Gospel, Gold, Glory

Spanish Period

ExpeditionFerdinand Magellan (1518-1521)1519- left San Lucar, Spain with 5 antiquated ships

and 235 men and arrived on March 17, 1521 Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion and

VictoriaDefeated and killed in MactanResults of expedition: Philippines became known

to Europe; it proved that the earth is round; it established the vastness of the Pacific Ocean; that the East Indies could be reached by crossing the Pacific; that Americas was a land mass entirely separated from Asia

More expeditions(sailing from Mexico)Saavedra (1527-29)Villalobos (1541-46): 6 ships and 370 men; reached

eastern coast of Mindanao the Sarangani Island; left the island due to extreme hunger and surrendered to the Portuguese and succumbed malignant fever.

The greatest contribution of Villalobos was the naming of Kandaya or Tandaya (Leyte) in 1543 as Las Phelipinas

Legazpi-Urdaneta (1564): left Mexico 22 years since Villalobos sailed to Asia with 4 vessels and about 350 men

In 1565, reached Cebu and contracted blood compact

ChangesBlood compact with Si Katunaw and Si Gala

of BoholVilla de San Miguel is changed to Ciudad

del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus after the discovered Santo Nino of Cebu and became the first Spanish town in the Philippine archipelago – the first settlement in the country

Making Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as “Adelantado de Filipinas”

The Making of IndioPolitical institutions: hierarchical set- upCaptain-general administered by the King

of Spain through the Mexican ViceroyReal y Supremo Consejo de las Indias

(Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) established in 1524 by Charles V and governed all Spanish possessions

Bureaucracy: different levels of administration from central/ national, provincial, city, municipal and barrio levels

National level – provincial levelGobernador y Capitan General or gobernador

general: commander in chief of the army and navy, president of Real Audiencia (Supreme court) and vice-real patron (ecclesiastical power in the church and mission work)

Alcalde mayor (provincial governor) led the alcadia (formerly encomiendas), provincia while corregimientos or unpacified military zones (Mariveles, Mindoro and Panay) headed by the corregidores: executive and judicial powers and a privilege to engage in trade through indulto de comercio; other multiple functions: judge, inspector of encomiendas, chief of police, tribute collector, vice-regal patron, capt-general

Barrio level (municipal)“Filipino bureaucrats”- little governor or

gobernadorcillo headed pueblo or municipioBarrio administrator or cabeza de barangay- a

highest position that could be attained by an Indio (or Chinese)

Functions of gobernadorcillo: prepared tribute list, recruitment of men for draft labor, communal public work, military conscription, postal clerk, judge in civil suits

Cabeza de barangay was a tax and contribution collector for the gobernadorcillo and was exempted from taxation; responsible for peace and order and recruited polistas, thus also exempted from forced labor

The Residencia and the VisitaFunctions: to check the abuse of power of

royal officials1501-1700The Visita conducted clandestinely by the

visitador-general

Early Settlements of Ancestors Lineal or nucleated and scattered (ilaya and

ibaba)Resettlement made by the Spanish missionariesReduccion: under the sound of the bell or under

the peal of the bell (Franciscan Fr. Juan de Plasencia)

Construction of houses around the churchChristian indoctrinationConvento and plaza as the focal point of puebloPueblo- Christianized townPasaway- remontados, cimarrones, ladrones,

tulisanes

Use of enticements by the churchNovel sights, sounds and even colorful rites

and rituals like processions, songs, candle lights, saints dressed in elaborate gold and silver costumes during May festivals, Flores de mayo, santacruzan sinakulo and moro-

Giving of Christian names through baptism

Institutional impactEconomic institutions: taxation through

direct( personal tribute and income tax) and indirect (custom duties and the bandala), monopolies and others

Buwis may be paid in kind or cashSamboangan or donativo de ZamboangaBandala (mandala)Cedula personal or personal residence tax or

community taxPolo y servicio or forced labor: Indio or Chinese,

16-60 years old, do 40 days of community work, construction projects, etc. – falta or palya

Encomiendas EncomenderosRoyal and privateThe Manila-Acapulco Trade (1565-1815) aka

galleon de manila or nao de chinaOnly small groups of Spaniards enjoyed the

benefit of galleon tradeDamaging effects: neglect of native

extractive industries like agriculturePositive results: intercultural exchangesRoyal Economic Society of Friends of the

Country

Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814) – uniting American and Asian commerce (created by Charles III)

Strong competitor of galleon trade Devoted exclusive preference to cotton

production and weaving, cultivation of black pepper, propagation of silk, indigo and sugar

Infrastructures, Telecommunications and Public Utilities Development

19th century modern ways of telecommunication developed

Ferrocaril de Manila is the 1st railway

Suspension bridges were constructed(Gustave Eiffel)

Toll fee: ½ centavo for pedestrians and 2 centavos for horse carts

TelephonesPublic lighting using coconut oil to

kerosene1893- powered by electricity the walled city

and suburbs La Electricista de Manila

Educational transformationCharles V decree in 1550 teaching of Spanish

languageSociety of JesusFounding of secondary schools for the sons of native

ruling class in preparation for christianizing and for future political position (gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay)

Christian doctrine; the 3 R’s; vocal and instrumental music and handicrafts

Boy’s colleges and secondary schoolsPriesthood and general secondary educationCurriculum: Latin, philosophy, canon & civil law,

rhetoric

College of Immaculate Concepcion ( now Ateneo de Manila University) became Escuela Pia as school for poor boys founded by the Jesuits

Dominican managed schools: UST (formerly called Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo Rosario was converted in 1611 as Dominican University

1620- College of San Juan de Letran founded as Seminario de Ninos Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphaned Spanish children and is now considered oldest secondary school in the Philippines

Girls’ schoolsColegios of Santa Potenciana and Santa Isabel

were the first boarding schools and considered oldest school for girls

Founded for the benefit of orphaned Spanish girls

Exclusive colegios were beaterios for daughters of upper class

Other colegios established in 19th century: La Concordia College, Assumption college

Free compulsory publicly-supported system of primary schools and men’s normal school (educational decree of 1863)

From Indio to Filipino (REVOLTS)First local heroes: Lapu-lapu of Mactan

(1521) and Dagami of Cebu (1567)Not treated holistically Reasons: personal led by former datus;

religious by babaylan and katalonan; resistance to economic and religious institutions; and land problems

Personal and religious motivesLakandula and SolimanRevolt in 1574 started by the relatives of

the two former datusTamblot of Bohol used magic and religionFrancisco Dagohoy of BoholDiego Silang of IlocosHermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz)

Cofradia de San JoseMuslims in the SouthIgorots in the Cordilleras

Resistance to Spanish InstitutionsDiego and Gabriela SilangFormed forces with the BritishDon Diego Silang as Maestro de Campo

General y Teniente de Justicia Mayor as the rightful head of Ilocos government

Peasant unrestLaguna, Cavite

Filipino nationalismFactors that contributed to the birth of

nationalismIdea of nationalism, a product of French

revolution in the 18th centuryEuropean liberalismAdministration of Carlos Ma. Dela TorreEffects of secular-regular conflictsCavite Mutiny of 1872

Reform and RevolutionExecution of GOMBURZARole of the middle class: Spanish and Chinese

mestizosPeninsulares- Spanish born in SpainInsulares- Spanish born in the PhilippinesIndios are the natives of the PhilippinesGov-Gen Basilio Agustin called for the loyalty and

aid of the indios 1898 thus were called FilipinosThe administration of Gov. Gen Carlos Ma. Dela

TorreAbuses of the Spanish authorities as well as friars

The Reform MovementDenounced Spanish abuses and demand to

make the Philippines a province of SpainNo clamor for independence; Filipinos to

become Spanish citizensRepresented in in the Spanish CortesThey would be immune from abuses and

free from paying unreasonable taxesAssimilation of the Philippines to SpainMiddle class: the rich and the intellectuals

shunned revolution

The Great ReformistsSome are members of the propaganda

movement while some are merely students hoping to become successful professionals and businessmen

Graciano Lopez-Jaena (Iloilo) (Fray Botod)M. H. del Pilar (Bulacan) Dasalan at TocsohanJose Rizal (Laguna) Antonio LunaMariano PonceJose Ma. PanganibanEduardo de Lete

La SolidaridadThe official newspaper of the propaganda in

BarcelonaDefense against the malicious and slanderous

attacks of the friarsPublication of studies about the Philippines and

the Filipinosthe first editor was Lopez JaenaDel Pilar and Rizal became editorsPen names used: Rizal – Dimas Alang and Laong

LaanMariano Ponce- Tikbalang, Naning and KalipulakoAntonio Luna- taga-Ilog

Societies and affiliationsMarcelo del Pilar- PlaridelJose Ma. Panganiban – JOMAPAHispano-Filipino AssociationMasonry MovementLa Liga Filipina founded by Rizal on July 3,

1892 in Tondo

Failure of the reform movementSpain was too pre occupied with her internal

problemsFriars were too powerful to counter attack the

SolThe reformists did not have sufficient means to

carry out their aimsDifficulty in the collection of dues (fund)Futility of the peaceful propagandaDid not succeed in convincing Spain to grant the

needed reformsThe propagandists were divided against

themselves by petty jealousy

Bonifacio and the KatipunanFounded with radical platform – to secure

independence and freedom by force of armsThe founding of KKKRizal’s deportation to DapitanJuly 7, 1892 – Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz,

Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano met at Tondo and formed an association called Kataastaasan Kagalang galang na Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan

Ancient Blood CompactTriangle recruitment method

Katipunan ObjectivesPolitical - separation of the Philippines

from SpainMoral – teaching of good mannersCivic- principle of self-help, defense of the

poor and the oppressed

Structure of KatipunanInfluenced by Masonry (initiation rites) and

La Liga (organization)Bonifacio being a member of Liga and a

Mason being affiliated with the lodge Taliba3 governing bodies: Kataastaasang

Sanggunian or the Supreme Council; Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council and Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council

Membership of KKK3 grades:Katipon- wore black hood in meetings,

password is Anak ng BayanKawal- wore green hood and password is

Gom-Bur-ZaBayani- wore red mask and sash with green

borders symbolized courage and hope, password is Rizal

Flags and celebrationsThe first official flag is consisted of a red

rectangular piece of cloth with three Ks arranged horizontally at the center.

Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de JesusBonifacio’s flag is consisted of a red

rectangular piece of cloth at the center of which is a white sun with an indefinite number of rays and below the sun are the 3 white Ks arranged horizontally

Feb 17 as the day of prayer in memory of GOMBURZA

The founder and the brainsAndres Bonifacio “Supremo”Emilio Jacinto wrote the teachings of KKK:

KartillaWomen’s chapter: limited to wives,

daughters, and sisters of male members of KKK, acted as front for the clandestine activities of KKK

KKK newspaper is KalayaanPen names used by Jacinto – Dimas IlawBonifacio – Agap –ito BagumbayanValenzuela- Madlang Away