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Prepared ByPrepared By: -: -
Satyam Garg (0722913041)Satyam Garg (0722913041)Nikhil Chaudhary(0722913023)Nikhil Chaudhary(0722913023)
Vibhu Agarwal(0722913055)Vibhu Agarwal(0722913055)
Cognitive Ergonomics 2
Cognitive ergonomics studies cognition in work settings, in order to optimize human well-being and system performance. It is a subset of the larger field of human factors and ergonomics.
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 3
The definition of the field
A multidisciplinary science that seeks to conform the
workplace and all of its physiological aspects to the worker
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 4
Ergonomics = human engineering = human factors
Ergonomics = the science of fitting the job to the worker
Domains of ergonomics
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 5
International Ergonomics Association:
Physical ergonomicshuman anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as
they relate to physical activity(working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work related
musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.)
Cognitive ergonomics: mental processessuch as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions
among humans and other elements of a system (mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction,
human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.)
Organizational ergonomics: the optimization of sociotechnical systemsincluding their organizational structures, policies, and processes
(communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work
paradigms, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.)
The “role” of ergonomics in OSHErgonomics
Better workplaces and workprocesses
Minimizing the work-related stress and fatigue
Reduces the possibility of human error andwrong decisions
Contributes to the prevention of workplaceaccidents and industrial accidents
Prevents occupational diseases, first of all,muscular-skeletal disorders (MSDs)
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 6
Prevention of injuries and diseases
The “traditional” application
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 7
Workplace design and work organisation
Muscular-skeletal disorders (MSDs)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Percentage
Musculoskeletal disorders, 52%
Stress depression, anxiety, 18%
Lung disorders, 8%
Cardiovascular disorders, 4%
Headaches, visual fatigue, 3%
Hearing disorders, 3%
Infectious diseases, 3%
Skin problems, 3%
Other, 6%
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 8
Work related heath problems by diagnosis group (EU-15, 1999)
Economic costs of MSDs
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 9
The situation in Europe
Although precise figures do not exist, estimates from Member States of the economic costs of all work related ill-health range from 2,6 to 3,8% of GDP.
A high proportion - maybe up to 40-50% - of the costs will be for musculoskeletal disorders.
Available cost estimates of MSD put the cost at between 0,5% and 2% of GDP.
More than 600 million working days are lost due to work related ill-health each year in Europe.
The costs to European business include: lost production; staff sickness, compensation and insurance costs; losing experienced staff and costs of recruiting and training new ones; effect of discomfort or ill health on the quality of work of employees.
Dealing with MSDs 1/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 10
What is MSD? An “umbrella term”
Work-related MSDs are impairments of bodily structures (muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, nerves, bones, and the localised blood circulation system), which are caused or aggravated primarily by work and by effects of work environment.
Most MSDs are cumulative disorders, resulting from repeated exposure to high or low intensity loads over a long period of time. However, MSDs can also be acute traumas, such as fractures, which occur during an accident.
Dealing with MSDs 2/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 11
Factors contributing to the development of MSDs (1/3)
Physical factors:
Force application, e.g. lifting, carrying, pulling, pushing, use of tools Repetition of movements Awkward and static postures, e.g. with hands above shoulder level,
or prolonged standing and sitting Local compression of tools and surfaces Vibration Cold or excessive heat Poor lighting, e.g. can cause an accident High noise levels, e.g. causing the body to tense
Dealing with MSDs 3/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 12
Factors contributing to the development of MSDs (2/3)
Organisational and psychosocial factors:
Demanding work, lack of control over the tasks performed, and low levels of autonomy
Low levels of job satisfaction Repetitive, monotonous work, at a high pace Lack of support from colleagues, supervisors and managers
Dealing with MSDs 4/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 13
Factors contributing to the development of MSDs (3/3)
Individual factors:
Prior medical history Physical capacity Age Obesity Smoking
Dealing with MSDs 5/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 14
European prevention approach
1. Avoid MSD risks & evaluate MSD risks which can not be avoided
2. Combat the MSD risks at source
3. Adapt the work to the individual, especially the design of workplaces, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production methods, with a view, in particular, to alleviating monotonous work and work at a predetermined work-rate and to reduce their effect on health
4. Adapt to technical progress
5. Replace the dangerous by the non-dangerous or less dangerous
6. Develop a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organisation of work, working conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors related to the working environment
7. Give collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures
8. Give appropriate instructions to workers
Dealing with MSDs 6/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 15
Example 1: solutions to manual handling risks
Lifting cast parts before and after the introduction of lifting/tipping containers
Dealing with MSDs 7/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 16
Example 2: work at a pharmaceutical plant
Before and after adjustments were made to a workstation
Dealing with MSDs 8/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 17
Example 3: operator at assembly line for transformers
Before - working with raised arm and elevated shoulder
After - automated conveyor of adjustable height
Dealing with MSDs 9/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 18
Example 4: awkward work posture in construction
A special device introduced to protect knees. The device also functions as a stool
Dealing with MSDs 10/10
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 19
Example 5: manoeuvring trolley
Altering the handle height on this trolley improves posture andreduces effort required to push it
The “role” of ergonomics in OSHErgonomics
Better workplaces and workprocesses
Minimizing the work-related stress and fatigue
Reduces the possibility of human error andwrong decisions
Contributes to the prevention of workplaceaccidents and industrial accidents
Prevents occupational diseases, first of all,muscular-skeletal disorders (MSDs)
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 20
Prevention of accidents
Control room ergonomics 1/3
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 21
The origin of the problem
The control room at Västerås old power plant (around 1920)
Control room ergonomics 2/3
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 22
Increasing amount of information
Control room ergonomics 3/3
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 23
Concentrating the operator’s information
Cube display wall
To end of part eleven
E. R. Vaidogas, Lectures on OSH 24