1. Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before
becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often
used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments
toward people or a person because of gender, political opinion,
social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race /
ethnicity, language, nationality, or other personal
characteristics. In this case, it refers to a positive or negative
evaluation of another person based on their perceived group
membership. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may
include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to
rational influence" . Gordon Allport defined prejudice as a
"feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior
to, or not based on, actual experience".
2. Historical approaches The first psychological research
conducted on prejudice occurred in the 1920s. This research
attempted to prove white supremacy. One article from 1925 reviewing
73 studies on race concluded that the studies seemed "to indicate
the mental superiority of the white race". These studies, along
with other research, led many psychologists to view prejudice as a
natural response to inferior races . In the 1930s and 1940s, this
perspective began to change due to the increasing concern about
anti-Semitism. At the time, theorists viewed prejudice as
pathological and thus looked for personality syndromes linked with
racism. Theodor Adorno believed that prejudice stemmed from an
authoritarian personality; he believed that people with
authoritarian personalities were the most likely to be prejudiced
against groups of lower status. He described authoritarians as
"rigid thinkers who obeyed authority, saw the world as black and
white, and enforced strict adherence to social rules and
hierarchies.
3. Controversies and prominent topics One can be prejudiced
against or have a preconceived notion about someone due to any
characteristic they find to be unusual or undesirable. A few
commonplace examples of prejudice are those based on someone's
race, gender, nationality, social status, sexual orientation, or
religious affiliation, and controversies may arise from any given
topic. Nationalism Classism Racism Multiculturalism
4. Nationalism Nationalism is a belief or political ideology
that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached
to, one's nation.
5. Classism Prejudice against people belonging to a particular
social class.
6. Racism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to
justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights
or goods among different racial groups. Modern variants are often
based in social perceptions of biological differences between
peoples. These can take the form of social actions, practices or
beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be
ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on
presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. It may
also hold that members of different races should be treated
differently.
7. Discrimination by: Multiculturalism Gender Discrimination
Linguistic Discrimination[Language] Social class Skin Color
Religion Age National origin Species
8. Multiculturalism is a body of thought in political
philosophy about the proper way to respond to cultural and
religious diversity. This can happen when a jurisdiction is created
or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different
cultures (e.g. French Canada and English Canada) or through
immigration from different jurisdictions around the world (e.g.
Australia, Brazil, Mexico, the United States, and many other
countries).
9. Discrimination based on gender or sex is a common civil
rights violation. Discrimination on the basis of gender takes many
forms; including sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and
unequal pay for women who do the same jobs as men.
10. Linguistic discrimination (also called linguicism and
languagism) is the unfair treatment of an individual based solely
on their use of language. Based on a difference in use of language,
a person may automatically form judgments about another person's
wealth, education, social status, character or other traits. These
perceived judgments may then lead to the unjustifiable treatment of
the individual.
11. Social Class. Segments of the population sharing broadly
similar types and levels of resources, with broadly similar styles
of living and (for some sociologists) some shared perception of
their collective condition. Structured inequalities between
different groups of people Historically: Slavery, Caste, Estates
and Class. Prejudice that members of one race are superior to
members of other races, OR discriminatory or abusive behavior
towards members of another race. Everybody can be successful
12. SKIN COLOUR Discrimination treatment based on skin color
also may be attributed to ethnic heritage and race. Although the
most typical scenario of color discrimination involves lighter
skinned African Americans discriminating against darker skinned
African Americans, color bias cases also have been brought within
other groups, including Native Americans, Arabs and Hispanic. God
chose the variety among their children
13. Religion Discrimination on religion is the treatment of a
person or group by the different religious customs and beliefs of
each person. A Vietnamese Buddhist monk burned himself to death in
an act of protest against the Diem government in June 1963.
Constituting a majority of the country's population, Buddhists in
Vietnam accused the Diem government of religious discrimination. We
are equal and we can choose our religions
14. Age is discrimination to people who are old or young age
are sometimes discriminated against by his intellect or wisdom that
each person has Everybody are equals and have all
opportunities
15. National Origin National origin discrimination means
treating someone less favorably because he or she comes from a
particular place, because of his or her ethnicity or accent, or
because it is believed that he or she has a particular ethnic
background. National origin discrimination also means treating
someone less favorably at work because of marriage or other
association with someone of a particular nationality. Nationality:
refers to our citizenship -- in other words, the nation we are a
member. Language: is a major vehicle for the expression of
prejudice or discrimination. Cultural: is defined by shared
cultural practices, including but not limited to holidays, food,
language, and customs. We are different by equal.
16. Discrimination by Species The fact that non-human animals
dont belong to our specie, implies they dont deserve equal
consideration: According to this we could discriminate animals (for
example) simply because they dont belong to a certain group (skin
color, gender) but doing this is wrong (just as discriminating due
to specie is) because the group we belong to doesnt determine our
interest. Discrimination against race, religion, species, ethnicity
or nationality, makes human, animals have equal rights, because the
planet earth is our. The animal have equal right too.