Prepared by M sc Rana Al-Habash - hwe.org.ps · 08 Consultant M sc Rana Al-Habash 23. Acidic...

Prepared by Prepared by

M sc Rana Al-HabashWater and Environmental Consultant

Overview of Polluting IndustriesOverview of Polluting IndustriesCharacteristics of industrial WastewaterWastewaterUnderstanding influences of Materials on the SystemMaterials on the SystemProcesses and technologies of Industrial Pre-treatmentIndustrial Pre-treatmentPrevention; waste Minimization

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08 Consultant M sc Rana Al-Habash 2

Severe water shortage, threat of pollution to its limited Severe water shortage, threat of pollution to its limited resources, insufficient enforcement upon the industrial polluters to comply with formal regulations, are common features in Palestine. features in Palestine. Efforts to reduce industrial pollution have focused on legal framework. But this was not very effective.Need to focus on incentives for action by the industrial Need to focus on incentives for action by the industrial sector. These include technical, managerial framework, based on results obtained from field surveys, visits, and analysis. Also to improve legal monitoring and analysis. Also to improve legal monitoring and administrative assistance.

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The Protection of the Aquifer Basin and EnvironmentThe Protection of the Aquifer Basin and Environment

The main polluting industries for surface and groundwater will be highlighted.

Treatment and pre-treatment measures and technologies will be identified, and challenges rises up.

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The characteristics of industrial wastewater in terms of The characteristics of industrial wastewater in terms of wastewater quality and quantity highly depends on the industrial sector as well as on the specific industrial production conditions.Industrial wastewater contain harmful and even toxic Industrial wastewater contain harmful and even toxic substances that affects the quality of receiving water bodies, if discharged to either ground or surface waters, such as Wadi Zeimar.The proper operation of public wastewater collection networks and treatment facilities is also affected.

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Polluting Sectors with Potential ImpactPolluting Sectors with Potential Impact

Olive mills; 20 mills in Tulkarem district out of 120 olive mills in Olive mills; 20 mills in Tulkarem district out of 120 olive mills in West Bank.

Construction Materials Industries; 42 stone Construction Materials Industries; 42 stone cutting and tile factories in Tulkarem region

Food Industries; in Tulkarem region 12 facilities including Food Industries; Tahina and slaughter house.

Chemical and Metal Industries; Leather and tannery, and paint factories. The Israeli Colonies industries are most relevant tannery, and paint factories. The Israeli Colonies industries are most relevant to this sector, as the case of Tulkarem region.

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Some of the effects are beneficial, at local, regional, and national; Some of the effects are beneficial, at local, regional, and national; economy, infrastructure, and employment opportunities.Negative effects; short term and reversible, others lead to permanent change.The scale and magnitude, for new and existing enterprises, cannot be The scale and magnitude, for new and existing enterprises, cannot be predicted accurately, but identification at early phase of project enables mitigation measures incorporated with the design and monitoring programs. programs. In general, risk of contamination to groundwater and surface water runoff.Air pollution; leads to acidic rain.Air pollution; leads to acidic rain.Characteristics of industrial wastewater will be discussed for specific polluting industries.

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A special problem in the West Bank are the olive oil mills of which over 280 exist. This problem is a seasonal one that only comes after the harvest of the exist. This problem is a seasonal one that only comes after the harvest of the olives in November when the oil is produced in December and January. The milling process generally utilizes water in the industrial wash, again to crush the olives, and lastly to pulverize them. In addition to the olive oil solid and liquid wastes are also generated. and liquid wastes are also generated. The liquid waste generated from the olive mills is a dark viscous substance and is usually released untreated into either the sewage network if available or onto uncultivated land without any consideration for its environmental impact. For every ton of processed olives approximately 1.5 m³ of highly concentrated For every ton of processed olives approximately 1.5 m³ of highly concentrated wastewater (42,000 mg/1 BOD and 65,000 mg/1 TSS) is generated. A total of approximately 125,000 tons of olives are processed every year in the West Bank.Comparing this value to domestic one, its about 650 PE. Comparing this value to domestic one, its about 650 PE.

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Ready Mix ConcreteReady Mix Concrete

Tiles and brick factories

Stone cutters factories

although water is recycled during operation, a significant amount of although water is recycled during operation, a significant amount of wastewater, and thus load of suspended solids are discharged regularly (weekly manner) to public surface waters; Wadi s.

Major construction materials activities will generate large amounts of eroded and transportable fine sediments which, during of heavy rain, could be and transportable fine sediments which, during of heavy rain, could be transported offsite. This could lead to accumulate in surface water courses on floodplains.

The relevant aspect of water pollution is the high content of suspended solids The relevant aspect of water pollution is the high content of suspended solids rising up to around 20g/l, and in some cases amount up to 300 m3 for one industry.

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Tahina factories; process can be summarized as Tahina factories; process can be summarized as 1. Soaking of raw sesame

2. Pealing of sesame

3. Washing, drying, and grinding3. Washing, drying, and grinding

Basic wastewater includes dirt and dust, sesame peals, salt used in pealing process.

W.W characteristics therefore shows a high content of ss (3000 -7000 mg/BOD ) as well as high salt concentrations (400 kg NaCl/ton mg/BOD5) as well as high salt concentrations (400 kg NaCl/ton Tahinah). Average total wastewater flow 5.5 m3/d.

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Slaughter HouseSlaughter HouseThe process is performed as follows; medical examination, slaughtering the animals, fresh water washing, de-skinning, fresh water washing, extremities removal, fresh water washing, wastewater drained to the un-controlled (open channels).

the solid pars and fats are removed in some slaughters (i.e. Nablus using coarse screen (>2 cm wide opening). coarse screen (>2 cm wide opening).

Water is used for flushing dirt, blood, fat, and rests of the animal and skins. The BOD 5 was measured as 100 g/ litre or 10000 mg/l; (An-Najah University, 2003). 2003).

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Uncontrolled liquid discharges and accidental spillage, also uncontrolled Uncontrolled liquid discharges and accidental spillage, also uncontrolled domestic and industrial w.w. have potential to contaminate groundwater. Oils, fuel, wood preservatives, paints spills, leaks or other discharges into recharge sensitive areas, like Hebron rock formations, such contamination is a serious problem in Palestine, pollutes drinking water supplies .problem in Palestine, pollutes drinking water supplies .Surface runoff; if the project is located in highly rainfall area subject to intensive storms. The site topography, impermeable areas such as roads, car parks and roofs, large surface runoffs, any polluted site runoff will contaminate surface and or groundwater.contaminate surface and or groundwater.Inadequate storage of hazardous or toxic materials on site can lead to uncontrolled releases of dangerous substances.

It is recommended that industrial enterprises be located on low risk It is recommended that industrial enterprises be located on low risk groundwater formation (i.e Yatta formation).

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example)example)

Tanning could be represented as Tanning could be represented as the following diagram

Stored hides Desalting, soaking De-fleshingStored hides Desalting, soaking De-fleshing

Un-hairing using lime and sodium sulfateTanning, using lime and sodium sulfatePickling, using

(NH4)2SO4

Tanning, usingChrome and NaCl and 0.8% H2SO4

Dyeing and re-tanning

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Parameter Value

Waste Characteristics; the amount

Parameter Value

PH 9

Total solids 10000Waste Characteristics; the amount of chemicals and tannery materials vary depending on tanning recipes and fashion changes and colors. This table is a typical tannery

Total suspended solids

2500

BOD5 900This table is a typical tannery effluent;

BOD5 900

COD 2500

Sulfide 160

Total Nitrogen 120Total Nitrogen 120

Ammonium Nitrogen

70

Cr +3 70Cr +3 70

Cl 2580

Sulfate SO4-2 2000

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No. Industrial Category No. of No. Industrial Category No. of Facilities

1 Stone-cutting and 1141 Stone-cutting and construction facilities

114

2 Food processing, olive 1182 Food processing, olive mills, tahinah, and sweets

118

3 Tanneries, chemical, 913 Tanneries, chemical, textiles, shoe-making, plastics, workshops.

91

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plastics, workshops.

No. Industrial Facility Environmental Impact in No. Industrial Facility Environmental Impact in terms of ww

1 Slaughter house 42m3/d ww

2 Tahinah factories 50m3/d , 40% salt and Cl

3 Diary factory 93 m3/d, BOD, TSS3 Diary factory 93 m3/d, BOD, TSS

4 Aluminum 130 m3/d

5 TanningTextile

Toxic, non-degradable 88 m3/d

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The Processes and Technologies of Industrial PretreatmentIndustrial Pretreatment

End of Pipe Treatment; mostly inefficient, high End of Pipe Treatment; mostly inefficient, high burden regarding cost, loosing reusable materials, high maintenance.

Point Source Pollution Reduction; more convenient, Point Source Pollution Reduction; more convenient, less complicated technologies, less cost, raw material effective use.effective use.

Formal regulation, technical assistance, Industrial incentives, and institutional administrative sector are important to be involved to prepare guidelines for important to be involved to prepare guidelines for integrated management.

Consultant M sc Rana Al-Habash

Incentives and MotivationsIncentives and Motivations

Introduction of Global Environmental Introduction of Global Environmental Management Systems, and Clean Technology to control pollution

All interested parties; governmental affairs, NGO s, research institutions, are encouraged to search for Clean Technology and environmental management practicesTechnology and environmental management practices

An elastic legal approach through the state-of-art regulationsregulations

Promote timely environmental compliance

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Cont. Incentives and MotivationsCont. Incentives and Motivations

Challenge and competitiveness to Challenge and competitiveness to emerge the global market

Motivation to adopt the international standards Motivation to adopt the international standards is becoming a contractual prerequisite in many countries like US and ECU

Provide low-cost clean products Provide low-cost clean products

Attractive for foreign investment

Make the label Made in Palestine of high Make the label Made in Palestine of high quality

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Introduction of new role of Introduction of new role of government that will address the interaction between industrial interaction between industrial market and community

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Why do we care about industrial pollution?. Though it Why do we care about industrial pollution?. Though it constitutes a small fraction of consumed water!.Pollutants should be classified in a way that could be compared to other sources of pollution; domestic compared to other sources of pollution; domestic pollutants.Organic wastewater from food industry; Tahinah for example, produces 40 gm/l BOD , and 120g/l COD, 100 example, produces 40 gm/l BOD5, and 120g/l COD, 100 times stronger than municipal w.w. (PE value).

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Slurry disposalSlurry disposal1. The uncontrolled disposal of slurry decrease air movement to plant roots

and filtration to the aquifer from rain water; hydraulic conductivity rates were reported 2.8m/second.were reported 2.8m/second.

2. Excessive Ca +2 can hinder the uptake of ions, high ph values, and fixation

3. High pH value decrease the bio-availability of trace metals.

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Toxic compounds as hexa- chromium, tri-valiant chromium, sulfides Toxic compounds as hexa- chromium, tri-valiant chromium, sulfides characterize the discharge of tanning.Sulfates reduced to sulfides when reach the main WW collection trunk when enter gas phase, leads to crown corrosion.Also these sulfides cause excessive corrosion in the head works of any proposed treatment plant in any project area. Chrome is of special concern, it is not bio-degradable, it will produce a sludge problem if reached treatment plant.reached treatment plant.

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Acidic solutions, toxic metals, solvents and cyanides can be found in Acidic solutions, toxic metals, solvents and cyanides can be found in the wastewater, from rinsing, spillage, or dumping.

VOCs and V metallic ones resulting from hot plating baths result in elevated levels. elevated levels.

Heavy metals; cadmium, chrome, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, cyanides, oil and grease. These are considered as a dangerous substances worldwide and are supposed to be poisonous, long-life, and capable of worldwide and are supposed to be poisonous, long-life, and capable of changing DNA characteristics.

Sulfate is a high problem in w.w of anodic oxidation treatment plants. Precipitation of lime sulfate is recommended. Precipitation of lime sulfate is recommended.

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Chemicals, detergents, paper and miscellaneous miscellaneous

Jeans express, car washing, the spent cutting oils, solvents, hazardous Jeans express, car washing, the spent cutting oils, solvents, hazardous materials, grease; disposed off adjacent fields, municipal sewage, cesspits, on-site infiltration, posing a direct threat to the ground water that underlies the entire region.

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Recommended Standards that to be Attained prior

Discharge to a proposed WWTP, according to Environmental Discharge to a proposed WWTP, according to Environmental Manual West Bank and Gaza

Parameter Recommended Parameter Recommended Standard mg/l

BOD5 400

Parameter Recommended Standard mg/l

Zinc 1.0

COD 500

pH 6-9

Nickel 0.20

Lead 0.15

Nitrate Nitrogen

10

Oil and grease 40

Lead 0.15

Cyanide 0.30

TSS 400Oil and grease 40

Cadmium .03

Chromium .01

TSS 400

Silver 0.25

Cobalt 0.05

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Chromium (total)

.01 Cobalt 0.05

Before going through introducing new technologies and Before going through introducing new technologies and management practices for industrial pre-treatment, that guarantee the reduction of the pollution at the source, challenges and obstacles that arises will be highlighted.challenges and obstacles that arises will be highlighted.

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The market is not protected against poor- Quality products and management products and management (which is prerequisite for integrated environmental system)Negotiated agreements between industry and Negotiated agreements between industry and governmental affairs are missing(trust can assist to take concrete steps towards pollution prevention while regulations are still evolving)prevention while regulations are still evolving)

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EnterprisesEnterprisesMost of the existing factories are small to medium enterprises (SMEs)SMEs have no internal formal management exist in the enterpriseObjectivity is a missing issueObjectivity is a missing issue

The founder of the factory is the managerOne site factory. the resources and consequently the out products are the resources and consequently the out products are

not discretionary environmentally reallocated

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Monitoring on compliance to formal regulations is insufficientinsufficient

Enforcement is insufficient due to Prevailing political conditions; courts are frequently interrupted

Sampling and monitoring is a cost burden for the Sampling and monitoring is a cost burden for the government

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SMEs control fewer management capitals, SMEs control fewer management capitals, and enjoy fewer discretionary resources that may be reallocated in EMS. may be reallocated in EMS.

(SMEs consider environmental problems beyond their horizon)horizon)

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Possible Roles For achieving Waste achieving Waste

Minimization

Technical Assistance1. Cleaner Production

Techniques

Administrative AssistanceIndustrial Incentives

Institutional education

Formal RegulationEvaluation

Permits and fines

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Techniques2. EMS ISO 14000

Institutional education3rd Party assistance

Permits and finesMonitor compliance

Industrial sector is not so much concerned with the Industrial sector is not so much concerned with the environmental advantage and economic opportunity that ISO certification may bring, but opportunity that ISO certification may bring, but with the economic disadvantage from not being involved.

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Technologies for Industrial Pre-

treatment

Clean Production TechniquesClean Production Techniques

DefinitionDefinition

CPT minimizes the use of resources and reduces wastes discharged to the environment.

Can reduce or eliminates end-of-pipe solutions.

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Technologies for Industrial Pre-treatmentTechnologies for Industrial Pre-treatment

Construction Material FactoriesConstruction Material FactoriesThe most relevant water pollution parameter is the slurry that contains high suspended solids and non-degradable.

This can be avoided by introducing a modified precipitation and This can be avoided by introducing a modified precipitation and sedimentation tank.

Combined drainage and evaporation is proposed on-site. The resulting filtered drainage water will be recycled to the tank. The settled sludge filtered drainage water will be recycled to the tank. The settled sludge is filtered in a double layer of sand and gravel basin, thus obtaining zero discharge solution.

Use synthetic polymers to help settling slurryUse synthetic polymers to help settling slurry

Reuse slurry for brick, plastering, landfill liner.

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Tanning Tanning Pre-treatment could be used in a feasible manner to reduce effluent at the source. In 2002, a research study in Bir-Zeit University developed a method of un-hairing- liming of hides in the tanning process. Effluent could be re-used 4 un-hairing- liming of hides in the tanning process. Effluent could be re-used 4 times without visible effects on quality.

Change process; use Cr +3 instead of Cr+6, buy fresh hides, use batch soaking instead of continuous. Segregate waste-streams.

Recover hair by hair shaving techniques, avoid dissolving by chemicals.Recover hair by hair shaving techniques, avoid dissolving by chemicals.

Use drums instead of pits to immerse hides.

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Slaughter HouseSlaughter House

1. Proper sedimentation and fat traps, the non-eatable offals and blood could be easily separated and drained, sold to the market as animal fooder.be easily separated and drained, sold to the market as animal fooder.

2. Cleaning agents from natural source, imported from Jordan

3. Rinse water reduction; nozzles.

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Metal IndustriesMetal Industries1. Change in process; Material substitution-regenerate acids where

feasible. Preference to water based cleaning.feasible. Preference to water based cleaning.

2. Drag out reduction; Segregate wastestream to avoid dangerous chemical reactions; boiling, production of lethal hydrogen cyanide gas. Maintain density, lethal hydrogen cyanide gas. Maintain density, viscosity, temperature of the baths. Recovery tanks.

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Levels according to risk-effort-costLevels according to risk-effort-cost

Operation Operation practicespractices

Material Material substitutionsubstitution

DragDrag--outout--reductionreductionpracticespractices

Level (Level (11)) Pollution Prevention spill control,

Toxic material substitution

Reduce solids by primary sedimentationcontrol,

maintenancesubstitution sedimentation

Level (Level (22)) Effluent waste stream

Optimize use of water,

Ion- exchange. Oil skimmerstream

segregationof water, spray, and recirculation

Oil skimmer

Level (Level (33)) ----------------- End-of-pipe Reverse Level (Level (33)) -----------------------------------

End-of-pipe wastewater treatment

Reverse osmosis

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DefinitionDefinition

- An EMS is a set of management process and procedures that allows an industrial enterprise to analyze and reduce the environmental impacts of its analyze and reduce the environmental impacts of its activities.

-The best known common framework of EMS is the -The best known common framework of EMS is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14000 series.

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The EMS describes a system that includes The EMS describes a system that includes an environmental policy, targets and objectives, programs for implementation, objectives, programs for implementation, monitoring and measurement, and corrective action. corrective action.

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Framework

Policy and Policy and Planning,

Proceed Proceed manage-

Check; Check; monitor

CorrectiCorrective Planning,

objectives, targets

manage-ment

Techniqes

monitor and audit

ve actions

targets Techniqes

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Direct benefits; comes from saving through Direct benefits; comes from saving through cleaner production, effective production, and waste minimization approaches. According to waste minimization approaches. According to (World BG,1998), 50% of pollution can be prevented.In the context of increasing free trade, the concern In the context of increasing free trade, the concern of environmental performance may become an important commercial factor, either as a positive important commercial factor, either as a positive attribute or potential trade barrier.

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Legal Legal Monitor compliance to regulationsField inspection PermitsPermits

Strategy SupportGovernment should see EMS and CPT as a part of its Government should see EMS and CPT as a part of its environmental strategy

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Chart (3).Chart (3).Government

C:\WINDOWS\??? C???EE\AQSA.BMP

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Training regulator Personnel and factory Training regulator Personnel and factory managers.

Part of foreign grants should be devoted to Part of foreign grants should be devoted to environmental infrastructureGovernment should assist in Providing consulting Government should assist in Providing consulting services (to evaluate the wastewater generation and 3rd party consultation and registration (trust).and 3rd party consultation and registration (trust).

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Environmental management programs valuable in reducing Environmental management programs valuable in reducing industrial liquid pollution.

Effective management programs are guarantee that the regulatory compliance is achieved, reduce cost of non-regulatory compliance is achieved, reduce cost of non-compliance, effective use of raw materials, drive down the cost due to enhanced efficiency.cost due to enhanced efficiency.

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EMS adoption and CPT, and improved formal EMS adoption and CPT, and improved formal monitoring, together with the 3rd party technical assistance provided by the government and NGO s to achieve Effective Environmental to achieve Effective Environmental Compliance .

improve factory reputation and better access to global market global market The legal government should be viewed as carrying bigger carrots

and smaller sticks

at carrying bigger carrots

and smaller sticks

at

least initially. They should gain the trust of the industrial manager with the regulatory personnel.

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Product Processing

Photo (1): Fresh boiling water flows on factory floor

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factory floor

Photo (2): Slurry and wastewater flows on

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factory floor

Photo (3): Wastewater with high contents of BOD , fats, Photo (3): Wastewater with high contents of BOD5, fats, acids that flows to the collection sewers

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Photo (4): Sedimentation tank for the slaughter housePhoto (4): Sedimentation tank for the slaughter house

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Photo (5): Slaughtering ProcessPhoto (5): Slaughtering Process

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Prepared by M sc Rana Al-Habash - hwe.org.ps · 08 Consultant M sc Rana Al-Habash 23. Acidic...

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