-200 Scipio defeats Hannibal and the Carthaginians
-140 Romans finally destroy Carthage
-71Death of Spartacus (Thracian rebel and
insurrectionist)
-63 Romans under Pompey conquer Palestine
-55Julius Caesar takes Britain after annexing Gaul forRome
-54 Death of Catullus (poet)
-48Julius Caesar becomes Roman leader after defeating
Pompey
-44Julius Caesar assassinated and Augustus takes over
as leader
-43 Death of Cicero (orator and dramatist)
-31Augustus defeats his rival Marcus Antonio and
Cleopatra
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-27 Augustus becomes first Roman emperor
-19 Death of Virgil (poet)
-8 Death of Horace (poet)
18 Death of Ovid (poet)
60 Boadicaea and Iceni tribe's revolt against Rome fails
65Death of Seneca the Younger (philosopher anddramatist)
68 Death of Emperor Nero
70 Jerusalem destroyed by Romans
79 Destruction of Pompei by Vesuvius volcano
113 Death of Pliny the Younger (writer)
117 Roman Empire at greatest extent under Hadrian
122 Hadrian's Wall built in Britain
135 Emperor Hadrian completes destruction of Palestine
140 Death of Juvenal (poet and Stoic)
150Roman-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy describesmotions of stars and planets
180Death of Marcus Aurelius and beginning of the
decline of the Roman Empire
300Ambrosian Chants one of earliest forms of Western
music
315Under Diocletian, Roman Empire split into East(Byzantine) and West
410 Rome sacked by Alaric the Visigoth
430 Death of St. Augustine (philosopher and theologian)
446 Romans pull out of Britain
476Romulus Augustulus, last Western Roman Emperor,
deposed
EARLY AFRICA: -800 to 1652
-800 Phoenicians establish colony at Carthage, North Africa
-500 Iron Age Nok culture thriving in Nigeria
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-200 Axum Kingdom established in Ethiopia
50 Aksum line of Ethiopian kings start rule
100 Bantu people of West Africa start to spread south and east
400 Ghana controls important African gold trade
1000 Zimbabwe culture influencial in East Africa
1050 Islamic Berber dynasties established in Sahel
1230Ghanaian Empire replaced by Mali, centred aroundTimbuktu
1325 Zenith of Mandingo Empire in Mali
1340 Songhai Empire replaces Mali rule
1483 Portuguese travellers discover Congo River
1493 Songhai Empire reaches height of power under Sonni Ali
1516 Algiers taken by pirate Barbarossa for Holy Roman Empire
1571 Bornu Empire in Central Sudan at its zenith under Idris III
1592 Moorish conquest of African Songhai Empire
1652 Dutch establish first colony in South Africa
BARBARIAN INVASIONS: 214 to 1000
214 Goths from Baltic infiltrate as far south as Black Sea
267Goths overrun Greece, capture Athens and sack other
cities
367 Picts, Scots and Saxons invade Britain
372 Huns from Asia penetrate into Europe
410 Rome sacked by Alaric the Visigoth
415 Visigoths invade Spain
429 Vandals invade North Africa and Spain
452 Attila the Hun invades Gaul, Italy and Balkans
550 White Huns from the north west destroy Indian empire
793 Vikings invade Britain
862 Vikings under Rurik invade Russia and establish state
1000 Viking Leif Erikson "discovers" North America
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BYZANTINE EMPIRE: 315 to 1453
315 Roman Empire split into East (Byzantine) and West
330 Emperor Constantine builds Constantinople (Byzantium)
527 Accession of Emperor Justinian - Code of Civil Law
537 Hagia Sophia cathedral built in Constantinople
552 Byzantines complete conquest of Italy and Spain
627 Byzantines under Heraclius defeat Persians
1018 Bulgars subjected by Byzantine Emperor Basil 11
1261 Constantinople restored to Byzantine rule after 4th Crusade1453 Constantinople taken by Turks - end of Byzantine Empire
EARLY SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: 415 to
1433
415 Visigoths invade Spain
711 Moors (Muslims) invade Spain
1085 Kingdom of Castile re-conquers Toledo from Moors
1094 Spanish knight El Cid takes Valencia from Moors
1118 Kingdom of Aragon captures Santiago from Moors
1212 Decisive victory of Spaniards over Moors
1266 Spain and Portugal finally throw off Moorish domination
1385 Portugal achieves independence from Spain
1433Portuguese Henry the Navigator makes his first
explorations
EARLY BRITAIN: 446 to 1042
446 Romans pull out of Britain
492 St Patrick completes Christian conversion of Ireland
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500 King Arthur and Knights of Round Table (legendary)
597 Pope Gregory the Great sends St Augustine to convert Britons
663 Roman Christianity accepted in Britain
735 Death of Venerable Bede (scholar and historian)
793 Vikings invade Britain
795 Death of King Offa - end of Mercian domination of England
825 Wessex under Egbert becomes dominant in England
843 Kenneth McAlpin becomes first king of Scots and Picts
866 Much of England occupied by Viking Great Army
871 Alfred the Great defeats Danish invaders in Britain
899 Edward the Elder succeeds Alfred the Great
937 West Saxons under Athelstan now masters of England1013 Ethelred the Unready flees to Normandy before the Danes
1016 Danish King Canute comes to English throne
1018 Scotland under Malcolm II annexes Strathclyde and Cumbria
1040 Macbeth becomes king of Scotland
1042 Edward the Confessor becomes king of England
EARLY FRANCE: 451 to 1589
451 Attila the Hun invades Gaul - repelled by Romans
481Francs under Clovis found Merovingian Kingdom in
Gaul
732 Charles Martel halts Muslim advance into France
751 Pepin founds Carolingian line
771Charlemagne becomes king of Francs - expands intoGermany and Italy
800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor
814Death of Charlemagne and division of Frankish
Empire
843Treaty of Verdun - seperate France and Germanyestablished
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876 Charles the Fat inherits Frankish Empire
910 Abbey of Cluny founded - monastic reforms begin
987 Hugh Capet made King of France
990
Rollo the Viking rules Normandy (as a fiefdom of
France)
1142 Death of Peter Abelard (theologist and romantic)
1215 Dominican Order of monks founded in Languedoc
1223 Franciscan Order of monks founded
1285 France under Philp IV extends French influence
1309 Papacy moves to Avignon for over a century
1312 France and Papacy suppress Knights Templar
1328
Valois Dynasty takes over from House of Capet in
France
1337Beginning of Hundred Years' War between Englandand France
1358 "The Jaquerie" - French peasant revolt
1415Battle of Agincourt - Henry V of England victorious in
France
1431Joan of Arc burnt at stake after military campaigns
against England
1453
English finally defeated in France at Castillon - end of
Hundred Years' War
1461 Louis XI becomes king of France
1477Charles the Bold defeated at Nancy - end of Rise of
Burgundy
1515Francis I of France takes Milan and much of NorthernItaly
1521 Death of Josquin de Pres (composer)
1525Charles V of Hapsburg retakes Northern Italy from
France
1553 Death of Franois Rabelais (writer and satirist)
1562Huguenots fight for right to follow Calvinism in
France
1572 Massacre of St Bartholemew - Huguenots routed
1576 French Catholic League formed by Guise family
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1589Death of Catherine de Medici ("Queen Mother of
France")
EARLY ITALY: 489
to 1380
489 Ostrogoths, under Byzantine rule, govern Italy
529Monte Cassino, main monastery of Benedictine order,established
586 German Lombards divide Italy with Byzantine and Papacy
840 Muslims occupy much of Southern Italy
1109 Death of St. Anselm (Italian theologian and philosopher)
1169 Eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily (15,000 killed)
1176 Barbarossa defeated by Lombards - state of Italy founded
1321 Death of Alighieri Dante (poet)
1337 Death of Giotto di Bondone (artist)
1378 Death of Francisco Petrarch (poet and scholar)
1380 Venice victorious over Genoa at Battle of Chioggia
RISE OF ISLAM AND PERSIA: 622 to 1587
622 Hejira - Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina
624 Jihad - Mohammed and his followers subdue Mecca
638 Jeruslam captured by Muslims
669 Muslims halted by Byzantines at Constantinople
711 Muslims invade Spain
732 Muslim army stopped by Charles Martel in France
762 Baghdad becomes centre of Arab/Muslim golden age of arts
809 Death of Harun-ar-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad
840 Muslims occupy much of Southern Italy
945 Persian Muslims capture Baghdad
1037 Death of Avicenna (Persian philosopher and physician)
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1099 First Crusade retakes Jerusalem from Muslims
1123 Death of Omar Khayyam (Persian poet and mathematician)
1187 Muslims under Saladin destroy Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
1198 Death of Averroes (Arab philosopher)
1272 Last Crusade (Ninth) ends in failure
1291 Acre recaptured by Muslims (end of Christian influence in area)
1502 Fanatical Shi'ite Islam develops under Safavids of Persia
1587 Shah Abbas the Great becomes rules of Persia
EARLY NORTHERN EUROPE: 680 to 1417
680 Bulgar Empire established in Balkans
850 Slavs inhabit most of Eastern Central Europe
893 Bulgar Empire in Balkans expands under Simeon
896 Magyars rule area around Hungary
929 Death of Wenceslas, King of Bohemia
1000 Stephen I becomes King of Hungary
1230 Teutonic Knights established in Prussia
1256 Hanseatic League formed around Baltic - trade flourishes
1415 Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer, martyred
1417 First Hohenzollern Margrave of Brandenburg (Prussia)
EARLY GERMANY AND HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE: 843 to 1273
843 Treaty of Verdun - seperate France and Germany established
936 Otto I expands German Empire to Poland and Austria
962 Otto I crowned Emperor of Holy Roman (German) Empire
1077 Emperor Henry IV forced to yield to Pope Gregory VII
1122 Concordat of Worms established papal right to invest bishops
1152 Frederick II (Barbarossa) becomes Holy Roman Emperor
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1176 Frederick II defeated by Lombards - state of Italy founded
1273 Rudolph I first Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor
EARLY RUSSIA: 862 to 1584
862 Viking state founded in Russia by Rurik - Slavs united
1119 Kiev sacked by Slavs and kingdom split
1241 Mongols invade Russia and Central Europe
1246 Alexander Nevsky becomes Grand Duke of Vladimir
1363 Mongol leader Tamerlaine starts conquest of Russia
1380 Muskovite Russians defeat Mongols1462 Muskovite Ivan III first to adopt title of Tsar
1471 Ivan III takes Novgorod and extends influence
1481 Final defeat of Mongol forces by Russians
1533 Ivan IV (the Terrible) crowned Tsar of Russia
1556Ivan the Terrible increases Russian territory in south and
east
1584 Boris Godunov temporarily takes control of Russia
MEDIEVAL CHINA: 960 to 1751
960 Northern Sung Dynasty in China - paper money introduced
1100 Angkor Wat temple built by Khmers in Cambodia
1141 Barbarian Chin Dynasty takes over Northern China
1279 Kublai Khan's Mongol Dynasty in China and Asia
1295 Reports of China brought back to west by Venetian Marco Polo
1368 Ming Dynasty replaces Mongol rule after native rebellion
1400 Muslim-influenced Malacca state dominant in South-East Asia
1433 Chinese explorer Cheng Ho reaches East African coast
1556 Shaanxi earthquake kills 830,000
1557 Portuguese have trading monopoly in China through Macao
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1644 Manchu Dynasty seizes power and extends Chinese influence further
1751 Chinese conquer Tibet
MEDIEVAL ENGLAND: 1066 to
1476
1066 Norman Conquest of England under William I ("the Conqueror")
1071 Saxon leader Hereward the Wake finally yields to Normans
1080 Death of Lady Godiva (benefactress)
1086 Domesday Book compiled by William I
1106 Henry I of England recaptures Normandy
1119 Knights Templar Order founded in Britain1135 Stephen takes English crown, and Anarchy begins
1154 Henry II (of Anjou) becomes first Plantagenet King of England
1154 Death of Geoffrey of Monmouth (historian)
1169 Henry II sends Strongbow to subdue Ireland
1170 Thomas Beckett murdered in Canterbury Cathedral on Henry II's orders
1189 Richard I (the Lionheart) becomes King of England
1199 John takes English throne while Richard away on Crusades
1205 English under John driven out of Normandy and France
1215 King John forced to sign Magna Carta
1226 "Summer is icumen in": one of first examples of written music
1249 First college founded at Oxford (University College)
1265 Simon de Montford establishes Parliament in England
1272 Edward I becomes first true "English" King of England
1274 Death of Thomas Aquinas (theologian and philosopher)
1284 First college founded at Cambridge (Peterhouse)
1294 Death of Roger Bacon (philosopher and scientist)
1295 "Model Parliament" established
1296 Edward I makes incursions into Scotland
1308 Death of Duns Scotus (Scottish scholar and philosopher)
1314 Scots under Robert Bruce defeat English at Bannockburn
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1328 Treaty of Northampton - full Scottish sovereignty recognized
1337 Beginning of Hundred Years' War between England and France
1348 Black Death plague reaches Britain
1349 Death of William of Occam (philosopher)
1381 Wat Tyler's Peasant Revolt in England crushed
1384 John Wycliff killed for his Lollard heresies
1398 Dick Whittington becomes Mayor of London
1399 Henry IV II deposes Richard - Lancastrian rule in England
1400 Owen Glendower revolts in Wales
1400 Death of Geoffrey Chaucer (writer)
1415 Battle of Agincourt - Henry V victorious in France
1450 Popular discontent erupts in Jack Cade's Rebellion1453 Battle of Castillon - English finally defeated in France
1455 Wars of the Roses begin between Houses of Lancaster and York
1470 "Kingmaker" Warwick turns Lancastrian and deposes Edward IV
1476 William Caxton sets up first printing press in London
FEUDAL JAPAN: 1185 to
1694
1185 Start of feudal epoch (Shoguns) of Kamakura period in Japan
1191 Zen movement from China becomes popular in Japan
1274 Mongol attacks on Japan repulsed
1336 Ashikaga period in Japan - feudal lords and Samurai warriors
1549 Spanish Jesuit Francis Xavier tries to convert Japanese to Christianity
1585 Japan unified under dictator Hideyoshi
1597 Christian converts persecuted in Japan
1603 Tokugawa period - feudal Japan finally unified and pacified
1640 Japan excludes all foreigners
1694 Death of Bash (haiku poet)
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MONGOL EMPIRE: 1206 to
1481
1206 Ghengis Khan, King of Mongols (Tatars), starts conquests
1231 Mongol attacks on Japan repulsed
1240 Batu establishes Mongol "Empire of the Golden Horde"
1241 Mongols under Ghengis Khan invade Russia and Central Europe
1279 Kublai Khan continues Mongol Dynasty in China and Asia
1363 Mongols re-united under Tamerlaine
1380 Muskovite Russians defeat Mongols
1398 Mongols under Tamerlaine invade Northern India and sack Delhi1402 Tamerlaine overthrows Turks in Asia Minor
1481 Final defeat of Mongol forces by Russians
COLONIAL INDIA: 1600 to
1930
1600 British East India Company founded
1639 East India Company establishes city of Madras
1648 Taj Mahal built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
1707Death of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India at its
height
1739 Persian army sacks Delhi and all but ends Mughal power
1756 Atrocities of the Black Hole of Calcutta
1757Robert Clive ("Clive of India") conquers Bengal for
British
1765 Mughals recognize British control over Bengal and Bihar
1774 Warren Hastings appointed Governor General of India
1857 Sepoy Rebellion - Indian army mutinies against British
1876 Great Famine in Southern India kills over 5 million
1877 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India
1913 Rabindranath Tagore receives Nobel Prize for Literature
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1919 Start of "Indianization" of civil service
1919 Amritsar Massacre - beginning of limited self-rule
1930 Mahatma Ghandi leads Salt March in India
THE NEW WORLD: 1492 to 1763
1492 Genoese Christoher Columbus "discovers" West Indies for Spain
1497 John Cabot lands in Canada - later claimed for England
1498 Columbus briefly lands on South American mainland
1500 Pedro Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal
1512 Spaniard Vasco Nez de Balboa first to see Pacific Ocean (fromPanama)
1513 Juan Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain
1519Portuguese/Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan rounds South American
mainland
1521 Mexico conquered for Spain by Hernando Cortes
1535 Peru conquered for Spain by Francisco Pizarro
1538 Colombia conquered for Spain by Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada
1540 Spaniard Franciso de Coronado explores North America
1607 First permanent British settlement founded in Virginia, North America
1608 Permanent French colony founded in Quebec by Samuel de Champlain
1620 Puritan Pilgrim Father establish colony in New England
1652 Dutch establish colony (present day New York) in North America
1664 New York taken from Dutch by British
1670 Britain establishes Hudson Bay Company in Canada
1682 French claim large territories in Louisiana
1692 Witchcraft trials in Salem, Massachusetts
1713 Spain grants monopoly of American slave trade to Britain
1732 Georgia, last of original American colonies, settled by British
1759 General James Wolfe takes French Quebec for Britain
1763 Treaty of Paris confirms British dominance in Canada
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MODERN INDIA AND
PAKISTAN: 1947 to 2000
1947 British withdraw from India - Partition of India and Pakistan
1948 Mahatma Ghandi assassinated
1957 India claims state of Kashmir
1958 Ayub Khan becomes military leader of Pakistan
1961 Portugal loses its territories in Goa
1964 Indian Prime Minister Jahawarlal Nehru dies
1971 Indira Ghandi becomes Prime Minister of India
1971 Indo-Pakistan War - Bangladesh declared independent republic1972 Ceylon becomes independent Republic of Sri Lanka
1974 India explodes first nuclear device
1977 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto executed after coup in Pakistan
1978 Muhammed Zia Ul-Haq becomes hard-line Muslim President of Pakistan
1984 Indira Ghandi assassinated by Sikhs - violence erupts in India
1984 Bhopal industrial disaster in Madhya Pradesh (4,000 - 25,000 killed)
1985 Tamil separatist resurgence in Sri Lanka
1991 Prime Minister Rajiv Ghandi killed by Tamil suicide bomber
1997 Catholic nun Mother Teresa dies after nearly 50 years work in India
1999Military coup led by Gen. Pervez Musharraf overthrows Pakistani
government
POST-WAR AMERICA &
CANADA: 1947 to 2000
1947 US Marshall Plan aid spurs European economic recovery
1949 William Faulkner wins Nobel Prize for Literature
1950 US becomes involved in Korean War
1952 Dwight Eisenhower becomes US President
1953 Crick and Watson demonstrate double-helix structure of DNA
1954 Rock'n'Roll music becomes popular - Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, etc
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1954 Anti-Communist McCarthyism censured in US
1956 "My Fair Lady" popular musical
1958 Oral contraceptive pill becomes available
1961 Death of Ernest Hemingway (writer)
1961 Cuban Missile Crisis after US-backed anti-Castro invasion
1962 Death of Marilyn Munroe (actress)
1962 Rachael Carson's book "Silent Spring" launches environmental movement
1963 US President John F Kennedy shot
1964 Civil Rights Act passed in US
1964 US becomes involved in Vietnam War
1967 "Flower Power" at its height in California
1968 Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada1968 Black rights campaigner Martin Luther King assassinated
1969 Neil Armstrong becomes first man to walk on Moon
1969 US involvement in Vietnam War peaks
1971 Rapprochement between US and China - Richard Nixon's visit
1972 "Detente" - Strategic Arms Pact with USSR
1973 US launches Pioneer II to explore outer planets
1973 Henry Kissinger becomes US Secretary of State
1974 Watergate Scandal - Richard Nixon quits as President
1975 US pulls out of Vietnam War
1979 Three Mile Island nuclear reactor incident in US
1980 Iranian Hostage Crisis - hostages held in US Embassy in Tehran
1980 Eruption of Mount St Helens (60 killed)
1980 Ronald Reagan becomes US President
1987 Iran-Contra Affair - arms for aid scandal
1987 US and USSR sign first of several treaties to reduce nuclear arms
1988 US and Canada sign free trade agreement
1989 Exxon Valdez oil-spill in Alaska
1990 Hubble Space Telescope launched
1991 US involvement in Persian Gulf War starts after Iraq invades Kuwait
1993 Bill Clinton elected US President
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1993 New York World Trade Center bombing
1994 Jean Chrtien becomes Canadian Prime Minister
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement between US, Canada and Mexico
1994 Sovereignty of Quebec narrowly defeated in referendum
1997 US spacecraft begins exploration of Mars
1998 Male impotence drug Viagra licensed for use in USA
1999 Bill Clinton acquitted in impeachment trial
1999 Columbine High School murders
