PrEN 14227-02 - Slag Bound Mixtures

8/12/2019 PrEN 14227-02 - Slag Bound Mixtures

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SECRETARIAT DIN DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FR NORMUNG e.V.mailing address: 10772 Berlin Tel: +49 30 2601-25 08 Fax: +49 30 2601-4 25 08email: [email protected]

Date

2003-04-25CEN/TC 227 N 987"Road materials"

prEN 14227-2for approval for FV


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EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPEENNE prEN 14227-2

EUROPISCHE NORM proposed for formal vote 11/03/2003

UDC

Descriptors :

English Version

Hydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications -

Part 2: Slag Bound Mixtures

Mlanges traits aux liants hydrauliques Partie2: Mlanges traits au laitier Hydraulisch gebundene Gemische Anforderungen Teil 2: Schlackengebundene

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for CEN enquiry.

It has been drawn up by CEN/TC 227 "Road Materials"

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with theCEN/CENELEC International Regulations, which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French,German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENmember into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.

CEN members are the national standard bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CEN

European Committee for StandardizationComit Europen de NormalisationEuropisches Komitee fr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels


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199X All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN....: 199xEworldwide for CEN national Members.


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Page 3prEN 14227-2 : 2002

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword........................................................................................................................................3

1 Scope 5

2 Normative references 5

3 Terms and definitions 6

4 Symbols and abbreviations 7

5 Constituents 8

6 Slag bound mixtures 8

7 Laboratory mechanical performance classification 13

8 Other characteristics 16

10 Production control 16

11 Designation and description 16

12 Marking and labelling 17

ANNEX A (normative) The hydraulic activity of granulated blast furnace slag, partially groundgranulated blast furnace slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag............................................................................................................ 22

ANNEX B (informative) Some examples of slag bound mixtures A and B............................... 24

ANNEX C (normative) Compacity of slag bound mixtures B2 ................................................25

ANNEX D (normative) Increase of the CBR value of slag bound mixtures ........................... 26

ANNEX E (informative) Production control for slag bound mixtures..........27


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Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 "Road materials",the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

According to CEN/CENELEC internal regulations, the national standards organisations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this document: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

This standard is one of a series of standards for hydraulically bound mixtures:

prEN 14227-1, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 1: Cement bound granularmixtures.

prEN 14227-2, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 2: Slag bound mixtures .

prEN 14227-3, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 3: Fly ash bound mixtures.

prEN 14227-4, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulicallybound mixtures.

prEN 14227-5, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 5: Hydraulic road binder boundmixtures.

prEN 14227-X, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part X: Soil cement .

prEN 14227-11, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 11: Lime treated mixtures .

prEN 14227-12, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 12: Soil treated by granulatedblast furnace slag .

prEN 14227-13, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 13: Soil treated by hydraulicroad binder.

prEN 14227-14, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 14: Soil treated by fly ash .


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1 Scope

This European Standard defines slag bound mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areasand specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performanceclassification. In this European Standard slag refers to slag from the iron and steel industry.

2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated references provisions from otherpublications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and thepublications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of anyof these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment orrevision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (includingamendments).

EN 196, Methods of testing cement Part 6: Determination of fineness

EN 933-1, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of particle size

distribution Seiving method

EN 1097-6, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 6: Determination ofparticle density and water absorption

EN 1097-7, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 7: Determination ofparticle density of filler Pyknometer method

prEN 13242, Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineeringwork and road construction.

prEN 13286-1, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 1: Test methods for laboratoryreference density and water content Introduction and general requirements.

prEN 13286-2, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 2: Test methods for laboratoryreference density and water content Proctor compaction.

prEN 13286-3, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 3: Test methods for laboratoryreference density and water content Vibrocompression with controlled parameters.

prEN 13286-4, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 4: Test methods for laboratoryreference density and water content Vibrating hammer.

prEN 13286-5, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 5: Test methods for laboratoryreference density and water content Vibrating table.

prEN 13286-40, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 40: Test method for thedetermination of the direct tensile strength of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures.

prEN 13286-41, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 41: Test method for thedetermination of the compressive strength of hydraulically bound mixtures.

prEN 13286-42, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 42: Test method for thedetermination of the indirect tensile strength of hydraulically bound mixtures.

prEN 13286-43, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 43: Test method for thedetermination of the modulus of elasticity of hydraulically bound mixtures.

prEN 13286-44, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures

Part 44: Test method for thedetermination of the alpha coefficient of vitrified blast furnace slag


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prEN 13286-47, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 47: Test method for thedetermination of the California Bearing Ratio, immediate bearing index and one dimensional swelling

prEN 13286-50, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 50: Method for the manufacture oftest specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using Proctor equipment or vibrating table compaction

prEN 13286-51, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 51: Method for the manufacture oftest specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures by vibrating hammer compaction

prEN 13286-52, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 52: Method for the manufacture oftest specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures by vibro compression

prEN 13286-53, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 53: Method for the manufacture oftest specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures by axial compression

prEN14227-11, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 11: Lime treated mixtures

3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1Hydraulically bound mixture

mixture which sets and hardens by hydraulic reaction

3.2Slag bound mixture

mixture containing one or more of the following slags and water, which hardens by hydraulic reactionand/or carbonation.

NOTE Hardening may be accelerated by the addition of an activator defined in 5.5.

3.3Air-cooled blast furnace slag

aggregate made mainly of crystalline silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and magnesium,obtained by slow air cooling of molten blastfurnace slag.

NOTE Air-cooled blastfurnace slag is obtained by slow air cooling of molten blastfurnace slag. The coolingprocess may be assisted by the controlled application of water. Air-cooled blastfurnace slag hardens by hydraulicreaction and carbonation.

3.4Air-cooled steel slag

aggregate made mainly of crystalline calcium silicates and calcium ferrites comprising CaO, SiO2, MgOand iron oxides, obtained by slow air cooling of molten steel slag.

NOTE The cooling process may be assisted by the controlled application of water. Air-cooled steel slaghardens mainly by carbonatic reactions.

3.5Granulated blast furnace slag

glassy, sandy material made up mainly of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO, produced generally by rapidwater quenching of molten blast furnace slag.


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NOTE 1 Granulated blast furnace slaghardens by hydraulic reaction.

NOTE 2 Pelletized and dry granulated blastfurnace slag may have similar hydraulic properties.

3.6Partially ground granulated blast furnace slag

granulated blast furnace slagpartially ground in order to increase the proportion of material finer than0,063 mm. This increases the rate of hardening and the strength of the mixture.

3.7Ground granulated blast furnace slag

granulated blast furnace slagmore fully ground in order to further increase the proportion of materialfiner than 0,063 mm

3.8Slenderness ratio

height to diameter ratio of the specimen

3.9Compacity

ratio of the absolute volume of the solid to the apparent volume of the mixture (see annex C)

4 Symbols and abbreviations

For the purpose of this European Standard, the following symbols and abbreviatons apply:

C CaO content of granulated blast furnace slag , expressed in percentage by mass (%);

A Al2O3content of granulated blast furnace slag , expressed in percentage by mass (%);

C.A the product of C and A

CBR Californian bearing ratio, expressed in percent (%);

RC compressive strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Rt direct tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Rit indirect tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

E modulus of elasticity, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

EC Edetermined by compressive strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Et Edetermined in direct tension, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Eit Edetermined in indirect tension, expressed in megapascals (MPa).


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5 Constituents

5.1 Granulated blast furnace slag

Granulated blast furnace slag shall have the following composition by mass expressed as apercentage of the total dry material:

- SiO2: 27 % to 41 %;

- Al2O3: 7 % to 20 %;

- CaO: 30 % to 50 %;

- MgO: < 20 %

In accordance with annex A, the C.A product category from Table A.1 and the alpha coefficientcategory from Table A.2 shall be declared.

5.2 Partially ground granulated blast furnace slag

The composition of partially ground granulated blast furnace slagshall conform to 5.1.In accordancewith annex A, the C.A product category from Table A.1 and the "fines content" category from Table

A.3 shall be declared. Also in accordance with annex A the alpha coefficient category from Table A.2of the parent granulated blast furnace slag shall be declared.

5.3 Ground granulated blast furnace slag

The composition of ground granulated blast furnace slag shall conform to 5.1. In accordance withannex A, the C.A product category from Table A.1 and the Blaine fineness category from Table A.4shall be declared.

5.4 Aggregates

Aggregates shall be selected from prEN 13242.

The properties and the appropriate categories of the aggregates shall be specified depending on theposition of the slag bound mixture in the pavement structure and the traffic to be carried.

Aggregates shall be volumetrically stable. When this is not the case, the use of the mixture shall bepermitted provided there is a satisfactory performance record or a thorough laboratory evaluation of themixture has been carried out in accordance with provisions valid at the place of use.

5.5 Activators

Activators include lime in accordance with prEN 14227-Y, gypsum, steel slags and other similarproducts containing lime and or sulphate.

5.6 Water

Water shall not contain components that adversely affect the hardening and performance of the slagbound mixture

6 Slag bound mixtures

6.1 General


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6.1.1 Types

Slag bound mixture shall be made from the constituents specified in 5.

The mixture shall be selected from the types and sub-types described below and shall conform to thespecified requirements for the selected mixture.

6.1.2 Water content

The water content shall be selected to permit compaction on site by rolling and to optimize themechanical performance of the mixture. The water content shall be determined by the Proctor test orother method in accordance with prEN 13286 Parts 1 to 5 and limits set to give a workable range ofwater content on site compatible with the compaction and the desired mechanical performance of themixture.

6.1.3 Proportionning of the constituents, grading and dry density

The proportioning of the constituents, expressed as a percentage by dry mass of the total dry mass of

the mixture, the grading and the dry density of the mixture, shall be declared. The declared proportionsshall be based on the laboratory mixture design and/or practical experiences with mixtures producedwith the same constituents and under the same conditions in a way that the mixture complies with therequirements of this European standard.

6.2 Slag bound mixture A

6.2.1 Description

Slag bound mixture A shall be a granular mixture in which the setting and hardening may beprotracted. There are 5 sub-types depending on the aggregate size and the use or not of granulated

blast furnace slag. Slag bound mixture A4 shall contain granulated blast furnace slag but the proportionshall not exceed 70%. For this sub-type and any other sub-type containing granulated blast-furnaceslag including ground and partially ground material, the requirements of 5.1 shall not apply.

NOTE Slag bound mixtures Aare used when significant stiffness is not required.

6.2.2 Grading of the mixture

The grading of the selected sub-type, determined in accordance with EN 933-1,shall comply with Table

1.

Table 1 Grading of slag bound mixture A

Slag bound mixture Grading Grading envelopes

A1 0/22,4 mm figure 1


A3 0/45 mm figure 3



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Table 2 Grading of slag bound mixture B 1

Slag bound mixture Grading Grading envelopes

B1-1 0/22,4 mm figure 1

B1-2 0/31,5 mm figure 2

B1-3 0/45 mm figure 3

B1-4 0/31,5 mm figure 4

6.3.3 Slag bound mixture B 2

6.3.3.1 Description

Slag bound mixture B 2 shall be a granular mixture with compacity requirement.

6.3.3.2 Grading of the mixture

The grading of the selected sub-type, determined in accordance with EN 933-1, shall comply withTable 3. According to the use of the mixture, either category G1 or category G2 of the gradingenvelopes in figures 5 to 7 shall be specified.


Slag bound mixture Grading category Grading envelopes

B 2 - 0/20 G1 or G2 figure 5

B 2 - 0/14 G1 or G2 figure 6

B 2- 0/10 G1 or G2 figure 7

6.3.3.3 Compacity

The minimum compacity of the mixture at the maximum modified Proctor dry density shall be 0,80 inaccordance with Annex C.

6.3.3.4 Immediate bearing index of the mixture

In the case of slag bound mixture B2-0/10, the immediate bearing index determined in accordance withprEN13286-47 shall not be less than 50.


6.3.4.1 Description

Slag bound mixture B 3 shall be a fine aggregate mixture with an immediate bearing indexrequirement.


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6.3.4.2 Grading of the mixture

The grading of the mixture, determined in accordance with EN 933-1, shall comply with Table 4.


Sieve mm 12,5 6,3 0,063

Percentage passing by mass 100 > 85 < 35

6.3.4.3 Immediate bearing index of the mixture

In order to facilitate site compaction and depending on trafficking, the immediate bearing index of themixture, determined in accordance with prEN13286-47, shall be selected from Table 5.

Table 5 Immediate bearing index categories for slag bound mixture B 3

Immediate bearing indexcategory

Immediate bearing indexrequirement

IPI40 > 40

IPI25 > 25

IPINR No requirement

NOTE: Mixtures with an immediate bearing index less than 40 may not support immediate trafficking and shouldbe used with care. The addition of another aggregate may be necessary to achieve the immediate bearing indexrequired for immediate use.


6.3.5.1 Description

Slag bound mixture B 4 shall be a mixture where the grading, determined in accordance with EN 933-1, is declared by the supplier.

NOTE: If appropriate, other properties, such as immediate bearing index, may be declared.

6.4 Examples of slag bound mixtures

Annex B give examples of slag bound mixtures.

NOTE The examples are not exhaustive, nor the proportions intended to be restrictive, but illustrate thecurrent use in Europe.


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7 Laboratory mechanical performance classification

7.1 General

The laboratory mechanical performance of slag bound mixtures shall be characterized and classifiedby one of the following three methods.:

by CBR;

by compressive strength (Rc);

by the combination Rt,Eof tensile strength (Rt) and modulus of elasticity (E).

NOTE No correlation is intended nor shall be assumed between the three methods.

7.2 Classification by CBR

Slag bound mixtures shall be classified by both:

immediate CBR (CBR0);

CBR after 28 days (or 91 days, see last paragraph of this section), calculated in accordance withthe following formula:

CBR28=((CBR28- CBR0 ) / CBRo) 100

where

CBR28 is the percentage change in CBR after 28 days, in percent (%);

CBR28 is the CBR value after 28 days;

CBRimm is the immediate CBR value.

The determination of CBR shall be carried out in accordance with annex D.

Slag bound mixtures shall be classified as follows:

CBR 50/25; CBR 30/25; CBR 50/35; CBR 30/35; CBR 50/50; CBR 30/50.

The first number after CBR designates the immediate CBR value and the second number designates CBR28.

The CBR class shall be selected from Table 6.

Table 6 CBR classification


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Class Type of slagboundmixture

CBRimm%

CBR28%

CBR 50/25CBR 30/25

A 1 to 3

A 4

> 50

> 30

> 25

> 25

CBR 50/35CBR 30/35

A 1 to 3

A 4

> 50

> 30

> 35

> 35

CBR 50/50CBR 30/50

A 1 to 3

A 4

> 50

> 30

> 50

> 50

In the case that CBR after 28 days does not fulfil the requirements of the chosen CBR class,

CBR after 91 days or earlier shall be determined. After this time, CBR shall fulfil the CBR28

requirement.

7.3 Classification by Rc

Mixtures shall be classified by Rcdetermined in accordance with prEN 13286-41 carried out onspecimens manufactured in accordance with prENs 13286-50 to 53.

The class of Rcshall be selected from Table 7 in combination with the selected method of specimenmanufacture.

NOTE: The permitted methods of specimen manufacture realize different specimen shapes and density, andthus for the same mixture, different strengths. Hence it is important, on the basis of experience and utilization,not to separate strength from the method of specimen manufacture.

The age of classification and curing conditions shall be specified in accordance with practice at theplace of use.

For characterization or mixture design testing in the laboratory, Rc shall be the average result from atleast three specimens. If one value varies by more than 20 % of the average, it shall be discarded andRc taken as the average of the other values.

Table 7 Rc classification

RcClass MinimumRcin MPa for cylinders

of slenderness ratio 2a

MinimumRcin MPa for cylinders

of slenderness ratio 1aandcubes

C 0,4 / 0,5 0,4 0,5

C 0,8 / 1 0,8 1

C 1,5 / 2 1,5 2

C 3 / 4 3 4

C 6 / 8 6 8

C 9 / 12 9 12


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C 12 / 16 12 16

C 15 / 20 15 20

C 18 / 24 18 24

C 21 / 28 21 28

C 24 / 32 24 32

C 27 / 36 27 36

CDV declared value declared value

a If cylinders with slenderness ratios other than 1 or 2 are used, then the correlation with cylinders of either slenderness ratio1 or 2 shall be established before use.

7.4 Classification by Rt,E

7.4.1 General

Mixtures shall be classified by the combination of tensile strength (Rt) and modulus of elasticity (E),designated Rt,E.

The class of Rt,Eshall be selected from figure 8.

The age of classification and curing conditions shall be specified in accordance with practice at theplace of use.

For characterization or mixture design testing in the laboratory, Rt and E shall be the average resultfrom at least three specimens. If one value varies by more than 20 % of the average, it shall bediscarded and Rt and E taken as the average of the other values.

Rtand Eshall be established using one of the equivalent methods outlined in 7.4.2 to 7.4.4.

7.4.2 Method by direct tensile testing

Rt shall be determined in accordance with prEN 13286-40.

Eshall be determined in direct tension (Et) in accordance with prEN 13286-43.

For both, specimens shall be manufactured using vibrocompression in accordance with prEN 13286-52.

7.4.3 Method by indirect tensile testing

Rtshall be derived from Rit determined in accordance with prEN 13286-42 using the relationshipRt = 0,8 Rit.

Eshall be derived from Eit(Emeasured in indirect tension) determined in accordance with prEN

13286-43 using the relationship E = Eit.

Specimens shall be manufactured using:


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either Proctor compaction for both in accordance with prEN 13286-50;

or vibrating hammer for both in accordance with prEN 13286-51;

or vibrocompression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-52;

or axial compression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-53.


7.4.4 Method by indirect tensile and compression testing

Rtshall be derived from Ritdetermined in accordance with prEN 13286-42 using the relationship Rt=0,8 Rit.

Eshall be derived from Ec(Emeasured in compression) determined in accordance with prEN 13286-43 using the relationship E = Ec.

Specimens shall be manufactured using:

either Proctor compaction for both in accordance with prEN 13286-50;

or vibrating hammer for both in accordance with prEN 13286-51;

or vibrocompression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-52;

or axial compression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-53.


8 Other characteristics

Where appropriate, other characteristics, such as frost resistance, shall be examined in accordancewith the provisions valid in the place of use.

10 Production control

The producer should have in place a system of production control that complies the requirements ofannex E.

11 Designation and description

11.1 Designation

The product shall be designated by:

a) Producer code of the mixture formulation

b) Reference to this European standard

c) Producer and place of production

d) Type and characterisation of the slag bound mixture


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(e.g.: Slag bound mixture B2 0/20 G2 T3)

11.2 Description

The product shall be described by:

a) Description of the constituents

b) Mixture proportions (in % by mass)

c) Method of manufacture, curing mode and period, and testing of specimens

d) Dry density of the specimens

e) Laboratory mechanical performance values

f) Other declared characteristics

12 Marking and labelling

The delivery ticket shall contain at least the following:

a) Designation

b) Date of dispatch

c) Quantity

d) Serial number of the ticket


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Figure 1 Grading requirements for slag bound mixture A1 and B1-1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

mm

percentagepassing

Sieve

mm minimum maximum

22,4 90 100

8 55 852 25 55

0,063 0 6

Percentage passing by mass

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

mm

percentagepassing

Sieve

mm minimum maximum

31,5 90 100

16 50 85

4 25 60

2 20 50

0,063 0 6



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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

mm

pe

rcentagep

assing

Sieve

mm minimum maximum

45 90 100

16 50 90

4 25 70

2 20 60

0,063 0 6


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100mm

percentage

passing

Sieve

mm minimum max imum

31,5 85 100

16 65 95

4 30 85

2 20 75

0,25 5 35

0,063 0 6



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Figure 5 Grading requirements for slag bound mixture B 2 0/20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

mm

percenta

ge

passing

Category G1

Category G2

Sieve

mm minimum maximum

category G1

maximum

category G2

31,5 100

20 85 100 100

10 55 80 87

6,3 42 66 75

4 32 56 66

2 23 43 54

0,5 11 26 31

0,25 8 19 23

0,063 3,5 9 11

Percentage passing by mas s

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

mm

percentage

passing

Category G1

Category G2

Sieve

mm minimummaximum

category G1

maximum

category G2

25 100

14 85 100 100

10 68 90 97

6,3 50 72 84

4 38 60 712 26 46 56

0,5 13 27 32

0,25 10 20 23

0,063 4,5 10 11



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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

mm

percentage

pa

ssing

Category G1

Category G2

Sieve

mm min imum maximum

category G1

maximum

category G2

16 100

10 85 100 100

6,3 62 83 91

4 48 71 81

2 33 54 64

0,5 17 31 36

0,25 12 23 25

0,063 6,5 12 13



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E (MPa) 2000 5000 10000 20000 40000

Low limit of

categoryT5 0,97 1,50 1,93 2,35 2,60

T4 0,67 1,00 1,26 1,49 1.70

T3 0,52 0,73 0,90 1,05 1,20

T2 0,34 0,47 0,57 0,67 0,75

T1 0.19 0,26 0,32 0,38 0,43

Rt (MPa)

0.1

1.0

10.0

1000 10000 100000

elastic modulus E in MPa

directtensilestregthRtinMPa

NOTE The table

beside gives the values

of Rt and E used to

draw the curves limiting

the categories T5, T4,

T3, T2 and T1.

T5

T3

T2

T1

T4

T0


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Figure 8 Classification by Rt,E


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Annex A (normative)

The hydraulic activity of granulated blast furnace slag, partially groundgranulated blast furnace slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag

A.1 Hydraulic activity

The hydraulic activity of granulated blast furnace slag is a function of chemical composition, finescontent and activators, such that an increase in fines content can increase the reactivity of slagsconsidered relatively unreactive because of chemical composition.

A.2 C.A product

In terms of chemical composition, the important factor is the C.A product, where C is the CaO content

and A the Al2O3content. The higher the C.A product the more reactive the slag. Typically there arethree categories based on C.A product:

Table A.1 Categories of C.A products

C.A product Category

> 550 CA 1

425 to 550 CA 2

< 425 CA 3

A.3 Granulated blast furnace slag

The proportion of fines in a compacted slag bound mixture using granulated blast furnace slag is afunction of the friability of the granulated blast furnace slag . The softer the slag, the more theproduction of fines under the roller, and the more reactive the slag. The friability of granulated blastfurnace slag is assessed by determination of its alpha coefficient in accordance with prEN 13286-44.The lower the alpha coefficient the less friable the granulated blast furnace slag . The classification isas follows:

Table A.2 Categories of alpha coefficient

Alpha coefficient Category

< 20 1

20 to 40 2

40 to 60 3

> 60 4

A.4 Partially ground granulated slag

There are four categories based on the "finer" than 0,063 mm content (called "fines") determined inaccordance with EN 933-1.


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Table A.3 Categories of fines content

Fines%

Category

1 to < 5 PG 1

5 to < 8 PG 2

8 to < 14 PG 3

14 PG 4

A5 Ground granulated blast furnace slag

There are four categories based on the Blaine fineness, determined in accordance with EN 196:

Table A.4 Categories of Blaine fineness

Blaine Finenessm

2/kg

Category

< 150 GG 1

150 to < 300 GG 2

300 to < 400 GG 3

400 GG 4


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Annex B (informative)

Some examples of slag bound mixtures A and B (component proportions aspercentage dry mass)

Table B.1 Slag bound mixtures A and B1

Components

Slagboundmixture

Air-cooledblast

furnaceslag

Air-cooledsteel slag

Granulated blastfurnace slag

Other

100 % - - -

80 % - 20 % -

75 % 25 % - -

A1/A2/A3/B1 40 % 40 % 20 % -

- - 10 % 90 %

- 5 % 5 % 90 %

50 % - 50 % -

- 50 % 50 % -

A4/B1 15 % 15 % 70 % -

- - 50 % 50 %

Table B.2 Slag bound mixtures B

Components

Slag-boundmixture

Aggregate Granulated blast-furnace slag

Partially ground granulatedblast furnace slag (PG3)

Activator

74 to 84% 15 to 25% - 1% lime

84 to 89% 10 to 15% - 1% sulfate-lime

B2

87 to 91% - 8 to 12% 1% sulfate-lime

B3 86 to 91% - 8 to 13% 1% sulfate-lime


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Annex C (normative)

Compacity of a slag bound mixture B2

The compacity before setting of a slag bound mixture B2 shall be defined as the value of the ratio:

absolute volume of solid/apparent volume of the mixture

This shall be calculated by the following formula:

C = (m/100) x (a/A + b/B + c/C ...)

where

C is the compacity;

m is the maximum dry density of the mixture, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);A is the particle density of the constituent A, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);B is the particle density of the constituent B, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);C is the particle density of the constituent C, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3);a is the constituent A content in mass related to the mixture, in percent (%)

b is the constituent B content in mass related to the mixture, in percent (%)

c is the constituent C content in mass related to the mixture, in percent (%)

The particle density of the constituents (A, B, C,...) shall be determined according to EN 1097-6Annex A or EN 1097-7, depending upon their particle size.

For example, the compacity at the maximum modified Proctor dry density of the mixture describedbelow shall be calculated as follows:

Constituent % Particle density

(Mg/m3)

Coarse aggregate6,3/20 49A

2,69

Fine aggregate 0/6,3 38B

2,65

Partially groundgranulated blast furnace

slag

12C

2,78

activator 1D

2,61

Maximum modified Proctor dry density of themixture (Mg/m

3) m

2,19

C = (2,19/100) x (49/2,69 + 38/2,65 + 12/2,78 + 1/2,61) = 0,82


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Annex D (normative)

Increase of the CBR value of slag bound mixtures

D.1 Sampling and preparation of the test samples

The sample shall be dried in an oven at a temperature of (60 5) C, or air dried at room temperature.It shall be sieved on the 22,4 mm sieve. The material passing this sieve shall be mixed to obtain ahomogeneous mixture. This material shall be divided into 10, or if necessary, 15 representativesamples, each with enough mass for one CBR test.

D.2 Specimen manufacture and curing

A sample shall be placed in the mixing bowl. To attain the estimated optimum moisture content, watershall be added as described for the one point Proctor compaction in prEN 13286-2. Mix the materialand water thoroughly using the scoop until a homogeneous mixture is obtained.

The empty CBR mould with the baseplate shall be weighed. The mould shall be assembled with itsbaseplate. The coIlar piece shall be fitted and the circular plate placed upon the baseplate. A filter-

paper (diameter (150,8 1,0) mm) shall be placed on the circular plate.

The mixed material shall be compacted in the mould in three equal layers, each with a height ofapproximately 40 mm. While pouring the material in the mould, segregation shall be prevented. Thesurface of each layer shall be given 56 blows with the drop hammer falling freely from a height of (305

5) mm. The blows shall be evenly distributed over the surface of the layer in the following way:

- 18 blows around the outside;

- 10 blows in the middle;

- 18 blows around the outside followed by 10 blows in the middle.

Other ways to distribute the blows over the surface are possible provided the same degree ofcompaction is achieved. Compaction shall be carried out in a place where no vibrations occur.

After compaction the collar piece shall be removed and the material trimmed flush with the top of themould using the steel straightedge. Dislodged pieces of material shall be reinstated and voids filledwith finer material. The mould with the compacted material shall be placed upside down and thebaseplate, circular plate and filter paper removed. The baseplate shall be fitted to the other end of themould.

With each representative sample a test specimen shall be prepared in the same way as described

above.

To calculate the percentage change in CBR value, five CBR specimens for each age (0 day, 28 daysand if necessary 91 days) shall be tested complying with the normal CBR test with two surcharge discsdescribed in prEN 13286-47.

The immediate CBR value, CBRimm, (see 8.2) shall be determined immediately after preparation of thespecimen.

The remaining specimens shall be cured in a climatic cabinet or room with relative humidity of at least

90 % to prevent moisture loss by evaporation. The temperature during storage shall be at (20 2) C.After 28 days and/or 91 days the CBR value shall be determined as described before.


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D.3 Calculation and expression of results

Calculate the CBR values after 0 day, 28 days and/or 91 days as the mean value of the five specimenresults. Calculate the increase of the CBR value after 28 days and/or 91 days or earlier as described in7.2.


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Annex E (informative)

PRODUCTION CONTROL FOR SLAG BOUND MIXTURES

E.1 General

This annex describes the recommendations for a production control system for producers ofhydraulically treated mixtures (e.g. aggregates and soils treated by lime, hydraulic binders or hydrauliccombinations).

The objective of production control is to give assurance that the mixture conforms to the specification.

E.2 Quality manual

The producer should establish and maintain his policy and procedures for production control in aquality manual that should include:

- the producer's organizational structure relating to quality.

- control of constituents and mixtures.

- process control, calibration and maintenance.

- requirements for the handling and storage of the mixture when appropriate.

- inspection, calibration and control of the measuring equipment in the process, and laboratorytesting equipment for the mixture.

- procedures for handling non-conforming mixture.

E.3 Organization

E.3.1 Responsibility and authority

The responsibility, authority and inter-relation of all personnel who manage, perform and verify workaffecting quality should be defined in the quality manual, particularly personnel who have authority toidentify, record and rectify any mixture quality problems.

E.3.2 Management representative

The producer should appoint a person with appropriate authority, knowledge and experience ofproduction control and to ensure that the requirements of the quality manual are implemented andmaintained.


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E.3.3 Internal audits

The producer should carry out internal quality audits to verify compliance with the plannedarrangements and the effectiveness of the quality system. Audits should be scheduled on the basis ofthe status and importance of the activity. The audits and follow up action should be carried out in

accordance with documented procedures. The results of the audits should be documented and broughtto the attention of the personnel having responsibility in the area audited. The management personnelresponsible for the area should take timely corrective action on the deficiencies found by the audit andshould keep a record of the action taken.

E.3.4 Management review

The production control system should be reviewed at appropriate intervals by management to ensureits continuing suitability and effectiveness. Records of such reviews should be maintained.

E.3.5 Sub-contract services

Where any services are supplied from outside the producer's resources, means of control should beestablished.

E.3.6 Records

The production control system should contain adequately documented procedures and instructions.

The intended frequencies of tests and inspections by the producer should be documented and theresults of tests and inspections recorded.

Sampling location, date and time, as well as details of the mixture or constituents tested, should berecorded together with any other relevant information.

Where the constituent or mixture examined does not satisfy the requirements of the appropriatespecification and this standard, records should be kept of corrective actions taken to ensure the qualityof the mixture is maintained.

Records should be kept in such a way that they are retrievable and be retained for the period stated inthe quality manual, usually a minimum of 3 years or longer if legally required.

E.3.7 Training

The producer should establish and maintain procedures for the training of all personnel involved inactivities affecting quality. Personnel performing specific assigned tasks should be suitably qualified onthe basis of appropriate education, training or experience, as required. Training records should bekept.

E.4 Control procedures

E.4.1 Production management

The production control system should contain the following:

a)The composition of the mixture to be produced.

b) Procedures to adjust mixture composition.


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c) Procedures to ensure that constituents comply with requirements

d) Procedures to ensure that production equipment, including mixture storage facilities,maintain the composition, homogeneity, and consistency of the mixture;

e) Procedures for:

calibrating, maintaining and adjusting the process and testing equipment,

sampling the constituents and mixture,

data recording during processing,

adjusting the process according to weather conditions;

f) Instructions so that the mixture is identifiable up to the point of delivery as regards sourceand type.

E.4.2 Composition of the mixture

The composition of the mixtures should be established from a laboratory mixture design procedureintended to ensure the mixture will have properties conforming to the relevant standard and thecontract.

Where applicable, the composition of regularly produced mixtures should be included in a catalogue ofmixtures compositions and considered as the mixture base line or target composition.

The compositions should be re-established in case of significant change in constituents and should bereviewed periodically to ensure the mixture conforms to requirements taking account any change inproperties of constituents.

E.4.3 Constituents

Documentation should detail the source and type of each constituent of the mixture for use at theproduction location.

Adequate supplies of constituent should be available to ensure that the planned rates of productionand delivery can be maintained.

The specifications for incoming constituents should be established and communicated to suppliers bymeans of written orders.

The control procedures should check that constituents are capable of providing the required quality.

Constituents should be transported and stored in such a manner as to avoid intermingling,contamination or deterioration that may affect the quality of the product.

E.4.4 Process Control

The quality manual should include:

- A description of equipment and installation


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- A description of the flow of constituents and the processes carried out on them. If appropriatethis should incorporate a flow diagram.

- A schedule for monitoring the performance of the process, (manual or automatic systems),including a record of equipment performance against the stated tolerances.

E.4.5 Inspection, calibration and control of process equipment

The quality manual should identify items of measuring devices that require calibration and thefrequency of such calibration.

Calibration procedures should be provided, including the permitted tolerances for the devices to remainin service. The quality manual should state the required accuracy of all calibrations.

The equipment should be adequately maintained to ensure that it continues to be capable of producingmixture to the required specifications and tolerances.

E.4.6 Handling and Delivery

The quality manual should contain procedures to ensure that the mixture is handled and (whereappropriate) delivered with the minimum of segregation or degradation and within the permitted watercontent range and time limit.

At the point of delivery, the mixture should be identifiable and traceable with regard to its productiondata. The producer should maintain records of relevant data of production, which can be referencedfrom information when appropriate on the delivery ticket.

If appropriate the producer's quality manual should describe the characteristics of any mixture storagesystem and define its mode of operation. The producer should ensure through checks, inspections and

records that such systems are used correctly and that mixtures maintain their suitability for use.

E.5 Inspection and testing of constituents and mixtures during production

E.5.1 General

At the start of the production process, the homogeneity of the mixture should be considered withregard to the specification, the type and quality of the production plant and the quality and homogeneityof the constituents. This can be appreciated either from past production experience or by undertakingspecific tests.

The quality manual should specify the frequency and nature of regular tests/checks/inspections thatshould be carried out during production. The producer should prepare a schedule of frequenciesconsidering:

- test frequencies in relation to periods of actual production of each mixture;

- test frequency where automated surveillance and monitoring of the production process exists,

- statistical approach for testing.

Reasons for changing the test frequencies and analysis should be stated in the quality manual.


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NOTE : If appropriate, long term experience of the consistency of a particular property as wellas mixtures with an established record for conformity should be taken into account.

E.5.2 Characteristics that require control during production

These may include:

- properties of the constituents including water content (before production)

- proportioning of the constituents including added water

- grading of the fresh mixture

- water content of the fresh mixture.

The above characteristics should comply with the requirements of the target composition of the mixture(C.4.2).

E.5.3 Frequency of sampling the mixture

During the regular production of the mixture, the sample frequency may be as follows:

- In the case of plants with a validated and accepted automated surveillance and data collectionsystem giving computerized composition for every truck or every batch, one sample should be takenevery 2000 tonnes or 1000 m3 or one par day for lesser quantities.

- In the case of other types of plants or production, one sample should be taken every 300

tonnes or 150 m3, with a minimum of 1 sample per day or 3 per contract.

- Alternatively and independent of the type of mixing plant, the frequency of sampling can be ona time related rather than a quantity related basis such as a minimum of 1 sample per week or 1sample per day depending on the characteristic being measured.

In the case of occasional production of a standard mixture, the production should be assessedcumulatively with previous production with the same or similar criteria. The frequency of sampling canbe adjusted on a contract-by-contract basis according to the overall quantity of production required.

E.6 Inspection and testing equipment

E.6.1 General

All necessary facilities, equipment and personnel should be available to carry out the requiredinspections and tests.

Normally the testing should be performed according to the specified test methods given in the relevantstandard.

Other test methods may be used, if correlations or safe relationships between the results of these testmethods and the reference methods have been established.


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E.6.2 Measuring and testing equipment

The producer should be responsible for the control, calibration and maintenance of his inspection,measuring and testing equipment.

E.6.3 Measuring and testing equipment in the process

The points in the process where measuring equipment needs to be deployed should be stated in thequality manual.

The quality manual should indicate when control is carried out automatically or manually. There mustbe a description of how equipment is maintained and calibrated.

E.6.4 Measuring and testing equipment in laboratory

The testing equipment should be in a known state of calibration and accuracy, consistent with therequired measurement capability.

The following points should be addressed:

- Accuracy and frequency of calibration, which should be in accordance with the relevant testsstandard

- Equipment to be used in accordance with documented procedures.

- Equipment to be uniquely identified and calibration records should be retained.

- Keeping of calibration records.

E.7 Non-conformity

E.7.1 General

Non-conformity can arise at the following stages:

- constituent delivery.

- constituent in storage.

- mixture production.

- handling, storage and delivery of the mixture if appropriate.

In the event that a non-conforming constituent, process or mixture is identified, investigations shouldbe initiated to determine the reasons for non-conformity and effective corrective action should beimplemented to prevent recurrence in accordance with procedures documented in the quality manual.

E.7.2 Non-conformity of constituents

In the case of non-conforming constituents, corrective action may involve:

- reclassifying the constituent.


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- reprocessing.

- adjusting process control to allow for constituent non-conformity.

- rejection and disposal of the non-conforming constituent.

E.7.3 Non-conformity of the mixture

Non-conforming mixture should be evaluated and procedures for taking action should be followed.

The quality manual should identify the action to be taken when a non-conforming product is identifiedand should state the circumstances under which the customer will be notified of non-conformingresults.

Such action may involve:

- corrective action (for example modification of the mixture and or adjustment of equipment).

- acceptance of the mixture following the agreement of the customer to accept a non-conformingmixture.

- if the mixture produced is incorrect it can be redirect to an alternative customer if appropriate.

- rejection of the mixture.

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PrEN 14227-02 - Slag Bound Mixtures

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