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hygiene 26/08/2011 15:52
Hygiene:
Personaly
Hair must be tied back
To insure it does not infect food with any symptoms you might have are
not clean hands so as not contaminate food it is also important to
thoroughly dry your hands (soapy soup isn’t good)
Appropriate cloths must be warn so as to insure you don’t trip dangle in
the dinner or spoil your favourate top appropriate cloths include a hair
net/hat an apron is also advised or some other counter part.
You may wish to (in fact it is advisable to )do a “head to toe check” this is
where you simply do a check of your body before beginning work starting
at either your head or toes and going up or down accordingly.
Things to check for are your shoes ok grippy etc easy to walk in,
comfortable trousers are they excessively baggy or to tight either can be
problematic and as such should not be warn in the kitchen top are the
sleeves of a dangly nature or are they restrictive note sleeves should go
to the elbow only so as to avoid contamination
Food hygiene
Food types should not be mixed before added to the pot this means
different chopping boards for different things (fish, meat, veg(&fruit) dairy
products and grain based (eg bread pastries etc)products)
If the food should in anyway be contaminated then the entire saucepan
frying-pan or whatever container it might happen to be in should be
disposed of for example a frying-pan full of onions gets some spices spilt
on half the pan dispose of the entire contents not just the spiced half.
preparatory work 26/08/2011 15:52
If you are hosting an event it is incredibly important to do enough
preparatory work such as:
What is the event for example if a wedding decorative rich food is
probably best if however it’s a café quick filling food is preferable
How many you are feeding 10 or is it perhaps 10000
it is also important to note how much and of what foods and any that are
present with allergies what are they and do you need to exclude stuff or
do you simply find them alone an alternative an example of this could be
if you have someone allergic to dairy and the dinner is pizza then you may
leave off the cheese and give them a dairy free cheese or simply not add
the cheese however if someone is highly allergic to nuts and you were
going to prepare chicken satay simply having nuts so close to the
exception is a life hazard which needs to be reconsidered and changed
what sort of facilities a proper kitchen or a tent in a field and with that a
risk assessment of the area of work
one must also include a list of the necessary equipment needed this is
including first aid knives pots pans aprons hats everything that will be
used in the kitchen
and last but one of the most important time management (ironically last
as this will in fact be the first thing that will be needed to be done)this will
include how long to spend on all above and how long to spend doing the
actual cooking of the food of the event
high risk foods 26/08/2011 15:52
keep foods safe ie refrigerated so as not too let the pathogenic bacteria
develope
laws and legislations are enforced on the product so that the risk of harm
being done is lowered such as use by dates and storing instructions
an illness causing pathogenic bacteria carried by food is usually caused by
poor hygiene and handling and or reheating
it is usually caused by high risk products such as raw/undercooked meat
fish eggs shellfish and some more third world country grains especially
rice as it is grown in muddy damp and warm climate the exact
requirements of pathogenic bacteria (time warmth nourishment and
moisture )
pathogenic bacteria grow by the process of binary fission this means that
at a particular point in their development they simply split in two and start
to develop again so next time there will be two that are capable to split
giving four then eight, 16 etc and it is in this way that bacteria quickly
spread so if freshly cooked you are less likely to get food poisoning
food poisoning 26/08/2011 15:52
name effect from what how long
salmonella headache aching limbs fever rice raw meat poultry
abdominal pain diarea vomiting eggs and lasts for 12-36
very rarely fatal
chlostridium botulinum double vision voice change poorly canned
dooding eylids constipation food 24-72
death in the time or if like normal
you just get ill months of recovery
E.coli 0157 diarea kidney failure death possible 5-7 days aprox
meat and dairy products
Clostridium perfingeans abdom pain diaria nausea 8 – 48 meat and
poultry
Listeria monocytogenes flu like symptoms
food preservation principles of 26/08/2011 15:52
method principle example
Chilling and freezing Retards emo growth
inhibits enzyme
activity(browning)
Peas veg sauces etc
Uht heat Kills emo prevents
enzyme activity
Milk etc
Preserving (placing in
sugary solution)
Dehydrates emos Fruit(jam) nuts etc.
Pickling (place in acidic
solution
Inhibits emo growth Gerkins
Keep in vacuum Kills emos Peach and pringles
Moisture reduction Dehydrates to death
any emos manifesting
on the food
Salted substances such
as meat etc
fermentation Acid and alchohol
produced in this
processto preserve
Tamari brandy etc
Preservation facts 26/08/2011 15:52
Used for millennia to store food through the winter months
In the last two centuries far more sophisticated (if ruthless) methods
have been established
Smoking foods has been used since fire was discovered
Preserving as far back as the romans and probably further people have
candied things in honey
Freezing believe it or not was first known to be used in 1800 bc in
china
Canning was developed in 1795 when Nicolas Appert started selling
stuff in bottles which he put in hot water just before sealing to
decrease the amount of oxygen in the container to extend shelf life
Salting is another example that has been used for millennia it is the
process of coating the desired substance in salt or brine(salty solution)
Fermentation developed in India around 2000bc
Pickling dates back as far as the earliest part of the ancient Egyptians
civilisation they used to pickle fish amongst other things
people have bottled their food in glass or clay as far back as they chad
the capacity
preservation methods 30/08/2011 07:27
A form of heat processing which improves the products “shelf life”
pasteurisation kills most manifesting emos that are to blame for food
spoilage it is a process that relies on raising the product to a specific
temperature and for a specific time eg 1:62-63ºc for 30-35 mins or 2: 172º
for 15 secs pasteurisation only gets rid of pathogenic bacteria as opposed
to other heat treatment which will often get rid of all bacteria in a rather
ruthless fashion. The time temp and method differ depending on what the
product is
Sterilisation is a more sever form of heat treatment that destroys emos
and alters taste appearance sterilisation in terms of heat exceeds 100ºc in
temp the high temp is high enough to kill the emos and their spores which
pasteurisation won’t necessarily kill the emos spores if the correct temp is
not reached spores can survive potentially resulting in food poisoning.
Especially clostridium botulinum. The temp of the processes depends on
the Ph. of the product in question the product must then be packaged in a
contamination free high heat facilities to make sure the emos can not re
enter the product.
The process in which a product is vacuum is sealed in a can (normally
metal(tin aluminium))temp of canning 121ºc+ and is quicker under
pressure this is called pressure canning but there is another way this is to
submerse the can in boiling water up to the rim and then aply the lid so as
the inside air is hot so takig up less room
Dehydration the removal of the subjects water to prevent emo growth.
Spray drying is spraying the product with hot gas in order to evaporate
the moisture reducing a liquid to a powder in minutes
additives 30/08/2011 14:29
New additives passed by EU food administration before they are allowed
into commercial use these additives include colours preservatives
antioxidants emulsifiers and stabilizers. These make up the basis for
additives in food in Europe today in America however there are no such
regulations so you end up with some very dodgy stuff in your food.
100–199
Colours
100–109 yellows (see the full list)
110–119 orange
120–129 reds
130–139 blues & violets
140–149 greens
150–159 browns & blacks
160–199 gold and others
200–299
Preservatives
Full list
[edit]E100–E199 (colours)
Code Name(s) Color Status
E100 Curcumin, turmeric Yellow-orange Approved in the EU[5]
Approved in the US.[6]
E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called lactoflavin Yellow-orange
Approved in the EU[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E101a Riboflavin-5'-PhosphateYellow-orange Approved in the
EU[5]
E102 Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) Lemon yellow Approved in the
EU[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E103 Alkannin[7] Red-brown
E104 Quinoline Yellow WS Dull or greenish yellow Approved in the
EU[5] Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK.[citation needed]
E105 Fast Yellow AB Yellow
E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate Yellow
E107 Yellow 2G Yellow
E110 Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6) Yellow-orange
Approved in the EU.[5] Banned in and Norway.[citation needed]
Products in the EU require warnings and its use is being phased-out.
[citation needed] Approved in the US.[6]
E111 Orange GGN Orange
E120 Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural Red 4) Crimson
Approved in the EU.[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E121 Citrus Red 2 Dark red Approved in the United States only for
use in coloring the skin of oranges.[8]
E122 Carmoisine, Azorubine Red to maroon Approved in the EU.[5]
Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK. Currently banned in Canada,
Japan, Norway, USA .[citation needed] EU currently evaluating health
risks.[citation needed]
E123 Amaranth (FD&C Red 2) Dark red Approved in the EU.[5]
E124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R) Red
Approved in the EU.[5]
E125 Ponceau SX, Scarlet GNRed
E126 Ponceau 6RRed
E127 Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3) Red Approved in the EU.[5] Approved
in the US.[6]
E128 Red 2G Red Forbidden
E129 Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40) Red Approved in the EU.[5] Banned
in Switzerland[citation needed]. Undergoing a voluntary phase out in the
UK. Approved in the US.[6]
E130 Indanthrene blue RS Blue
E131 Patent Blue V Dark blue Approved in the EU.[5]
E132 Indigo carmine (indigotine, FD&C Blue 2) Indigo Approved in
the EU.[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E133 Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) Reddish blue Approved in
the EU.[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E140 Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins: (i) Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins
Green Approved in the EU.[5]
E141 Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins (i) Copper
complexes of chlorophylls (ii) Copper complexes of chlorophyllins Green
Approved in the EU.[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E142 Green S Green Approved in the EU.[5]
E143 Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3) Sea green
E150a Plain caramel Brown Approved in the EU.[5] Approved
in the US.[6]
E150b Caustic sulphite caramel Brown Approved in the EU.
[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E150c Ammonia caramel Brown Approved in the EU.[5]
Approved in the US.[6]
E150d Sulphite ammonia caramel Brown Approved in the US.
[6]
E151 Black PN, Brilliant Black BN Black Approved in the EU.[5]
E152 Black 7984 food colouring Black
E153 Carbon black, Vegetable carbon Black Approved in the EU.[5]
E154 Brown FK (kipper brown) Brown Approved in the EU.[5]
E155 Brown HT (chocolate brown HT) Brown Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160a Alpha-carotene, Beta-carotene, Gamma-carotene Yellow-
orange to brown Approved in the EU.[5]
E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin Orange Approved in the EU.[5]
Approved in the US.[6]
E160c Paprika oleoresin, Capsanthin, capsorubin Red
Approved in the EU.[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E160d Lycopene Bright to deep red Approved in the EU.[5]
Approved in the US.[6]
E160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) Orange-red to yellow
Approved in the EU.[5] Approved in the US.[6]
E160fEthyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30) Orange-red to yellow
Approved in the EU.[5]
E161a Flavoxanthin Golden-yellow
E161b Lutein Orange-red to yellow Approved in the EU.[5]
E161c Cryptoxanthin Orange-red
E161d Rubixanthin Orange-red
E161e Violaxanthin Orange
E161fRhodoxanthin Purple
E161g Canthaxanthin VioletApproved in the EU.[5] Approved in
the US.[6]
E161h Zeaxanthin Orange-red
E161i Citranaxanthin Deep violet
E161j AstaxanthinRed
E162 Beetroot Red, Betanin Red Approved in the EU.[5] Approved in
the US.[6]
E163 Anthocyanins pH dependent(Red, green and purple ranges)
Approved in the EU.[5]
E164 Saffron Orange-red[color?] Approved in the US.[6]
E170 Calcium carbonate, Chalk WhiteApproved in the EU.[5]
E171 Titanium dioxide WhiteApproved in the EU.[5] Approved in the US.
[6]
E172 Iron oxides and iron hydroxides Brown Approved in the EU.
[5] Approved in the US for sausage casings.[6]
E173 Aluminium Silver to grey Approved in the EU.[5]
E174 Silver Silver Approved in the EU.[5]
E175 Gold Gold Approved in the EU.[5]
E180 Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK Red Approved in the EU.[5]
E181 Tannin Brown
E182 Orcein, Orchil Purple
[edit]E200–E299 (preservatives)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E200 Sorbic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E201 Sodium sorbate preservative
E202 Potassium sorbate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E203 Calcium sorbate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E209 Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate preservative
E210 Benzoic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E211 Sodium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E212 Potassium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E213 Calcium benzoatepreservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E214 Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
Approved in the EU.[5]
E215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
Approved in the EU.[5]
E216 Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
E217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
E218 Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
Approved in the EU.[5]
E219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
Approved in the EU.[5]
E220 Sulphur dioxide preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E221 Sodium sulphite preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E222 Sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite) preservative
Approved in the EU.[5]
E223 Sodium metabisulphite preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E224 Potassium metabisulphite preservative Approved in the EU.
[5]
E225 Potassium sulphite preservative
E226 Calcium sulphite preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite (preservative) firming agent
Approved in the EU.[5]
E228 Potassium hydrogen sulphite preservative Approved in the EU.
[5]
E230 Biphenyl, diphenyl preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E231 Orthophenyl phenol preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol preservative Approved in the EU.
[5]
E233 Thiabendazole preservative
E234 Nisin preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E235 Natamycin, Pimaracin preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E236 Formic acid preservative
E237 Sodium formate preservative
E238 Calcium formate preservative
E239 Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) preservative
Approved in the EU.[5]
E240 Formaldehyde preservative Forbidden[citation needed]
E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E249 Potassium nitrite preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E250 Sodium nitrite preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E251 Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) preservative Approved in
the EU.[5]
E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) preservative Approved in the EU.
[5]
E260 Acetic acid (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.
[9]
E261 Potassium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in
the EU.[9]
E262 Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii) Sodium diacetate (sodium
hydrogen acetate) preservative, acidity regulator Approved in
the EU.[9]
E263 Calcium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in
the EU.[9]
E264 Ammonium acetate preservative
E265 Dehydroacetic acid preservative
E266 Sodium dehydroacetate preservative
E270 Lactic acid (preservative) (acid) antioxidant Approved in the EU.
[9]
E280 Propionic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E281 Sodium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E282 Calcium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E283 Potassium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E284 Boric acid preservative Approved in the EU.[5]
E285 Sodium tetraborate (borax) preservative Approved in the EU.
[5]
E290 Carbon dioxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E296 Malic acid (acid) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E297 Fumaric acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
[edit]E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E301 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E303 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant
E304 Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (Ascorbyl palmitate)
antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E305 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant
E306 Tocopherols (natural) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.
[10]
E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E310 Propyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E311 Octyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant
E314 Guaiac resin antioxidant
E315 Erythorbic acid antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E316 Sodium erythorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[10]
E317 Erythorbin acid antioxidant
E318 Sodium erythorbin antioxidant
E319 tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidant Approved in the EU.
[10]
E320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant Approved in the EU.
[10]
E321 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant Approved in the EU.
[10]
E322 Lecithin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E323 Anoxomer antioxidant
E324 Ethoxyquin antioxidant
E325 Sodium lactate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E326 Potassium lactate (antioxidant) acidity regulator Approved in
the EU.[9]
E327 Calcium lactate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E328 Ammonium lactate acidity regulator
E329 Magnesium lactate acidity regulator
E330 Citric acid acid, acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E331 Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii) Disodium citrate (iii)
Sodium citrate (trisodium citrate) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.
[9]
E332 Potassium citrates (i) Monopotassium citrate (ii) Potassium citrate
(tripotassium citrate) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E333 Calcium citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii) Dicalcium citrate (iii)
Calcium citrate (tricalcium citrate) acidity regulator, firming agent,
sequestrantApproved in the EU.[9]
E334 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) (acid)Approved in the EU.[9]
E335 Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate (ii), Disodium tartrate
acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E336 Potassium tartrates (i) Monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) (ii)
Dipotassium tartrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E337 Sodium potassium tartrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.
[9]
E338 Orthophosphoric acid acid Approved in the EU.[9]
E339 Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium phosphate (ii) Disodium
phosphate (iii) Trisodium phosphate antioxidant Approved in the EU.
[9]
E340 Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium phosphate (ii)
Dipotassium phosphate (iii) Tripotassium phosphate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.[9]
E341 Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium phosphate (ii) Dicalcium
phosphate (iii) Tricalcium phosphate anti-caking agent, firming agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E342 Ammonium phosphates: (i) monoammonium phosphate (ii)
diammonium phosphate
E343 Magnesium phosphates (i) monomagnesium phosphate (ii)
Dimagnesium phosphate anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
This additive is under discussion and may be included in a future
amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives.
E344 Lecitin citrate acidity regulator
E345 Magnesium citrate acidity regulator
E349 Ammonium malate acidity regulator
E350 Sodium malates (i) Sodium malate (ii) Sodium hydrogen malate
acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E351 Potassium malateacidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E352 Calcium malates (i) Calcium malate (ii) Calcium hydrogen malate
acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E353 Metatartaric acid emulsifier Approved in the EU.[9]
E354 Calcium tartrate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[9]
E355 Adipic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E356 Sodium adipate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E357 Potassium adipate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E359 Ammonium adipate acidity regulator
E363 Succinic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E365 Sodium fumarate acidity regulator
E366 Potassium fumarate acidity regulator
E367 Calcium fumarateacidity regulator
E368 Ammonium fumarate acidity regulator
E370 1,4-Heptonolactone acidity regulator
E375 Niacin (nicotinic acid), Nicotinamide colour retention agent
E380 Triammonium citrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E381 Ammonium ferric citrate acidity regulator
E383 Calcium glycerylphosphate acidity regulator
E384 Isopropyl citrate acidity regulator
E385 Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, (Calcium disodium
EDTA) sequestrantApproved in the EU.[9]
E386 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (Disodium EDTA)
sequestrant
E387 Oxystearin stabiliser
E388 Thiodipropionic acid
E389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate
E390 Distearyl thiodipropionate
E391 Phytic acid
E392 Extracts of rosemary Approved in 2010[12]
E399 Calcium lactobionate
[edit]E400–E499 (thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E400 Alginic acid (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11]
E401 Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E402 Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E403 Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11]
E404 Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E405 Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate) (thickener)
(stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E406 Agar (thickener) (gelling agent) stabiliser Approved in the EU.
[11]
E407 Carrageenan (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11]
E407a Processed eucheuma seaweed (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling
agent) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E408 Bakers yeast glycan
E409 Arabinogalactan
E410 Locust bean gum (Carob gum) (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E411 Oat gum (thickener) stabiliser
E412 Guar gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[11]
E413 Tragacanth (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.
[11]
E414 Acacia gum (gum arabic) (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11]
E415 Xanthan gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[11]
E416 Karaya gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.
[11]
E417 Tara gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[11]
E418 Gellan gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.
[11]
E419 Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
E420 Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup (emulsifier) (sweetener)
humectant Approved in the EU.[13]
E421 Mannitol (anti-caking agent) sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E422 Glycerol (emulsifier) sweetener Approved in the EU.[9]
E424 Curdlan
E425 Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannaneemulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11] May not be used in confectionery owing to
choking risk.[citation needed]
E426 Soybean hemicellulose Approved in the EU.[11]
E427 Cassia gum Approved in 2010[12]
E429 Peptones
E430 Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier) stabiliser
E431 Polyoxyethene (40) stearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[9]
E432 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E433 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E434 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E435 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E436 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E440 Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin emulsifier Approved in
the EU.[11]
E441 Gelatine (emulsifier) gelling agent
E442 Ammonium phosphatides emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E443 Brominated vegetable oil
E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosins emulsifier Approved in the EU.
[11]
E446 Succistearin
E450 Diphosphates (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii) Trisodium diphosphate
(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate (v)
Tetrapotassium diphosphate (vi) Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium
dihydrogen diphosphate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[9]
E451 Triphosphates (i) Sodium triphosphate (pentasodium triphosphate)
(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[9]
E452 Polyphosphates (i) Sodium polyphosphates (ii) Potassium
polyphosphates (iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium
polyphosphates (v) Ammonium Polyphosphate emulsifier Approved in
the EU.[9]
E459 Beta-cyclodextrin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[9]
E460 Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E461 Methyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E462 Ethyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E464 Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, = hypromellose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11]
E465 Ethyl methyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E466 Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
E468 Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose)
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11] This additive is under
discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive
on miscellaneous additives
E469 Enzymically hydrolysed carboxymethylcelluloseemulsifier
Approved in the EU.[11]
E470a Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier)
anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[11]
E470b Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier) anti-caking
agentApproved in the EU.[11]
E471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate,
glyceryl distearate) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472a Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472b Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472d Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472e Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and
diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472fMixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of
fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E472g Succinylated monoglycerides emulsifier
E473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E474 Sucroglycerides emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.
[11]
E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E477 Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of
fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E478 Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1emulsifier
E479b Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and
diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E480 Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate emulsifier
E481 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E482 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E483 Stearyl tartrate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E484 Stearyl citrate emulsifier
E485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate emulsifier
E486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate emulsifier
E487 Sodium laurylsulphate emulsifier
E488 Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides emulsifier
E489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester emulsifier
E490 Propane-1,2-diol
E491 Sorbitan monostearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E492 Sorbitan tristearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E493 Sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E494 Sorbitan monooleate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[11]
E496 Sorbitan trioleate emulsifier
E497 Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers
E498 Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil
[edit]E500–E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E500 Sodium carbonates (i) Sodium carbonate (ii) Sodium bicarbonate
(Sodium hydrogen carbonate) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate (acidity
regulator) raising agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E501 Potassium carbonates (i) Potassium carbonate (ii) Potassium
bicarbonate (Potassium hydrogen carbonate) acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.[9]
E503 Ammonium carbonates (i) Ammonium carbonate (ii) Ammonium
bicarbonate (Ammonium hydrogen carbonate) acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.[9]
E504 Magnesium carbonates (i) Magnesium carbonate (ii) Magnesium
bicarbonate Magnesium hydrogen carbonate acidity regulator, anti-
caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E505 Ferrous carbonate acidity regulator
E507 Hydrochloric acid acid Approved in the EU.[9]
E508 Potassium chloride (gelling agent) seasoning Approved in the EU.
[9]
E509 Calcium chloride (sequestrant) firming agent Approved in
the EU.[9]
E510 Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution (acidity regulator)
improving agent
E511 Magnesium chloride firming agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E512 Stannous chloride antioxidant Approved in the EU.[9]
E513 Sulphuric acid acid Approved in the EU.[9]
E514 Sodium sulphates (i) Sodium sulphate (ii) acid Approved in the EU.
[9]
E515 Potassium Sulphates (i) Potassium Sulphate (ii) Approved in
the EU.[9]
E516 Calcium sulphate Approved in the EU.[9]
E517 Ammonium sulphate improving agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E518 Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), (acidity regulator) firming
agent
E519 Copper(II) sulphate preservative
E520 Aluminium sulphate firming agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E521 Aluminium sodium sulphate firming agent Approved in the EU.
[9]
E522 Aluminium potassium sulphate acidity regulator Approved in
the EU.[9]
E523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate acidity regulator Approved in
the EU.[9]
E524 Sodium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E525 Potassium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E526 Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator) firming agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E527 Ammonium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E528 Magnesium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E529 Calcium oxide (acidity regulator) improving agent Approved in
the EU.[9]
E530 Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E535 Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E536 Potassium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate anti-caking agent
E538 Calcium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E539 Sodium thiosulphate antioxidant
E540 Dicalcium diphosphate (acidity regulator) emulsifier
E541 Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii) Basic emulsifier
Approved in the EU.[9]
E542 Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic) anti-
caking agent
E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate emulsifier
E544 Calcium polyphosphate emulsifier
E545 Ammonium polyphosphate emulsifier
E550 Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii) Sodium metasilicate anti-
caking agent
E551 Silicon dioxide (Silica) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E552 Calcium silicate anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E553a (i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium trisilicate anti-caking
agentApproved in the EU.[9]
E553b Talc anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E554 Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) anti-caking
agentApproved in the EU.[9]
E555 Potassium aluminium silicate anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.
[9]
E556 Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) anti-caking
agentApproved in the EU.[9]
E557 Zinc silicateanti-caking agent
E558 Bentonite anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.
[9]
E560 Potassium silicateanti-caking agent
E561 Vermiculite
E562 Sepiolite
E563 Sepiolitic clay
E565 4-Hexylresorcinol Approved in the EU.[10]
E566 Natrolite-phonolite
E570 Stearic acid (Fatty acid)anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E572 Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate (emulsifier) anti-caking
agent
E574 Gluconic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[9]
E575 Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator) sequestrantApproved in
the EU.[9]
E576 Sodium gluconate sequestrantApproved in the EU.[9]
E577 Potassium gluconate sequestrantApproved in the EU.[9]
E578 Calcium gluconate firming agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E579 Ferrous gluconate food colouring Approved in the EU.[9]
E580 Magnesium gluconate
E585 Ferrous lactate food colouring Approved in the EU.[9]
E586 4-Hexylresorcinol antioxidant
E598 Synthetic calcium aluminates
E599 Perlite
[edit]E600–E699 (flavour enhancers)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E620 Glutamic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E621 Monosodium glutamate(MSG)flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E622 Monopotassium glutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E623 Calcium diglutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E624 Monoammonium glutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E625 Magnesium diglutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E626 Guanylic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E627 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.[9]
E628 Dipotassium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E629 Calcium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E630 Inosinic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E631 Disodium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E632 Dipotassium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E633 Calcium inosinateflavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
E634 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E635 Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E636 Maltol flavour enhancer
E637 Ethyl maltolflavour enhancer
E640 Glycine and its sodium salt flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.
[9]
E641 L-leucine flavour enhancer
E642 Lysine hydrochloride flavour enhancer
E650 Zinc acetate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[9]
[edit]E700–E799 (antibiotics)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E700 Bacitracin
E701 Tetracyclines
E702 Chlortetracycline
E703 Oxytetracycline
E704 Oleandomycin
E705 Penicillin-G-potassium
E706 Penicillin-G-sodium
E707 Penicillin-G-procaine
E708 Penicillin-G-benzathyne
E710 Spiramycins
E711 Virginiamicins
E712 Flavophospholipol
E713 Tylosin
E714 Monensin
E715 Avoparcin
E716 Salinomycin
E717 Avilamycin
[edit]E900–E999 (miscellaneous)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent) anti-caking agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E901 Beeswax , white and yellow glazing agent Approved in the EU.
[9]
E902 Candelilla wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E903 Carnauba wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E904 Shellac glazing agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E905 Paraffins Approved in the EU.[9]
E905a Mineral oil anti-foaming agent
E905b Petrolatum
E905c Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii) Paraffin wax
glazing agent
E906 Gum benzoic flavour enhancer
E907 Crystalline wax glazing agent
E908 Rice bran wax glazing agent
E909 Spermaceti wax glazing agent
E910 Wax esters glazing agent
E911 Methyl esters of fatty acids glazing agent
E912 Montan acid esters glazing agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E913 Lanolin, sheep wool grease glazing agent
E914 Oxidized polyethylene wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.
[9]
E915 Esters of colophony glazing agent
E916 Calcium iodate
E917 Potassium iodate
E918 Nitrogen oxides
E919 Nitrosyl chloride
E920 L-cysteine improving agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E921 L-cystine improving agent
E922 Potassium persulphate improving agent
E923 Ammonium persulphate improving agent
E924 Potassium bromate improving agent
E924b Calcium bromate improving agent
E925 Chlorine preservative, bleach, improving agent
E926 Chlorine dioxide (preservative) bleach
E927a Azodicarbonamide improving agent
E927b Carbamide (urea) improving agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E928 Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent) bleach
E929 Acetone peroxide
E930 Calcium peroxide (improving agent) bleach
E938 Argonpackaging gas Approved in the EU.[9]
E939 Helium packaging gas Approved in the EU.[9]
E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane packaging gas Rarely used
E941 Nitrogen (packaging gas) propellant Approved in the EU.[9]
E942 Nitrous oxide propellant Approved in the EU.[9]
E943a Butane propellant Approved in the EU.[9]
E943b Isobutane propellant Approved in the EU.[9]
E944 Propane propellant Approved in the EU.[9]
E945 Chloropentafluoroethane propellant
E946 Octafluorocyclobutane propellant
E948 Oxygen packaging gas Approved in the EU.[9]
E949 Hydrogen packaging gas Approved in the EU.[9]
E950 Acesulfame potassium sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E951 Aspartame sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E952 Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts, also known as
Cyclamate sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E953 Isomalt, Isomaltitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E954 Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts
sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose)sweetener Approved in the EU.
[13]
E956 Alitame sweetener
E957 Thaumatin (sweetener) flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[13]
E958 Glycyrrhizin (sweetener) flavour enhancer
E959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (sweetener) flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.[13]
E960 Stevioside sweetener
E961 Neotame sweetener Approved in 2010[12]
E962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener) stabiliser Approved in
the EU.[13]
E965 Maltitol (i) Maltitol (ii) Maltitol syrup (sweetener) (stabiliser)
humectant Approved in the EU.[13]
E966 Lactitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E967 Xylitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[13]
E968 Erythritol humectant Approved in the EU.[13]
E999 Quillaia extract foaming agent Approved in the EU.[9]
[edit]E1000–E1599 (additional chemicals)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E1000 Cholic acid emulsifier
E1001 Choline salts emulsifier
E1100 Amylase stabiliser, flavour enhancer
E1101 Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain, (iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin)
stabiliser, flavour enhancer
E1102 Glucose oxidase antioxidant
E1103 Invertase stabiliser Approved in the EU.[11]
E1104 Lipases
E1105 Lysozyme preservative
E1200 Polydextrose stabiliser, thickening agent, humectant,
carrier Approved in the EU.[9]
E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone stabiliser Approved in the EU.[9]
E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier) stabiliser Approved in
the EU.[9]
E1203 Polyvinyl alcohol Approved in 2010[12]
E1204 Pullulan Approved in the EU.[9]
E1400 Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and yellow) (stabiliser)
thickening agent
E1401 Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch) stabiliser)
thickening agent
E1402 Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser) thickening agent
E1403 Bleached starch (stabiliser) thickening agent
E1404 Oxidized starch (emulsifier) thickening agent Approved in
the EU.[9]
E1405 Enzyme treated starch
E1410 Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E1411 Distarch glycerol (thickening agent)emulsifier
E1412 Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate;
esterified with phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening
agentApproved in the EU.[9]
E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier) thickening
agentApproved in the EU.[9]
E1420 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride (stabiliser)
thickening agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E1421 Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate (stabiliser)
thickening agent
E1422 Acetylated Distarch Adipate (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol thickening agent
E1430 Distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent
E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier) thickening agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E1441 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening
agent
E1442 Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening
agentApproved in the EU.[9]
E1443 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol
E1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate (emulsifier) (stabiliser)
thickening agent Approved in the EU.[9]
E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier) thickening agent
Approved in the EU.[9]
E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Approved in the EU.
[9]
E1501 Benzylated hydrocarbons
E1502 Butane-1, 3-diol
E1503 Castor oil resolving agent
E1504 Ethyl acetate flavour solvent
E1505 Triethyl citrate foam stabiliser Approved in the EU.[9]
E1510 Ethanol
E1516 Glyceryl monoacetate flavour solvent
E1517 Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin flavour solvent
E1518 Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin humectant Approved in
the EU.[9]
E1519 Benzyl alcohol
E1520 Propylene glycol humectant Approved in the EU.[9]
E1521 Polyethylene glycol 8000 [14] Approved in 2010[12]
E1525 Hydroxyethyl cellulose thickening agent
200–209 sorbates
210–219 benzoates
220–229 sulphites
230–239 phenols & formates (methanoates)
240–259 nitrates
260–269 acetates (ethanoates)
270–279 lactates
280–289 propionates (propanoates)
290–299 others
300–399
Antioxidants & acidity regulators
300–305 ascorbates (vitamin C)
306–309 Tocopherol (vitamin E)
310–319 gallates & erythorbates
320–329 lactates
330–339 citrates & tartrates
340–349 phosphates
350–359 malates & adipates
360–369 succinates & fumarates
370–399 others
400–499
Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers
400–409 alginates
410–419 natural gums
420–429 other natural agents
430–439 polyoxyethene compounds
440–449 natural emulsifiers
450–459 phosphates
460–469 cellulose compounds
470–489 fatty acids & compounds
490–499 others
500–599
pH regulators & anti-caking agents
500–509 mineral acids & bases
510–519 chlorides & sulphates
520–529 sulphates & hydroxides
530–549 alkali metal compounds
550–559 silicates
570–579 stearates & gluconates
580–599 others
600–699
Flavour enhancers
620–629 glutamates
630–639 inosinates
640–649 others
700–799
Antibiotics
700–713
900–999
Miscellaneous
900–909 waxes
910–919 synthetic glazes
920–929 improving agents
930–949 packaging gases
950–969 sweeteners
990–999 foaming agents
1100–1599
Additional chemicals New chemicals that do not fall into standard
classification schemes
labelling 26/08/2011 15:52
Labels must contain:
Name and description :
Ingredients in weight descending order
Date code (sell by use by)
Special conditions of storage and use
Place of origin
Mass
Name address of the manufacture packer and or seller
Particular preparatory advice on the product
Allergy advice
Sell by date is normally on long shelf life products such as biscuits or
sweets and states a date that the company think it should be consumed it
is unlikely to cause you any serious harm but its not advisable to eat it to
far past sell by date
Use by is put on perishable products such as cream cold meats fruit and
veg
It is also fashionable at the present to put nutritional info on a product
(calories fat salt sugar etc)this is not necessary but consumers seem to
find it comforting
Packaging 26/08/2011 15:52
Types of packaging:
Plastic foil tetra packs paper cans glass etc.
M.A.P. (modified atmospheric packaging) and septic packaging are
packing methods designed to improve shelf life.
M.A.P. packaging is done by changing the environment eg it is done in an
airtight environment in which oxygen is replaced with CO2 and N and the
lowering of temperatures reduces the need for less popular methods of
preservation such as chemical additives these methods are most
commonly used on fresh products eg salads veg dread fresh pasta and
prepared meat
Aseptic packaging is simply packing previously sterilised food in a
sterilised environment (airtight) and instantly sealed preventing any
oxygen from spoiling the product
cereals 26/08/2011 15:52
cereals. all cereals are members of the grass family they are also known
as the staple foods due to the fact they make up the bulk of most foods in
our diet. Cereals are relatively cheap to produce and all are used for a
variety of different things. Cereals are very versatile and as such require
drastically different conditions for growth eg rice relies on a much wetter
climate than say wheat. The production of cereals has in recent times
dramatically changed due to the advances in technology
rye: rye has a low gluten content so comes in low volume, dense products
(mainly breads) primary processing gives grains & flour
Barley: Barley is sold as pearl barley the whole grain with the exception of
its husk. Primary processing give pb & malt
Maize: may be milled like wheat maize germ is unrefined corn primary
processes give oil and flour
Oats: are rolled not crushed , into coarse medium and fine grades of
oatmeal primary processes gram flour rolled oats & oatmeal
Rice husk is removed to give brown rice whit rice is usually milled and
ground further