PREPARATION OF SOAP & DETERMINING FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS”

8/20/2019 PREPARATION OF SOAP & DETERMINING FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS”

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SWAROOP SUNDAR PUHAN

Roll No. 6602984ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL SCH

CHEMISTRY PROJECT


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ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL

SCHOOL OSCOM

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SWAROOP SUNDAR

PUHAN, a student of class II has

successfully completed the research on thebelow mentioned project under the guidance

of MR.M.!.SONI ( Subject Teacher ) during

the year 20141! in partial ful"llment of

chemistry practical e#amination conducted by

$%SS&', ew elhi*


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Signature of Signature

of

e#ternal e#aminer &hemistry Teacher


4/17

$&+-.'/''T

In the accomplishment of this project successfully,many people have best owned upon me their

blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I

am utilizing to thank all the people who have been

concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete

this project with success. Then I would like to thank

my principalMr.A.K.Singh and chemistry teacher

Mr.M.K.Soni, whose valuable guidance has been the

ones that helped me patch this project and make it

full proof success.His suggestions and his

instructions have served as the major contributor

towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable suggestions

and guidance has been helpful in various phases of

the completion of the project.


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Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot and also Sir

Lab attendantMr.Laxmi Narayana.

'&.$$T%

% hereby declare that project wor entitled

“PREPARATION OF SOAP & DETERMINING

FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS”,

submitted to the department of &hemistry, $tomic

'nergy &entral School (S&) for the subject

&hemistry under the guidance of M".M.!.So#$ is a

record of original wor done by me* % further

declare that this project or any part of it has not

been submitted elsewhere for any other class*


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&.$SS3 %%

5.$&'3 $T%& ''/6 &'T$. S&7., S&

$T'3

%&CONTENTS &%

1INTRODUCTION2EXPERIMENT

3THEORY4CONCLUSION


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5BIBLIOGRAPHY

5'5$$T% 8 S$5

GENERAL INFORMATION

W'() A"* O$l+ F()+-

Alcohol or alkanols may be considered as hydroxyl derivatives of saturatedhydrocarbons or alkanes and represented by general formula R-OH group.

All alcohols contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the functional group !hichdetermine the general properties of the family. "he remaining part i.e. other than the(#OH) group is called the hydrocarbon structure.

Alcohols are classified as mono di- and trihydric alcohols according to thenumber of hydroxyl groups contained in their molecules. "hus$

%&H'OH %H&OH %&H(OH)&

thyl Alcohol * OR

(+onohydric) %H&OH

,lycol (ihydric)


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%H&OH

*

%H&OH OR %H'(OH)

*

%H&OH

,lycerol ("rihydric)

,lycerol is a trihydric alcohol !ith three hydroxyl groups.

%arboxylic (or alkanoic) acids are the organic compounds containing carboxyl(#%OOH) group. "hey are represented by the general formula R#%OOH.

Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (containing one carboxyl group) are kno!n asfatty acids because some of their higher members !ith long hydrocarbon chains areobtained from oils and fats. +embers of family of carboxylic acids in !hich R contains /' or more carbon atoms are kno!n as higher fatty acids. 0ome commonhigher fatty acids are$

%/'H/%OOH %/1H'%OOH %/1H'%OOH

(2almitic acid) (Oleic acid) (0tearic acid)

Oils and fats are the triesters of glycerol !ith various long chain organic acids both saturated and unsaturated.

"hese triesters are usually kno!n as glycerides.

Oils are li3uids at ordinary temperatures !hile fats are solids.

"he glycerides constituting oils contain a larger proportion of unsaturated acidssuch as oleic acid (%/1H%OOH) linoleic acid (%/1H/%OOH) etc. !hile theglycerides forming the fats contain a larger proportion of saturated acids such aslauric acid (%//H&%OOH) myristic acid (%/H&1%OOH) palmitic acid (%/'H/%OOH)and stearic acid (%/1H'%OOH).


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"he glycerides are named according to the acid radical present in them. 4or instance the glyceride containing stearic acid radical is called stearin or tristearin andthe one containing the palmitic acid radical is named as palmitin or tripalmitin.

%H&OO%%/1H' %H&OO%%/'H/

* *

%HOO%%/1H' %HOO%%/'H/

* *

%H&OO%%/1H' %H&OO%%/'H/

(0tearin or triesterin) (2almitin or tripalmitin)

5sually more than one acid radical is present in the same glyceride. "hese are calledmixed glycerides. "he naturally occurring oils and fats are generally mixtures of such6mixed glycerides7.

4or instance$

%H&OO%%/1H' %H&OO%%/'H/

* *

%HOO%%/'H/ %HOO%%/1H'

* *

%H&OO%%/1H' %H&OO%%/1H'

(Oleo-palmito-stearin) (2almito-distearin)

%H&OO%%/1H'


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*

%HOO%%/'H/

*

%H&OO%%/'H/

(0tearo-dipalmitin)

-7$T $' S$5S9

0oaps are mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as

stearic acid palmitic acid oleic acid. "hey are usually obtained by the hydrolysis of oils and fats !ith sodium or potassium hydroxide (alkali hydrolysis).

4or example

%H&OO%%/'H/ %H&OH &%/'H/%OO8a

* * (0odium palmitate)

%HOO%%/'H/ 9 8aOH : %HOH (0oap)* *

%H&OO%%/1H' %H&OH %/1H'%OO8a

(ipalmito-stearin) (0odium 0terate)

(Oil or fat) (0oap)

"he alkali hydrolysis of oil and fat is kno!n as Saponification.

"he sodium soaps are generally hard in consistency and are kno!n as HardSoaps. "he potassium soaps on the other hand are comparatively soft and moresoluble and are referred to as Soft Soaps. 0having creams vanishing creamsshampoos etc. are all potassium soaps


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&.'$S%/ $&T% 8 S$5S3

0oaps act as cleansing agent by decreasing the surface tension of !ater. Anysurface or interface has a surface tension or surface energy caused by the une3ual

attraction bet!een molecules in opposite sides. A detergent (cleansing agent) tiestogether the t!o surfaces and conse3uently diminishes the fraction of dissimilar cohesive forces at the surface and hence decreases the surface energy. "he adsorptionof the detergent at the solid surface permits !etting of the surface by !ater and rollingup of oil films into small droplets.

Cleansing (or washing !ro!er"ies o# soa!s an$ $e"ergen"s

$e!en$ on "he lowering "he% a'se in "he s'r#ae "ension o#

wa"er Grea"er "he lowering in "he )al'e o# s'r#ae "ension*

grea"er will +e "he leansing a!ai"% o# "he $e"ergen"

0urface tension of t!o soap solutions ( γ /and γ &) can be easily compared by counting the number of drops ( n /and n &) formed from e3ual volumes

containing e3ual !eights of the detergents.

γ

/; γ

& <

n

/; n

&

Stalagmometer or rop pipette3

=t is an apparatus used for comparing relative surface tension of li3uids. =tconsists of a capillary tube the end of !hich is flattened out (in order to give a largedropping surface) and the surface is ground flat and polished. "he capillary is sealedon to a tube of !ider bore on !hich a bulb is blo!n and on the stem of the tube t!omarks are etched one above and another belo! the bulb.

EPERIMENT&%

:;'&T%


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a) "o prepare soap from oils (say +ahu!a oil ground nut oil and coconut oil). b) "o compare the soap prepared !ith the market soap by determining their

foaming capacity and cleaning effect.

$55$$T=S3>eakers 0talagmometer (drop pipette) test tubes petri dishes stop !atch.

&7'%&$.S '>=%'3

"he !ashing soap is prepared from the follo!ing chemicals$

/. +ahu!a Oil < /??g&. %austic 0oda < &'g. 0tarch < &'g. @ater < /'?ml

5&'='S3

/. issolve caustic soda in /'?ml of !ater. "his solution is called lye. et thissoda lye cool.

&. @arm the oil on flame and mix '?g of starch !ith it. Remove the flame andallo! the oil to cool.

. @hen the oil and soda lye are at about the same temperature (whih an

+e "es"e$ +% !'""ing a ,nger in eah o# "he- a" "hesa-e "i-e* Add soda lye to the oil in a thin stream.

. 0tir the mass constantly !ell !ith a !ooden rod till the !hole lye has beenadded. A creamy pasty mass is obtained.

'. 0tir the mass more till a semi-solid mass is obtained. "ransfer it into an ironmould or a !ooden frame.

B. %over the mould or frame !ith !ooden board or a gunny bag and leave it for fe! hours.

1. Remove the flame and take out the soda slab. %ut it !ith the help of a !ire intocakes of desired siCe.

NOTE& % So(+ /"o 1"o#3 #) o$l (+ *ll (+ 5o5o#) o$l ("*

"*("*3 7 +(* "o5*3"*.

5'&$=T%3


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Caustic soda is very corrosive and should not, therefore, be touched

with bare hands.

&5$%S 8 T7' 8$%/ &$5$&%T%'S 8 T7' T-

S$5 S$5.'S3

/. "ake ?./g of each soap sample in t!o test tubes numbered as / and &.&. Add 'ml of distilled !ater in each test tube and shake them vigorously for &-

minutes preferably in a shaker.. 2lace the test tubes in a test tube stand and start the stop !atch.. 8ote the time !hen the foam in each of the tubes disappears.

Foa-ing a!ai"% o# "ha" soa! sa-!le will +e grea"er in

whih ase i" "a.es longer "i-e "o $isa!!ear

FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS

%T=&T%3

0oaps and detergents are used for removing grease and dirt from our clothes.>ut all soaps are not e3ually effective in their cleansing action.

Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as palmitic

acid (C 15 H 31COOH), stearic acid (C 17 H 35COOH), oleic acid (C 17 H 35COOH) etc.,their general formula being R%OO8a or R%OOD !here R is the longer chain alkylgroup i.e. %/'H/ %/1H etc. thus each soap molecule consists of t!o parts # alipophilic (oil soluble) part R and a hydrophilic (!ater soluble) part %OO8a or %OOD. "he cleansing action of the soap depends upon the solubility of the longalkyl are in grease or oil droplets and that of #%OO8a or #%OOD part in !ater.

"he dirt is held on the surface of the cloth by grease or oil droplets.@henever soap is applied on a dirty !et cloth the non-polar alkyl group dissolves

in grease (non/!olar ) !hile the polar #%OO8a group dissolves in !ater ( !olar ). =n this !ay an emulsion is formed bet!een grease and !ater !hichappears as foam. "he dirt along !ith the emulsion is !ashed a!ay !hen the clothis treated !ith excess of !ater.


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"hus the !ashing capacity of soap depends upon its #oa-inga!ai"% i.e. the extent to !hich it produces foam !ith !ater. "he foamingcapacity also depends upon the 3uality of !ater used. =f so#" wa"er is usedsoaps easily produce lot of lather. On the other hand if har$ wa"er is used

even good 3uality soaps !ill not produce lather. "he reason being that hard !ater contains magnesium and calcium ions !hich form insoluble magnesium andcalcium salts of carboxylic acids !hich in turn precipitate out in the form of as'-.

&%/1H'%OO8a 9 %a&9 : (%/1H'%OO)& %a E 9 &8a9

(0a"er Sol'+le) ( !!")

&%/1H'%OO8a 9 +g&9 : (%/1H'%OO)& +g E 9 &8a9

(0a"er Sol'+le) ( !!")

Ho!ever if hard !ater is first treated !ith 8a&%O magnesium and calciumions present in it and precipitate as their insoluble carbonates. "he filtrate can beused for !ashing purposes since it is no! rendered soft.

=n contrast detergents can be used for !ashing purposes even in hard !ater. "he

reasons being that detergents are sodium or potassium salts of aliphatic or aromaticsulphonic acids and even their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble in !ater and thus do not form scum but form foam !hen treated !ith hard !ater.

EPERIMENT&%

:;'&T%


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&7'%&$.S '>=%'3

4ive different samples of soap distilled !ater.

T7'63

"he foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and itsconcentration. "his may be compared by shaking e3ual volumes of the solutions of the different samples of soaps having the same concentration !ith the same force andfor same period of time. "he solutions are then allo!ed to stand !hen the foam

produced during shaking disappears gradually. "he time taken for the foam todisappear in each sample is determined.The longer "he "i-e "a.en #or "he $isa!!earane o# #oa- in "he gi)en sa-!le o# soa!*

grea"er is i"s #oa-ing a!ai"% or leansing a!ai"%

5'&'='3

/. "ake five /??ml conical flasks and number them as / & and '. 2ut '?ml of distilled !ater in each of conical flasks and add 'gm of soap shavings or granules of different soap samples to each flask.

&. @arm the contents of each flask to get a clear solution.. "ake five &?ml test tubes and add /?ml of distilled !ater to each one of them and

label them as / & and '. 8o! add /ml of soap solution from each conical flaskto the corresponding test tube.

. %lose the mouth of the test tube number / !ith your thumb and shake its contentsvigorously for one minute. 2lace test tube in the test tube stand and start the stop!atch immediately. 8ote the time taken for disappearance of the foam produced.

'. Repeat the same procedure for test tubes & and ' shaking each time !ith thesame force and for the same time (one minute). 8ote the time taken for disappearanceof foam in each case and record the observations in a tabular form.

:S'


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N*

"

Sol)$o#

A33*3

A33*3 * o/ /o(

1. Dove 1.0ml 10.0ml

2. ife!uoy 1.0ml 10.0ml

". Dettol 1.0ml 10.0ml #. u$ 1.0ml 10.0ml

%. iril 1.0ml 10.0ml

1 &edimi$ 1.0ml 10.0ml

'S=.T3

"he foaming capacity and hence the cleansing capacity of different samples of soaps is in the order$

ife!uoy ' Dettol ' iril ' u$ ' &edimi$ ' Dove

5'&$=T%3

ach test tube containin! the soap solution "ust be sha#en with the

sa"e force and for the sa"e period of ti"e.

TEXT BOOK OF CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY

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