Preliminary results of soil monitoring of slovenian partner slo

Aleksander Marinšek

Milan Kobal

Helena Grčman

Daniel Žlindra

Urša Vilhar

EMoNFUr Final conference 17.6.2014, Milano

INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS

The aim of the research:

To establish permanent survey plots for monitoring the condition

of the soil in the form of cyclic measurements.

Pedological analysis aimed to classify the soil and to investigate

physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil samples.

ADDITIONAL GOALS:

• determine the degree of contamination with heavy metals (nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) • identify areas where pollution exceeds the permissible limits

• analyze spatial distribution of heavy metals in the urban and forest soils of the City of Ljubljana



Study area

Municipal forests of Ljubljana (locations Rožnik and Gameljne)

Rožnik: 31 plots (500 x 500 m)

Gameljne: 3 plots near

the river Sava


FIELD WORK:

- soil samples were taken from 5 different depths per plot:

Ol+f, Oh, 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm.

- soil classification (World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB)

ANALYSES of soil samples in the Laboratory for Forest Ecology of Slovenian Forestry Institute for: - pH,

- C, N, S elemental analysis,

- heavy metals concentration (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn).


SOIL CLASSIFICATION

26 of 34 plots (mostly Rožnik): Deep Dystric Cambisol

4 of 34plots (the flat part of Rožnik): Pseudogley

5 of 34 plots (mostly Gameljne): Fluvisol

Deep Dystric Cambisol Fluvisol


pH

In upper part of organic layer (Ol + Of), pH is scattered from 3.2 – 6.2.

In most plots pH of Oh layer is between 3.0 – 4.2 and is increasing

when going deeper.

4 plots differ (pH from 5.5 and higher in mineral layers at all depths) .


C, N, S elemental analysis

C org g / 100 g

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40

Ol+f

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40

M 0-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40

M 10-20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40

M 20-30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40

Oh

0-40 = plot number

• C org is decreasing with depth of soil (in M20-30 more than 10x less than in Oh layer) • Oh layer completely missing in 5 plots (No. 2, 5, 16, 20, 29)



0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

0 20 40

Ol+f

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

0 20 40

Oh

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

0 20 40

M 0-10

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

0 20 40

M 10-20

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

0 20 40

M 20-30

N g / 100 g

0-40 = plot number

• N is decreasing with depth of soil • great variability of N content in Oh layer



0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0 20 40

Ol+f

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0 20 40

Oh

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0 20 40

M 0-10

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0 20 40

M 10-20

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0 20 40

M 20-30

S g / 100 g

0-40 = plot number

• the biggest amount of S is also in organic horizons, then decreasing with soil depth • great variability of S content in Oh layer


HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONS (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni)

soil samples from the depth of 0 – 10 cm were collected on 31 plots of the Rožnik area

for all analysed metals the concentrations were below Limiting value, except for lead at plot No. 18, where it exceeded Warning value (100 mg/kg) (red arrow).


ADDITIONAL: merged results of EMONFUR and URBSOIL (2006) projects - maps of heavy metals spatial distribution in the soils (0-10 cm) of the City of Ljubljana

Cd (cadmium)

Zn (zinc) Pb (lead) Cu (copper)

Ni (nickel) Cr (chrome)

161 locations (forest, kindergarten and school playgrounds, riverbanks, parks, roadsides)


VALUES Cd

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Pb

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Zn

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Cu

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Ni

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Cr

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Limiting value 1 13 85 52 200 22/1 60 17 50 - 100 2 Warning value 2 - 100 44/1 300 5 100 2 70 - 150 1

Critical value 12 - 530 - 720 - 300 - 210 - 380 -

Limiting, warning and critical values for analised heavy metals and divided number of plots from urban and forest soils with exceeded values.


VALUES Cd

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Pb

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Zn

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Cu

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Ni

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Cr

(mg/kg) N

(exc.) Limiting value 1 13 85 52 200 22/1 60 17 50 - 100 2 Warning value 2 - 100 44/1 300 5 100 2 70 - 150 1

Critical value 12 - 530 - 720 - 300 - 210 - 380 -

THE MAIN FINDINGS:

• Soils in Ljubljana are moderately polluted mainly with lead (Pb).

• The main source of lead (Pb) is traffic from the time of leaded fuel.

• The highest concentrations were measured in the soils of roadsides from the central part of the city.

• In the forest area only one location has soil concentrations for lead (Pb) above warning limit, and is located on the landscape park edge and serves as a parking place for park visitors.

Limiting, warning and critical values for analised heavy metals and divided number of plots from urban and forest soils with exceeded values.


• Based on our results we conclude that some urban soils of the City of Ljubljana with exceeded heavy metals concentration do exist.

• Those areas are now well identified and located.

• Forest soils have proved to be well preserved and represent one of the

cleanest environment in the city.

• The network of permanent survey plots (including first results) in the urban forests of Ljubljana is established; therefore it can be/should be used for further monitoring the condition of the soil.

• Actions toward reducing soil contamination level should be taken into

consideration; such as: providing better public transport and reducing the individual motorized

traffic within the natural parks.


Date post:	14-Jun-2015
Category:	Environment
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Preliminary results of soil monitoring of slovenian partner slo

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