PreparednessPreparednessThe Republicans agreed The Republicans agreed with Wilson’s assessment with Wilson’s assessment that, “the U.S. was not that, “the U.S. was not prepared to protect itself from prepared to protect itself from attack”, let alone fight a war.attack”, let alone fight a war.The National Security The National Security League - League -

Wilson calls for military buildupWilson calls for military buildup

1915 – Wilson calls for the start to a 1915 – Wilson calls for the start to a “Military Complex.”“Military Complex.”

June, 1916 - Congress votes on June, 1916 - Congress votes on National Defense Act.National Defense Act.– Regular army is to increase to 175,00Regular army is to increase to 175,00– 50 warships (battleships, cruisers, 50 warships (battleships, cruisers,

destroyers and submarines.destroyers and submarines.

Opposition to WarOpposition to WarPopulists, Progressives and Socialist were Populists, Progressives and Socialist were all anti-war isolationists.all anti-war isolationists.Including, William Jennings Bryan, Jane Including, William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, and Jeannette Rankin.Addams, and Jeannette Rankin.Rankin later becomes the first woman Rankin later becomes the first woman elected to Congress.elected to Congress.Woman suffragists actively campaigned Woman suffragists actively campaigned against any military buildup.against any military buildup.With declaration of war in 1917 Suffragists With declaration of war in 1917 Suffragists Change to support.Change to support.

Mobilization Mobilization

With much to do in building of With much to do in building of military complex, Wilson asks for military complex, Wilson asks for volunteer industries.volunteer industries.

U.S. forces were not ready. U.S. forces were not ready.

U.S. ups the amount of food and U.S. ups the amount of food and ammunition that is to be sent with ammunition that is to be sent with other supplies to aid Great Britain other supplies to aid Great Britain and France.and France.

Volunteer Help in the War Effort Volunteer Help in the War Effort Bernard Baruch - Wall Street broker, Bernard Baruch - Wall Street broker, Director of the War Industries Board, Director of the War Industries Board, Raw materials / price stabilization.Raw materials / price stabilization.Herbert Hoover – distinguished Herbert Hoover – distinguished engineer, Director of Food engineer, Director of Food Administration, encouraged Administration, encouraged Americans to eat less meat and Americans to eat less meat and bread. In two years triples food bread. In two years triples food shipments to allies.shipments to allies.

Volunteer War Effort ContinuedVolunteer War Effort ContinuedHarry Garfield, head of Fuel Harry Garfield, head of Fuel Administration, directing efforts to save Administration, directing efforts to save coal. Nonessential factories were closed.coal. Nonessential factories were closed.William Howard Taft, former president, William Howard Taft, former president, helped arbitrate disputes between workers helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers heading the National War and employers heading the National War Labor Board.Labor Board.Theodore Roosevelt, former president, Theodore Roosevelt, former president, organizes medical needs and enlists organizes medical needs and enlists women and men as nurses and doctors in women and men as nurses and doctors in the war effort.the war effort.

Financing the War EffortFinancing the War Effort

War Bonds called “Liberty Bonds”War Bonds called “Liberty Bonds”

Borrowing from industry, banks, Borrowing from industry, banks, nations.nations.

$33 billion was raised in two years by $33 billion was raised in two years by a combination of loans and taxes.a combination of loans and taxes.

Increase on income tax, corporate Increase on income tax, corporate tax and excise tax (luxury goods).tax and excise tax (luxury goods).

Reallocation of current funds.Reallocation of current funds.

Espionage and SeditionEspionage and Sedition1917 and 19181917 and 19182000 people prosecuted 2000 people prosecuted Imprisonment of up to 20 yearsImprisonment of up to 20 yearsSocialist Eugene DebsSocialist Eugene DebsSchenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court upholds Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court upholds Espionage Act – distributing pamphlets Espionage Act – distributing pamphlets against the draft.against the draft.Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that the right to free speech could be that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to the public safety.present danger” to the public safety.

Selective Service Act - 1917Selective Service Act - 1917

Sec. of War – Baker created a Sec. of War – Baker created a democratic method o ensuring that democratic method o ensuring that all groups in the population would be all groups in the population would be called into service.called into service.

2.8 million men called by lottery 2.8 million men called by lottery system.system.

German WarfareGerman Warfare

Blitzkrieg warfare – “lightening war”Blitzkrieg warfare – “lightening war”

Bombing raids on LondonBombing raids on London

Offensive against France – U.S. Offensive against France – U.S. supports Trenches and holds lines supports Trenches and holds lines with British.with British.

Bombing raids on Berlin and beyond.Bombing raids on Berlin and beyond.

Last Major German AdvancementLast Major German Advancement

June, 1918 - At Chateau-Thierry, June, 1918 - At Chateau-Thierry, German forces attack on the Marne German forces attack on the Marne River.River.

U.S. win successful counterattack at U.S. win successful counterattack at Belleau Wood.Belleau Wood.

August – October: U.S. troops battle August – October: U.S. troops battle back tired German army.back tired German army.

U.S. casualtiesU.S. casualties

112,432 American Troop Deaths112,432 American Troop Deaths

49,000 in early days of battle49,000 in early days of battle

Others:Others:– ExposureExposure– DiseaseDisease– WoundsWounds– Flu epidemic Flu epidemic

WWI and PeaceWWI and PeaceJan. 1917 – “Peace without Victory” – Jan. 1917 – “Peace without Victory” – WilsonWilsonJan. 1918 – Presents Congress with 14 pts.Jan. 1918 – Presents Congress with 14 pts.Jan. 1919 – Palace of Mirrors – Versailles, Jan. 1919 – Palace of Mirrors – Versailles, France – Outside Paris (mtg. of)France – Outside Paris (mtg. of)Big Four: Big Four: – David Lloyd George – Great BritainDavid Lloyd George – Great Britain– Georges Clemenceau – FranceGeorges Clemenceau – France– Vittorio Orlando – ItalyVittorio Orlando – Italy– Woodrow Willson – U.S.Woodrow Willson – U.S.

Peace TermsPeace Terms

Based on 14pts. – but, with changesBased on 14pts. – but, with changes1. Germany was disarmed and stripped of its 1. Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa. It was also forced to colonies in Asia and Africa. It was also forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to Great Britain and France.money in reparations to Great Britain and France.2. Applying the principles of self-determination, 2. Applying the principles of self-determination, territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland, and the new nations Lithuania, Finland, and Poland, and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established.of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established.3. Signers of the treaty would join an international 3. Signers of the treaty would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Article X of the covenant (charter) of the League Article X of the covenant (charter) of the League called on each member nation to stand ready to called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations. other nations.