Preposition Materials CIS New Colored

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

zixa ¦r §A q ©g©i zFli ¦n

Prepositionsin Hebrew

huk cegh r‰s ka rughak rzg rnuj

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Why do we need to learn the prepositions sointensively?

Is it any wonder that prepositions create so many troubles forstudents for whom Hebrew is a second language?

These little words present difficulties and are troublesome in anylanguage. Using them is often difficult for even native speakers ofHebrew, let alone for Hebrew as a Second Language) students.

Think about students of English as a second language: We say “we areat school” with the teacher who is in the school. We lie in bed but onthe couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television.

This series of lessons on (about) prepositions will introduce the use ofprepositions in Hebrew, each preposition with usage notes. Of course,it will be difficult to address all the potential difficulties withprepositions in Hebrew, because, like in any normal, living language,they are too many.

The only way the learner can master the preposition (Prepositionalphrases) usage is through practice and paying close attention to theirusage. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition.Like idioms, they are best learned by heart, which verb goes withwhich preposition, and when the different preposition changes themeaning of the verb (still, remember that the prepositional phrase iswith a pronoun or a noun!).

Think about “look for,” “look at,” “look up,” etc.

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Even advanced learners of any language find prepositions difficult as a100% (translation) equivalent to the learners first language is usually notpossible. One preposition in your native language might have severaltranslations depending on the situation.

Here is an example how a sentence can mean different things because thesame preposition with a verb can mean different things:

txhfv kg okj tuv

The preposition “kg” in Hebrew can mean "on” or “about.” Therefore,the sentence can mean

“He dreamed (was dreaming) on the chair,”

or“He dreamed (was dreaming) about the chair.”Note that the first sentence is adverbial!

Have you ever heard the question: “What phrase do I need to use, ‘fill in’or ‘fill out’?” You fill in a form by filling it out! This tells us that use ofprepositions does not always follow a logical process! It has to bememorized, as you will see from the examples below.

Therefore, anytime you write a note about a verb - write the governingpreposition (the preposition that goes with that verb), because their usageis often different than in English, and different preposition gives the verbanother meaning. For example:///c ihntn - “believe in,” as in “believe in God.”///k ihntn - “believe [someone],” as in “I believe him.”Think about the English phrases “go in,” “go for,” go over,” “go on,” etc.,which do not have anything to do with going.

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Examples:

agree to, agree with, agree on; argue about, argue with, argue for oragainst.

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly connected to other words that theyhave practically become one word in meaning. In other languages they aresometimes indeed one word.

What is a Preposition?

A preposition describes a relationship between words in a sentence.Prepositions by themselves, without their relation to other words, aremeaningless. Would you be able to explain, for example, what the word“for” is without relating it to something? It is very hard to define them.This is why they are called in Hebrew x ©j©h ,ukh ¦n, literally, “relationships’words.”

Perhaps you could, by using your hands and feet to show how something issituated in relationship to something else.

Almost always, prepositions are combined with other words. Thiscombination is called “prepositional phrase.” The number of potentialprepositional phrases is (almost) endless.

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The pronoun or the noun which follows the preposition is the object ofthe preposition. Examples:

Preposition Object of the Preposition Prepositional Phrase

to the game to the game

by bus by bus

in the morning in the morning

under the bed under the bed

A preposition is typically found before a noun, pronoun, orsubstantive, and explains something about it, usually it indicates thetemporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of thesentence as in the following examples:

The ball is on the table.

The bag is beneath/under the table.

The books are beside the table.

The teacher holds the pointer above the table.

The dog is across the table.

The dog is there during class.

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Each of the highlighted words in the preceding sentences is apreposition. In each of the sentences, a preposition locates the noun inspace or in time. The prepositions are showing where (and when) thenoun is.

Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time. Therelationships can include direction, place, time, cause, manner,amount, etc., for example, "He is not like me," "Everyone was thereexcept Dan,” "I went to school” (direction),” I came by bus”(manner), etc.

Preposition can, for example, describe things as happening in thegame, during the game, before the game, until the game, after thegame, etc.

For each purpose, one can use one preposition or more. For example,in English, for time we use “at,” “on,” and “in.” To indicate specifictime we use “at”: “I will see you at 6:30 p.m.”

To indicate days and dates we use “on”: “I will see you onMonday/on January 7.”To indicate nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or ayear We use “in”: “I will see you in the morning/in the winter/in2012/in January.”

Again, you can see that this is arbitrary in English. Other languageswill use different prepositions for the same expressions. Hebrew willuse the same expression for all of them!

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The same principle is used for other relations of the prepositions to theobject, for example to indicate place:

To indicate a specific place we use “at”: “I live at Oren Street.”

To indicate names of streets, avenues, etc. we use “on”: “My house is onOren Street.”To indicate names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries,continents) we use “in”: "I live in Minneapolis/ in Hennepin County/ inMinnesota.”

As the prepositions indicating time (above), here, too, the samepreposition in Hebrew will be used in all preceding sentences.

This does not mean that you cannot use other preposition to indicatethe same thing.

What do we do when the same preposition describes more than oneobject?

When two words or phrases are used in in a sentence and they requirethe same preposition, In English the preposition does not have to beused twice: “It was done by David and (by) Rachel.”

However, when the objects require different prepositions, of course youcannot omit one of them, but in English you still keep them together:“They were interested in and influenced by the movie.”

In Hebrew, however, you have to separate them, and use the secondpreposition after that first prepositional phrase (usually the prepositionwill be conjugated in the end):

ubnn ugpauvu yrxc ohbhhbugn uhv ov - Literally: “They were interested in themovie, and were influenced by it.”

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Please remember this rule!

“She contributes to and learns from every lesson” would be inHebrew ubnn ,snuku rugha kfk ,nru, thv - “She contributes to everylesson and learns from it.”

At one time, you were taught that a sentence should never end with apreposition. This is not the case anymore. Everyone knows thatsometimes when trying to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition, itcreates unnecessary and awkward phrasing. Try to change the order inthe preceding sentences. Winston Churchill once reportedly exclaimed,"That is the sort of thing up with which I will not put!" to mocksomeone who criticized him for ending a sentence with a preposition.

So in English, unlike Hebrew, a sentence CAN end with a preposition.Examples:

Where did you go to?

What did you talk about?

What did you step on?

This is a problem that we are already aware of.

Whom will you be meeting with?

Preposition is a word that you could not end a sentence with.

*

*

*

*

*

*

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We cannot emphasize enough: Never end a sentence with apreposition in Hebrew, unless it is conjugated! Prepositions inHebrew always come BEFORE the noun!

Another important thing to remember: In Hebrew, prepositionsare conjugated. They have a suffix which indicates the object! Youcannot use a preposition immediately before a pronoun.THERE IS NO “hbtk,” “v,tn,” “tUv og,” etc.!!!

Also, a preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) itsobject, but since in Hebrew the preposition is conjugated (we adda suffix to the preposition), the preposition can be one word withits object:IfI, §C - “in it”; Ik - “to him”; Ikh ¦c §J ¦C - “for him,” etc.

Please remember that some prepositions have one letter only, andthis letter will always be written (and pronounced) with the nextword! See the lesson on “One Letter Words.”

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Vocabulary of Prepositions

(Hebrew-English, Short Version):

The following words are the most commonly used prepositions inHebrew:

Remember that each preposition can have different meanings incontext!

after ///r ©j ©t

after ///-h¥r£j ©t

at/in place; in thehand of; among

k¤m ¥t

in; at (time orplace)

C

regarding, as for,concerning, withregard to,, withrespect to

///k r ¤J£t©C(///'uhk ¥t)

because of (withnoun), due to

kk §d ¦C

regarding, as for,concerning, withregard to, withrespect to

///k x ©j©h §C

between; among(e.g. “amongthem”)

ih ¥C

without h¦k §C

without h ¥s£g§k ¦C

instead of, inplace of

oIe §n ¦C

regarding, as for,concerning, withregard to, withrespect to

///k g¥dIb §C (///'uhk ¥t)

in addition to ///k ;xIb §C(///'uhk ¥t)

for (e.g. “payfor”)

s©g §C

following ,Ic §e ¦g §C

among c¤r ¤e §C

for, to kh ¦c §J ¦C

in, within, inside;among

lI, §C

through, via l¤r ¤s

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thanks to ///k ,IsIv

except (for),aside from, apartfrom, excluding

///n .Uj

like In §F

next to, near,beside, close to,by

sh§k

by, according to h ¦p§k

before, in frontof, ago, ahead of,prior to

h¥b §p¦k

toward(s) ,tr §e¦k

into lI,§k

from ¦n

behind, frombehind

h¥rIj£t ¥n

outside of; aside,except, apartfrom, aside from

///k .Uj ¦n

aside, except(for), apart from,aside from,,excluding

s©c§k ¦n

across kUn ¦n

from i ¦n

around ///k ch ¦cx ¦n

beyond, across ///k r¤c¥g ¥n

above; over;beyond

k©g ¥n

below, beneath,under,underneath

'k , ©j ©, ¦n, ©j ©,

against s¤d¤b

around //k ch ¦cx

until, till, up to s©g

on, on top of;about

k©g

next to, near,beside, close to,by

sh-k©g

by h ¥s§h-k©g

with (///h,h ¦t) o ¦g

by, near, close to '///k cIrek ¤t cIre

far from ///n eIjr

of k ¤a

below, beneath,under,underneath

, ©j ©,

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Vocabulary of Prepositions (English- Hebrew, Short Version).

The following words are the most commonly used prepositions inHebrew:

about k©g

above k©g ¥n

according to h ¦p§k `h ¥s§h-k©g

across r¤c¥g ¥n 'kUn ¦n///k

after '///r ©j ©t///-h¥r£j ©t

against s¤d¤b

ago h¥b §p¦k

ahead of h¥b §p¦k

among c¤r ¤e §C

among (e.g.“among them”)

`k¤m ¥t `ih ¥ClI, §C

apart from '///n .Uj.Uj ¦n 's©c§k ¦n

///k

around '///k ch ¦cx///k ch ¦cx ¦n

as for ///k g¥dIb §C'(///'uhk ¥t)

'///k x ©j©h §C///k r ¤J£t©C

(///'uhk ¥t)

as per ///k g¥dIb §C'(///'uhk ¥t)

'///k x ©j©h §C///k r ¤J£t©C

(///'uhk ¥t)

aside from '///n .Uj.Uj ¦n 's©c§k ¦n

///k

at (place) k¤m ¥t

at (time or place) C

because of (withnoun)

kk §d ¦C

before h¦b §p¦k

behind h¥rIj£t ¥n

below 'k , ©j ©, ¦n, ©j ©,

beneath 'k , ©j ©, ¦n, ©j ©,

beside 'sh§k 'sh-ªk©g'///k cIre`k ¤t cIre

///n .Uj

between ih ¥C

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beyond r¤c¥g ¥n 'k©g ¥n///k

by `h ¦p§k `h ¥s§h-k©g'///k cIre'k ¤t cIre

sh§k 'sh-k©g

close to 'sh§k 'sh-ªk©g'///k cIrek ¤t cIre

concerning, ///k g¥dIb §C'(///'uhk ¥t)

'///k x ©j©h §C///k r ¤J£t©C

(///'uhk ¥t)

due to kk §d ¦C

except .Uj ¦n 's©c§k ¦n///k

except (for) '///n .Ujs©c§k ¦n

excluding '///n .Ujs©c§k ¦n

far from ///n eIjr


for (e.g. “payfor”)

s©g §C 'kh ¦c §J ¦C

from i ¦n '///n

from behind h¥rIj£t ¥n

in (space) C

in (time, e.g. “in3 days”)

lI, §C

in addition to ///k ;xIb §C(///'uhk ¥t)

in front of h¥b §p¦k

in place of oIe §n ¦C

inside lI, §C

instead of oIe §n ¦C

into lI,§k

like In §F

near 'sh§k 'sh-ªk©g'///k cIrek ¤t cIre

next to 'sh§k 'sh-ªk©g'///k cIrek ¤t cIre

of k ¤a

on k©g

on top of k©g

outside of ///k .Uj ¦n

over k©g ¥n

prior to h¥b §p¦k

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regarding ///k g¥dIb §C'(///'uhk ¥t)

'///k x ©j©h §C///k r ¤J£t©C

(///'uhk ¥t)

thanks to ///k ,IsIv

through l¤r ¤s

till s©g

toward(s) ,tr §e¦k

under 'k , ©j ©, ¦n, ©j ©,

underneath 'k , ©j ©, ¦n, ©j ©,

until s©g

up to s©g

via l¤r ¤s

with (///h,h ¦t) o ¦g

with regard to ///k g¥dIb §C'(///'uhk ¥t)

'///k x ©j©h §C///k r ¤J£t©C

(///'uhk ¥t)

with respect to ///k g¥dIb §C'(///'uhk ¥t)

'///k x ©j©h §C///k r ¤J£t©C

(///'uhk ¥t)

within lI, §C

without h ¥s£g§k ¦C 'h¦k §C

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Sometimes in Hebrew, instead of using the preposition “to” fordirection, we use the ending “v” - v,§hC ©v - “(to) home,” vnIrs - “to thesouth,” vshmv - “to the side,” vmUjv (to the) outside, etc. This syllable iscalled vndnv t ¥v in Hebrew (it should rather be called iUuhFv t ¥v), and“directive Hey” in English.

In English, too, we not always use a preposition to indicate direction.Thinks about the words “home,” “downtown,” “uptown,” “inside,”“outside,” “downstairs,” “upstairs,” etc.

“He went upstairs.” “Shira went home.” “They went outside.”

When in English we use “for” when we indicate time (seconds, minutes,hours, days, months, years), in Hebrew we either skip it, or (lessfrequently) say “l ¤J ¤n §C”:He sat there for seven hours - ,uga gca oa cah tuv or gca lanc oa cah tuv,uga.Usually, you use the word rc §F to indicate this meaning:She's lived there for seven years - ohba gca (rc §F) oa vrd thv.I haven't been to Israel for so many years - ohba vcrv rcf ktrahc h,hhv tk.I haven’t seen him for five year - ohba anj rcf u,ut h,htr tk.

When in English you use “since” (with a specific date or time), inHebrew you use either zt ¥n or simply “n".He has worked here since 1996 - 1996-(,b §a)n oa scg tuv.She's been sitting there since three o’clock - auka (vga)n oa vcah thv.

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Though the formal expression of “visit someone” is “k¤m ¥t,” the commonuse is (also) “, ¤t.” hka ohruvv , ¤t h,reh ¦C - “I visited my parents.” But:hka ohruvv kmt h,hhv!

When in English you use “in” for time, as in “I’ll be there in an hour,”in Hebrew you use “sIg §C” or “lI, §C” (in spoken Hebrew also simply“lI,”).I’ll be there in a minute - ves lu,cqsugc oa vhvt hbt

IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS TO REMEMBER!PLEASE MEMORIZE!

at noon ohhrvumc

in a day (lu,) lu,CsIg §C 'ouh

ouh

I’ll be herewithin an hour

itf vhvt(lu,) lu,c

vga

on tuesday hahka ouh §C

since fouro’clock

vgav ztn'gcrt

gcrtn

for three years 'ohba aukaauka l ¤a ¤n §C

ohba

four years ago gcrt h¥b §p¦kohba

last week gUcacrcga

last year vbacvrcga

ten to six (5:50) (vrG£g) r ¤G¤ga ¥J§k

ten past six(6:10)

r ¤G¤gu a ¥aaa) ,ues

(vrGgu

quarter past five(five fifteen)

gc¤ru a ¥nj

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quarter to six(five forty five)

a ¥ak gc¤r

(from) Mondayto (till) Friday

sg hba ouhnhaha ouh

I’ll be back by 6o’clock

hbpk ruzjtaa (vga)

Minneapolis lieson theMississippi

xhkuptbhnkg ,cauh

hphxhxhnv

on the secondfloor

vnuecvhhbav

by bus, on thebus

xUCIyItc

on TV vh §zhu¦u¤k ¤y©C

on the radio Ih §s©rC

on the phone iIp¤k ¤y©C

She learnedHebrew at (theage of) five

vsnk thvkh ¦d §C ,hrcg

a ¥a

put a jacket overthe shirt

khgn aICkk(kgn) kgvmkUjv

I haven’t been toTibet

h,hhv tky¤Ch ¦yc

I visited him h,rehc'u,ut

h,rehcukm ¤t

I visitedJerusalem

h,rehcohkaurhc

I visited theplace

h,rehcouen©C

I visited themuseum

h,rehciut¥zunc

I’ve been on aHawaii vacation

h,hhvvapUjc

htuuvc

I haven’t been ona vacation forseven years

h,hhv tkva §pUjcgc ¤a rcf

ohba

I looked at him h,k©F,xvuhkg

I am going for awalk

lkuv hbtkh¥h ©yk

He taught me s ¥nhk tuvh,ut

I talked to him h,r©Chsu,ht

I talked to theteacher

o ¦g h,rChsvrunv

I helped him uk h,rzg

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I told him uk h,rnt

I told Rachel h,rntk ¥jrk

I’m hot hk oj

I’m cold hk re

I have pain in... ///v hk c ¥tuF

I have headache hk ctufatrv

it is hard/difficult for me

hk v ¤ae

it is easy for me hk k ©e

the book isbigger/ smallerthan thenotebook

r,uh rpxviyeqkusd

,rcjnvn

Another fact that you MUST remember is that different verbs havedifferent prepositions, or no prepositions at all. The following sentencemust sound funny to us:ikht ,t vFn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (not a nice thing to do!)is the same asikhtk .hCrn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (here it is connected through apreposition “k,” which makes it an indirect object).

Where is the main problem when using prepositions related to a director indirect object?The English language has the same markers for direct and indirectobjects, and this is why English speakers make so many mistakes whenusing the direct and indirect object. They simply translate words insteadof thinking about the information we gave above. Look at the tablebelow:

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Direct Object Indirect object

me He asked me He gave me a book

you (Sing.) I saw you I told you

him Miryam heard him Miryam gave him a present

her David likes her David bought her ice-cream

us They love us They wrote us a letter

you (pl.) I can see you She is telling you a story

them Reenah saw them Reenah made them a cake

Again: Do not translate these words literally from English into Hebrew.Think about what they indicate!Be especially careful with idiomatic expression (where specific prepositionsgovern [Hebrew: ,ufr §mUn] the verbs, so you don’t make funny mistakes.For example, u,gs kg sng tuv = “He insisted” (literal translation “stand on his opinion”would sound strange...).

We talk about “prepositional government” and say that prepositionsgovern other words, for example they “govern direct/indirect objects.”You need to learn which preposition governs which word (this isextremely important with verbs).Here are some examples for governing prepositions versus adverbialprepositions (“prepositions” functioning as adverbs). Compare thefollowing expressions:

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d©dv kg ur §Chs o ¥v - "kg rchs” is “talk about” in prepositional government,but “talked on” when “kg” is adverbial preposition, namely they sat ONthe roof and talked!Thus, vyhnv kg h,nkj would be either “I dreamed (while) on the bed”(adverbial), or “I dreamed about the bed.”It is the same in every language.

Here is a list of verbs with prepositions, that you should study:

choose (somebody,something)

c rjuc

win (a prize, etc.) c v¤fuz

fall in/on, occur(time)

c kj

believe in c ihntn

take care of c k¥P ©y §n

recognize (a fact) c rhFn

interested in c ihhbUg §n

play (a ball, etc.) c ejGn

use (a tool, etc.) c a ¥n, §a ¦n

fall in love with c c ¥vt,n

touch (an object,somebody)

c gdub

drive (a car, Ford,etc.)

c dvub

drive (a car, etc.)ride (a bus, etc.)

c gxub

hurt, insult(somebody,something)

c gduP

watch (TV, game) c v¤pum

tell (him etc.), say to k rnut

care (I care, etc.) k ,P §fht

causes (him, etc.) k orud

worry about; care for k d ¥tus

I am hot, etc. k oj

It is important to(me, etc.)

k cUaj

believe (me, etc.) k ihntn

promise (me, etc.) k jhycn

deserve k ghdn

wait for k v¤F ©j §n

prepare for (her, etc.) k ihf ¥n

explain to k rhcxn

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tell (me, etc.) k r ¥P ©x §n

disturb (me, etc.),interrupt (us, etc.),interfere

k ghrpn

show (me, etc.) k v ¤trn

I am bored, etc. k o ¥ng ©a §n

fit (you, etc.) k oht,n

miss (somebody,something)

k gdgd,n(k ¤t)

deal with c e ¥xg,n

give (to) k i,ub

help, support k rzug

answer (him, etc.) k vbug

I am cold, etc. k re

happened to k vre

it is hard/difficult for(me, etc.)

k v ¤ae

ask (someone) n a ¥ehc

go out of , leave, exit(room, etc.)

n tmuh

be afraid of n s ¥jpn

beware of n rvzb

get rid of n rypb

be afraid of n s ¥jup

too big for/on (you,etc.)

kg kusd

dream about kg okuj

think about kg cauj

be angry at/with kg x¥guF

defend, protect kg i¥d ¥n

talk about kg rCsn

give up kg r ¥,u©u §n

recommend(someone,something)

kg .hknn

tell about kg rPxn

look at kg k¥F,xn

supervise kg j ¥ep §n

overcome,overpower, defeat

kg r¥Cd,n

trust, rely upon kg lnx

too short/smallfor/on (you, etc.)

kg iye

hear about kg gnua

watch over kg rnua

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Many words which are defined as prepositions often are actuallyadverbs. This is one of the reasons why the number of prepositions isdifferent in different languages. In fact, many so-called prepositions arehard to define.

As we mentioned before, prepositions in Hebrew NEVER appear next toan independent pronoun (such as vz 'tuv 'hbt, etc.). Instead, anpronominal suffix (suffix indicating the pronoun) are added to theprepositions.

So instead of hbt+k (literally “to” + “I”) we attach the ending h ¦� toindicated hbt, thus “h¦k” means “to me.”

Each pronoun has its own ending. However, with some prepositions,specific pronouns might have a slightly different pronominal suffix. Forexample, the typical suffix for 2s.f. (“you” singular feminine) is l�, butwith a few prepositions it is rather l¥�. For example, lk (“to you” etc.) vs.l¥kh ¦c §a ¦C (“for you”).

In general, there are two systems by which we conjugate theprepositions, one by the singular suffix and one by the plural suffix,though the prepositions must not necessarily be in plural.

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Thus, the preposition with “I” in singular is h ¦�, while the plural with “I”is h©�. For example: h ¦xUx = “my horse,” and h ©xUx is “my horses.”

Some (just a few) prepositions can have a combination of the singularand plural conjugation. For example, h¦bh ¥C (the ending h¦b- according to thesingular) and o¤fh¥bh ¥C (the ending o¤fh¥- [not o¤f§bh ¥C]) according to the plural.

Other prepositions have irregular suffixes for some pronouns, like h¦bInF,h¦b ¤n ¦n.

Some preposition are different from the independent ones, for examplethe marker , ¤t for the direct object is conjugated by “-,It,” (h ¦,It, noth,t); the independent pronoun for “with” is o ¦g, but the conjugation INMODERN HEBREW is l,ht 'h,ht, etc.

Sounds confusing? Don’t worry, the conjugation is easier than youmight think.

Here is the overall picture. Remember, if you memorize one of eachpattern, this will makes it much, much easier to conjugate otherprepositions quickly. Just focus on the rules, and the deviations,otherwise they are all the same!

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Pronominal Suffixes with Prepositions

Form 2 (Plural FormEnding)

Form 1 (SinguralForm Ending)

Pronoun

h©� h ¦� hbt

Wh¤� W §� v,t

Q¦h©� Q�*Q¥� '* ,t

uh� I� tuv

vh¤� v� thv

Ubh ¥� Ub�*Ub ¥� '* ubjbt

o¤fh¥� o¤f� o,t

i¤fh¥� i¤f� i,t

o ¤vh¥� o�*o ¤v� '* ov

i ¤vh¥� i�*i ¤v� '* iv

In the next few lessons we will introduce the different prepositions bydifferent modes - form of conjugation (singular or plural), meaning(time, place, etc.), behavior (deviation from the general rules), andcombinations of groups.

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There is a list of preposition that you can relate to (English-Hebrew andHebrew-English). Please go again over the different use of prepositionsin Hebrew and in English.

Based on the chart, match the prepositions with the pronouns. Matchthe correct forms by writing the number from of the form from the leftside in the blank column:

o ¤vC /1 = hbt + C

IC /2 = ov + C

vC /3 = §,t + C

h ¦C /4 = thv + C

W §C /5 = ubjbt + C

lC /6 = tUv + C

o¤fC /7 = o,t + C

UbC /8 = v,t + C

i ¥vC /9 = i,t + C

i¤fC /10 = iv + C

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We will start with the preposition “k” = “to” (remember that the meaningof the prepositions is in context, just like in English).

Remember: ©k= ©v+§k (NO /// ©v§k)!

h¦k hbt

W§k v,t

Qk ,t

Ik tuv

Vk thv

Ub Åk ubjbt

o¤fk o,t

i¤fk i,t

o ¤vk ov

i ¤vk iv

-26-


The preposition k can have many meaning, depending on the context:

1. “To”: v,hfk rvhn 'rpxv-,hck lkv ',prmk gxb 'unuenk ca.

“At a specific time”: reuck 'vbuna vgak '(,)rjnk 'crg ,gk.

“For (the sake/benefit of)”: sucgk lkv 'sunkk tc 'auckk sdcu kuftk ojk.

Pf,” “possession,” “belonging”: vsGv hk 'vtuknu .rtv wvk 'rpx hk ah.

“According to”: uvbhnk 'u,gsk 'o,yhak.

(With pronominal suffix, following a verb) Emphasis: 'Wk l¥k 'uk lkvuk cah 'hk cuat.

“Against” (=”for”): anak gcuf 'iyc ctfk cuy.

(With nouns) - Adverb: jruyk 'gcuGk 'curk 'ehrk 'tu §u ©ak 'jm¤bk.

Governing preposition for verbs (,¤f¤rmUn xjh ,khn): 'k ihztv 'k dtsk chyhv 'k chaev 'k kufh 'k ksj 'k rvhn 'k ghsuv 'k vfhj 'k jka 'k gna.

Governing preposition in impersonal expressions: rapt 'k ah 'k ihtk htfz 'k htar 'k sh,g 'k lhrm 'k hUGg 'k kUkg 'k chh ©j 'k.

Accusative (marker of the definite direct object): 'lrucnv wvk Ufrclunf lgrk ,cvtu.

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-27-


Let’s read the following conversation:

?o ¤vk ah vn

:vbaua a¥h 'iurvt k?vr¥c£j vra

:iurvt ah 'i ¥F vk ahu 'vr¥cj vk/v¤ph ,¦h©C

:vbaua a¥hu !IvIt W§k?vrcj

:iurvt ah 't«k h¦k a¥hu ',urcj v¥Cr ©v i ¤vk/ohrcj vCrv

:vbaua ah W§k ahu ,urcj i ¤vk ?ohrcj

:iurvt/,ushs§h iv ',ur¥cj eUh ¦s §C tk iv

:vbaua ah i ¤vk ?ohshs§h It ohr¥cj

:iurvt ah i ¤vk ah /ohshsh odu ohr¥cj od h¦k ahu 'ohrcj vCrv o ¤vk/,ur¥cj v¥Cr ©v

:vbaua?,ushsh vcrv ut ,urcj vCrv o¤fk ah zt

:iurvt h,rnt Qk aha Ubk/ohrcj vcrv

:vbaua vr §nt vrha 'if h¦k aha o¤fk/ohrcj vCrv

:iurvt a¥h §u ?vr §nt vrha vk?r¥cj

:vbaua vrnt tk thv ',©g ©suh tk hbt h¦k/

:iurvt a¥hu i¤fk?///,Ik ¥t §a sIg

Before we start with the questions, here is a reminder:Hebrew uses "J¥h" and "ih ¥t" to indicate possession. This is the equivalent of theverb "have" for "J¥h" and "not have" for "ih ¥t." However, each of these Hebrewwords must be accompanied by "k."Note that the "k" is attached to the possessor in case of "J¥h" and to thenon/possessor in the case of "ih ¥t."

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For instance, "g©cIF J¥h Jh ¦tk" means "The man has a hat," and "g©cIF ih ¥t Jh ¦tk"means "The man does not have a hat."

Again: You have to add "k" to the possessor or non-possessor to indicate“have” and “have not.”However, you never add "k" to the pronouns (“I/me,” “you,” “he/him” etc.)!!!

Remember: There is no such expression as"hbtk,""v,tk" etc. in Hebrew!

Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure youinclude the conjugated forms of “k”:

?iurvt ka vrcjk ah vn

?iurvtk ah vn

?iurvt ka ,urcjk ah vn

?iurvt ka ohrcjk ah vn

?vbauak vrnt vrha vn

?vrGk ah vn

Choose the right preposition:

/vph ,hhc [vk - uk - hk] ah /,hhC ah ; ¥xuhk

/vph vrhs [lk - ivk - vk] ah /vrhs ah vbhsk

/ohkusd ohrusf [ovk - ofk - ivk] ah /ohrUsf ah ohshnk,k

/ohskh hba [uk - vk - l©k] ah /ohskh ah vrGk

?y¤r ¤xk ,fkk inz [uk - lk - W§k] ah 'i,buh

/uhafg vexpv [ifk - ivk - ofk] ah 'ohshnk,

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/vasj ,hbufn [vk - hk - uk] ah /vasj ,hbufn ah vbjk

/rpx [vk - uk - lk] ah 'if ?rpx ah iugnak

/,hrcgc vbhjc [ifk - ovk - ivk] ah /ij §c ¦n ah ,ushnk,k

?y¥g [lk - uk - W§k] ah 'hbs

?gcuF [uk - vk - lk] ah 'k ¥jr

?rjn ,hrc ¦g rugha [ofk - ivk - ifk] ah 'ohshnk,

!kfut vcrv [ofk - ovk - ubk] ahu 'vchxnc ubjbt

/,hbufn [ovk - ofk - ivk] iht 'tk ?,hbufn k ¥tfhnu vcuyk ah

/kusd jup, [vk - hk - uk] i,ub hbt /jUp, skhk i,ub hbt

?ouhv inz [hk - lk - vk] ah 'vbj

asj cajn [lk - vk - uk] ah /cajn ah k ¥tUn §ak

?vkusd vjpan [vk - lk - uk] ah 'vbj

/ktrahc vjpan [ofk - ubk - ovk] ah /if ?ktrahc vjpan ofk ah 'hbIru vbhr

/vkusd v,hf [lk - hk - vk] ah /vrun vbj

/,hbufn [ubk - ivk - ifk] iht /xucuyutc ohgxub ubjbt

/inz [vk - hk - uk] iht /vbhj §Ck snuk hbs

Fill in the gap:/ouhv i ©jIC ___ah 'i ¥F ?ouhv i ©jIC ___ ah ',hnkua

/jt ___ iht /tk ?jt ah ; ¥xIh ___

/,hC-hrugha vCrv ___ ahu ,hrcg ohsnuk ubjbt

?ouh kF ,hc-hrugha ___ ah

/,hc-hrugha vCrv ___ ah /ouhv in §z ___ ihta rnt is

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/vcuy vshkd ___ aha vrnt hngb

/,hhc ___ /tk ?,hhc r ¥,x ¤t ___

/kusd cbz ___ a¥hu 'v¤ph c¤k¤F ___ aha vrnt kjr

?ouhv ,hrcg ___ ah 'kjr 'hbs

/hba ouhc vbh ¦j §C ___ aha urnt vbauau ,hnkua

!; ¤x¤F vCrv ___aha vr¥cj ah i,b ___

!vrcj ___ aha h,gsh tk ?, ¤n¡t¤C

/,hc-hrugha ___ ihta kjr ___rnt hbs

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The preposition “c” = “in,” “inside,”“with” (remember that the meaning of the prepositions is in context, justlike in English).

Remember: ©C= ©v+ §C (NO /// ©v §C)!

h ¦C hbt

W §C v,t

QC ,t

IC tuv

VC thv

UbC ubjbt

o¤fC o,t

i¤fC i,t

o ¤vC ov

i ¤vC iv

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The preposition c can have many meaning, depending on the context:

“Inside,” “within”: rpxv 'ebrtc ;xfv 'atrc aU,h 'iycc ctuf 'ckc ahdrnvpygnc c,fnv 'rsjc cauh 'eh,c.

“Through,” “by way of,” “via,” “per,” “with”: 'ygc c,uf 'kdrc lkuv,arcnc gcum 'erxnc an,an ',hbufnc gxub.

“When,” “while,” “during,” “at”: ga,c ghdv 'vkhkc i ¥ah 'ohhrvmc khhynu,fkc 'utucc 'htnc vaukac jka 'hmju.

(With nouns) Mode (adverbial): 'yeac 'iuzPhjc 'agrc 'vbUntcu ,ntcr ¤, ¥xc ',jbc 'a ©j©kc.

“Accompanied by/with”: v,ua 'kusd aUfrc tmh 'oukac tc 'vjnGc gxbukhnr,cu ukenc tmh 'ckjc vpe.

“From among” (superlative): 'ohskhc ezjv 'ohbcc iyev 'ohabc vphvohdhvbnc cuajv.

“Regarding,” “concerning”: 'ohGgnc zhrz 'ohxfbc rhag 'vru,c kusdiuca ¤jc hec 'uh,ugsc iaeg.

“For,” “in exchange for”: 'runjc vrp ;hkjv 'ohasg shzbc u,rufc ,t rfnohkea vtnc vbe.

(With nouns and adverbs) Adverbial: ',bhjcc 'ihtc 'ratc 'rUcgcihgsuhc 'xptc.

Governing preposition (,¤f¤rmUn xjh ,khn) with verbs: 'c ehzjv 'c zjtc kf,xv 'c i¥buc,v 'c ;zb 'c ihntv 'c exg 'c yh ¦C ¦v 'c gdb.

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c

?iuthzunC ah vn

:vrG ,ubUn §, vcrv ah 'i,bIh C!vzv iIth¥zun

:i,buh ah 'i ¥F IC/,ubun, vcrv

:vrG vtur v,t vn C vtur v,t ?,tzv vkusdv vbUn,vC?vaht

:i,buh ah 'oa ,ubun,vu 'iF i ¥vC!vph ;Ib

:vrG ah 'itf eubh,vu vahtvu o ¤vC !sut §n ezj a¤d¤r

:i,buh ahu o ¤vC/a¤d¤r vcrv od

:vrG a¥ha a¤d¤rv ,t vtur v,t 'i,buh W §C/

:i,buh aha iufb h ¦C /,ubun §,k a¤d¤r lC?a¤d¤r iht

:vrG a¥h zt 'ost-h¥b §C ubjbt UbC/a¤d¤r

:i,buh ah ',tzv vbUn §,c ohruphmvu i ¥vC?ad¤r

:vrG/,uahdrn ohruphm ot ,gsuh tk hbt

Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure youinclude the conjugated forms of “C”:

?iuthzunc ah vn

?,ubun,c ah vn

?vkusdv vbun,c ah vn

?eubh,cu vahtc ah vn

?vrGc ah vn


] ah ?iuthzunc ah vnvc - hc - uc/,ubun, [

] ah ?v,hfc ah vnvc - lc - uc/ohshnk, [

] ah ?r ¤s ¤jc ah vnuc - vc - hc/,ubjkua [

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] ah ?ohrpxc ah vnubc - ovc - ivc/ohruphx [

] ah ?vhhrpxc ah vnvc - hc - uc/ohrpx vcrv [

] ah ?,ubun,c ah vnifc - ovc - ivc/ohckf [

] oG hbt ?eh,c oG v,t vnhc - vc - uc/c ¥a §j ©n [

] iht 'tk ?oh,cc ohckf ahovc - ofc - ivc/ohckf [

] ah /vcuy vsg §x ¦n ,tzvc - uc - hc/cuy k¤fut [

] ah /vph vbUn §, ,tzlc - hc - vc/vph ;ub [

] ah /vph vrhsc ohrd ovvc - uc - lc/ohrsj 3 [

] ah /ohyhvr ah ohrsjcofc - ovc - iv/ohph ohyhvr [

] ah / vph jcyn ah vrhsclc - uc - hc/kusd rren [

] ah /vph ;Ib ah vphjc vyhxrchbutcovc - ivc - vc/ohybsuyx vcrv [

] ah /,uph vktv ,ubun §,vubc - ovc - ivc/ohgcm vcrv [

] ah /ihh ah vktv oheUC §e©ccovc - ifc - ivc/cuy ihh [

] ah /kusd vzv iuknvvc - hc - uc/ohrsj vcrv [

) aha 'vcrv ah rsjcivc - ovc - uc /ohgcm vcrv [

] ,scug thv /cajnc ,scug thvovc - uc - vc/,uga vcrv [

] ah ?vktv ohrpxc ah vnofc - ivc - ovc/ohkhdr, vcrv [

] ah /,ukusd ,uhubj itf ahifc - ivc - ovc/ohskhk ohsdc od [

]« ah ?iusgunc ah vnuc - vc - hc /vchxn [

] ohbue ?,tzv ,ubjc ohbue vnhc - uc - vc/ohsdcu ohhkgb [

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] uhv 'if ?xUCuyutc ohabt uhvuc - hc - vc?ohgxub vcrv [

] ohan,an ubjbt 'if ?ohbukhnc ohan,an o,tofc - ubc - ovc/[

] kpyn tuv ?ohskhc k ¥P ©y §n h ¦nivc - ovc - uc/[

] an,an tk hbt 'tk ?c ¥a §j ©nc an,an v,tuc - ovc - hc/[

] ohnG ubjbt ?oheh,c ohnG o,t vnubc - ofc - ovc/ohrpx [

] ah ?iuknc ah vnvc - hc - uc/ohrsj vcrv [

] snuk v,t ?vhhrp ¦xc snuk v,tovc - uc - vc?vcrv [

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Historically, the preposition “k ¤J” - “of” - is a combination of “k+ ¤J.”Therefore, it is conjugated exactly like “k” (remember that the meaningof the prepositions is in context, just like in English).

h¦k ¤J hbt

W§k ¤J v,t

Qk ¤J ,t

Ik ¤J tuv

vk ¤J thv

Ub Åk ¤J ubjbt

o¤fk ¤J o,t

i¤fk ¤J i,t

o ¤vk ¤J ov

i ¤vk ¤J iv

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Note the Hebrew equivalents of “her”:

I am giving her a book - i,ub hbtvkrpx

I see her - vtur hbtv,ut .

It is her book - rpxv vzvka .


///hka W§k ¤a §u hka hka

'kjr :iurvtk ¤a ?v¤zv skueuav hn lk ¤a?

vza h,caj 'iurvt 't«k :kjrW§k ¤a/

tuv h©kUt :iurvtk ¤a/vbauau hngb

skueuav vz 'hngb 'vbaua :kjri¤fk ¤a?

skueuav tk vz tk :vbauau hngbUbk ¤a/

skueuav tk vz 'iurvt :kjri ¤vk ¤a tuv h©kUt zt 'k ¤a?vbj

tk tuv 't«k :iurvtvk ¤a/skueua ,cvut tk thv /

tuv h©kUt :kjrk ¤a/skueua cvut hbs ?hbs

tk tuv 'tk :iurvtIk ¤a/skueuak ; ¤x¤F iht hbsk /

tk skueuav :kjrk ¤a tku vbj k ¤a tk tuv ot /hbs o ¤vk ¤a tUv zt 'Ubk ¤a /

skueuav tk vz 'tk :(tc) hbso¤fk ¤a skueuav vz 'h¦k ¤a !

:rnut ej §mh/Wka - Wkau 'hka- hka

,rnut vrG/hka - lkau 'lka - hka :

:rnut shus/Wka - Wkau 'Wka - hka

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:,rnut vbj/hka - lkau 'hka - hka


] ,hhcv /,hhc hk ahhka - uka - lka/iye [

] rcjv /rcj vk ahlka - uka - vka/cuy [

] ohrcjv /ohrcj vcrv ubk ahifka - ubka - ovka/ktrahc ohrd [

] ohruvv v«pht 'hsdvka - uka - lka?ohrd [

] ,hbufnv /,hbufn vk ahuka - vka - hka/sutn vcuy [

] ckfv ?ckf ofk ahofka - ovka - ifka?kusd [

] t,cxvu tcxv ?t,cxu tcx ovk ahovka - ofka - ivka/ohkaurhc ohrd [

] jtv /jt ah kjrkvka - ka - uka/snjb [

] /ohruv hk ahovka - hka - uka/"vphjc ohrd [

] ,hhcv /chct-k,c ohrd ubjbtofka - ubka - ovka/chct-k, iupmc [

Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentencesmake sense. Some sentences are connected in context:

/___ rpxv vz 'i ¥F ?___ rpxv vz ',hnkua

/___ rcjv tk tuv 'tk ?__ rcjv tuv hbs 'vruphm

/___ v,hfv ,t ohcvut ubjbt

/___ ,hcv tk vz 'tk ?___ ,hcv vz 'vbj 'hngb

/__ .hnv ,t v,ua v,t vnk /vbaua __ .hnv vz

/___ vrunv vz 'i ¥F ?___ vrunv vz 'vrha 'i,b

?___ rpxv v«ph ¥t 'vbaua

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/,hcc ___ reICv-, ©jurt ,t ohkfut vrau ,hnkua

?___ c,fnv vz ?vrha 'vzv c,f ¦nv hn ___

/hngb ___ c,fnv vz /___ c,fnv tk vz 'tk

/___c,fnv tk vza ,rnut vrha

/,hc-hrugha vCrv ivk i,ub ___ vrunva ,urnut iv

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, ¤t - the marker of a definite direct object

h ¦,It hbt

W §,It v,t

Q,It ,t

I,It tuv

v,It thv

Ub,It ubjbt

§, ¤t(o¤f §,It*) o¤f o,t

§, ¤t(i¤f §,It*) i¤f i,t

o,It ov

i,It iv

-41-



?oh ¦e£gIm o ¥v vnk

v ¤tIru cIj §rC l¥kIv iurvt /vk§h©k uha §fg, ¤t vtIr tk hngb /iIk ©j©C hngb I,It /

gun §J¦k kIfh iurvt /vrha :vruphmv,It!

o©d g ¥nua iurvt §u 'uhJ §f©g ,ura i ¥v od /rn, k¤m ¥t vbju kjri,It /

,©g ©nua , ©t 'hngb :e¥gIm iurvth,It ?

g ¥nua cIj §rv kF ?egIm v,t vn :,rnut hngbW §,It !

gnua rc §F cuj §rv kF kct 'iIfb :rnut iurvti¤f §, ¤t) i¤f §,It /uhJ §f©g (

gnIa rc §F hbt 'iIfb :e¥gIm Uv ¤ahno¤f §, ¤t) o¤f §,It/(

Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentencesmake sense. Some sentences are connected in context:

,rdx________________________ h,rdx 'if ?iukjv ________________________/

ubkche ________________ ubj,p tk sug kct 'ohc,fnv ,t________________________/

ohgnua o,t________________ ohgnua tk ubjbt 'iurvt 'tk ?________________________/

o,tre________________ ubtre tk 'tk ?vgsInv ________________________/

o,hbe vput________________________ ubhbe ?vb,nv ________________________ /ohkaurhc

h,§k ©tJ 'i,b________________________?vbIg tk v,t vnk /vk ¥t §a

v ¤tur Uv ¤ahn ?hngb v«ph ¥t________________________?

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o ¤, §nG v«ph ¥t________________________ ubnG ?,Irh ¥Pv ________________________/oJ

,tre 'vbj________________________ h,tre 'i¥F ?vzv rUPhxv ________________________/

c ¥vut v, ©t________________________ cvut tk rc §F hbt tk ?,hnkua ________________________/

v,ua hn________________________ v,ua hbs ?vzv .hnv ________________________/

,ktua vruphm________________________ cvut v,t :i,b ________________________?

er cvIt hbt :vrhak r ¥nut hbs________________________!

cvut hxuh________________________ cvut tuv /kjr ________________________!sutn

,tre________________________ h,tre 'iF ?r ¤p ¥xv ________________________/

o,snk________________________ ubsnk 'iF ?,uasjv ohkhnv ________________________/

o,gna________________________ ubgna tk 'tk ?ohasjv ohrhav ________________________/

utr hngbu i,b_____________________ ukta ovu 'vbj ______________________/,fkuv thv itk

o ¤,tre rc §F________________________ ubtre tk sug 'tk ?ohc,fnv ________________________/_

i ¥,ub v,t hnk ________________________ i,ub hbt ?skueuav________________________/vbjk

ohkacn ov________________________ ohkacn ov /ohdsv ________________________/vga hmj

o ¤,j,p________________________ ubj,p 'iF ?iIk ©jv ________________________/

,rdx________________________ h,rdx tk 'tk ?,¤k ¤sv ________________________/

cvut v,t lht____________________ cvut v,t ?lka ________________?rfux hkc ut rfux og

h,kta_______________ h,kta /ohtc ov o ¦t i,bu hbs __________________/ohc¥g §r ov ot od

,bnz ¦v________________________ h,b ©nzv 'if ?vchxnk vbauau hngb ________________________/

vbhnzn hbt 'vbaua ',hrc________________________?,utc i,t /vchxnk

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ihnzn k ¥tUn §J______________/v ¤pe-,h¥ck ve §c ¦r

h,hpt hbt /sutn vcuy ,tzv vdugv______________/

cvut tuv /vrG ka rcjv tuv shus______________/sutn

,uktua i,t vnk vbhcn tk hbt______________ uhafg ____________________ /vktv ,uktav

cvut i,buh______________ cvut tuv /kjr ____________________/sutn

h,c,f 'if ?vbauak c,fn ,c,f________________________/

ohgxub ohruvv______________ ohgxub ov /kuhyk ,uskhv ____________________/vba kf

v,be thv vpht___________ v,be thv ?ohrpxv _______________/vphjc

,htr______________ u k ¥tfhn ______________ h,htr 'if ?uka vrcjv ______________/

gnua v,t 'W,ht rcsn hbt 'hbs__________________ gnua tk hbt 'tk ?______________/

,tre________________________ h,tre tk 'tk ?reucc iu,hgv ________________________/

vtr hn________________________ ,htr ,t ?hka ohhpeanv ________________________?

vb §,b vbj 'vbaua_____________________ hk vb §,b thv 'if ?rpxv , ¤t ________________________/

ktau hbsk tre tct________________________/rpxv ,hcc vhv lht

h,c,f /ktrahc hbs ________________________ h,jkau c,fn________________________/kun,t

vpt hn ________________________ v,pt vra ?vdugv ,t________________________/

________________________?ktrahc ohrhfn o,t hn

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h ¦,h ¦t - o ¦g

The preposition “o ¦g” (“with”) has a strange behavior in ModernHebrew. We use “o ¦g” when it is NOT CONJUGATED, but theconjugation is with “-,h ¦t”! In classiceal Hebrew you will find W §n ¦g 'h ¦n ¦g,etc.

Also, in formal Hebrew, the conjugation for 2pl.m (o,t) and f. (i,t)starts with “- §, ¤t,” while in spoken Hebrew it is “-,It,” like all otherpronouns (which makes it logical!). Thus: o¤f §,It - o¤f §, ¤t are variants,and i¤f §,It - i¤f §, ¤t are variants.

Note the difference from the prepositions we had so far (in light blue):

h ¦,h ¦t hbt

W §,h ¦t v,t

Q,h ¦t ,t

I,h ¦t tuv

v,h ¦t thv

Ub,h ¦t ubjbt

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h ¦t§,o¤f o,t

h ¦t§,i¤f i,t

o,h ¦t ov

i,h ¦t iv


///hn o ¦g vCh ¦x §nk ,¤f¤kk v¤mIr hn

vCh ¦x §nk ,¤f¤kk vmur ,hnkuao ¦g tuck vmur kjr kct 'hbs v,ht /

,fkk vmur kjro,ht !vCh ¦x §nk

er ,fkk vmur hbt :,hnkuak rnut hbsl,ht !

tc v,t 'r ¤s ¥x §C :hbsk ,rnut ,hnkuah ¦,ht ,fkuv vbhru 'o ¦g /iurvt

,fkk vmur tk kjr :,hnkuak rnut hbsu,ht ,fkk vmur th ¦v /ub,ht /

,fkk vkIf§h hbt :vtc kjro¤f §,ht ?vCh ¦x §n©k

tc tk hbt /,fkk ,ukIf§h i ¤, ©t :rnut hbsi¤f §,ht /

:r ¥xjv , ¤t Unh¦k §J ©v

] rC ©s§k vmur hbt 'vkthbsh,ht - v,ht - l,ht/[

] ,fkk ,umur i,t /y¤r ¤xk ohfkuv ubjbtub,ht - i,ht - if,ht?[

] rcsk vmur , ©t /itF hbsi,ht - u,ht - l,ht?[

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] ,fkk vmur hbt ?vrhau kjr o ¦g ,f¤kk vmur hnh,ht - o,ht - i,ht/[

] ,fkuv hbtu 'khh ©yk ,fkuv vruphmv,ht - ub,ht - h,ht/[

] ,fkk kufh hbt ?vCh ¦x §nk ohfkuv o,tub,ht - of,ht - o,ht?[

] sunkk vmur hn /vbhj §C©k s ¥nuk hbtog - u,ht - h,ht?[

] rCsk vmur uvahn 'i,bl,ht - o,ht - u,ht/iup¤k ¤yc [

] vrd , ©ta ,hy§b ¤sUy §xvu,ht - v,ht - h,ht/vh §dIkIh ¦C ,snuk [

] rCs §n hnv,ht - og - ,t] rcsn iurvt ?v¤rInv [u,ht - og - v,ht/[

] ,fkuv hbtu 'v,hcv ,fkuv hngbv,ht - ub,ht - h,ht/[

] ,hr §c ¦g ohsnuk Ubjbtub,ht - v,ht - ogsunkk ohcvut ujbt /ubka vrInv [

]o,ht- ub,ht - v,ht/[

] ,f¤kk vmur hbtu 'kUhyk ohfkuv o ¥vi,ht - o,ht - h,ht/[

] kIft¤k ,fkk vkufh hbt 'vbj 'vrhah,ht - ub,ht - if,ht?[

] tuck vmur v,t /yrxk lkuv hbth,ht - u,ht - l,ht?[

] ,rC ©sn ,tl,ht - og - v,ht] ,rcsn hbt 'if ?vrha [og - h,ht - v,ht/[

] ohfkuv ovka ohruvv hf 'ohj ¥nG ohskhvog - o,ht - i,ht/vsgx ¦nk [

] §, §sera h,gna 'vbjl,ht - u,ht - og] h,ser tk 'tk /hbs [u,ht - h,ht - og/[

] kuftk vmur v,t /kuftk lkuv hbt 'i,bh,ht - ub,ht - l,ht?[

] snuk hn 'ktunav,ht - o,ht - l,ht?vbhj §C©k [

] gxub tuv /rUehck utc uka ohrcjvv,ht - u,ht - o,ht/chct-k,k [

] tuck vmur hn /ejG ¦nk ohfkuv ubjbtub,ht - o,ht - og?[

] ,fkk vmur uvahn /sck ,fkk vmur tk hbtog - u,ht - h,ht?[

] rudk vmur tk hbt kct 'ohcuy ohruv hk ahub,ht - h,ht - o,ht/[

] sunkk vmur thv ifku 'cuy shnk, tuvv,ht - u,ht - og/[

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s©c§k ¦n 's©c§k

h ¦s©c§k hbt

W §s©c§k v,t

©c§kl ¥s ,t

Is©c§k tuv

vs©c§k thv

©c§k¥sUb ubjbt

o¤f §s©c§k o,t

i¤f §s©c§k i,t

©c§kos ov

©c§kis iv

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In Modern Hebrew, s©c§k means “alone,” “by oneself” in the sense that noone is with the reflected pronoun. It needes to be distinguished from h ¦n §m©g §C,which means “by myself” in the sense that no one helped in the action.

For example:

/unmgc c,fnv ,t c,ufu usck srGnc cauh tuv

“He is sitting in the office by himself (=alone, no one is with him), writingthe letter by himself (=no one else is writing it, or writing it with him).”

/unmgc kuftk kufh tuv kct 'usck iuahk vmur tk eubh,v

“The baby does not want to sleep by himself (=no one with him), but he caneat by himself (=without help).”

Originally, both words meant the same. h ¦S©c§k is biblical, and h ¦n §m©g §C is postbiblical.

s©c§k is (etymologically) derived from s©C+k, the same as s©c §C s©C (=”togetherwith,” “at the same time as,” “step by step with”), s©c§k ¦n (=”beside,”“excluding,” “apart from”) - I «S©c§K ¦n sI g ih¬¥t oh·¦v«k¡t «v tUv wv - “the LORD he isGod; there is none else beside Him.” Also r ¤J£t ¥n s©c§k, r ¤J£t s©c§K ¦n and n s©c§k ori ¦n s©c§k.

Thus, in Modern Hebrew we have the following prepositions:

alone s©c§k

besides, excluding,apart from

s©c§k ¦n

besides, excluding,apart from

n s©c§k

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Note that in many cases the independent form s©c§k can replace theconjugated forms:vs©c§k vcah thv is the same as sc§k vcah thv.

Choose the bestmatching preposition:

] v,taf vaug v,t vnhsck - lsck - usck?[

] ccu,xn tuvvsck - osck - usck/.uchec [

] khhyk ohfkuv ovosck - usck - isck/ovhba er '[

] h,rd tk ogp ;tvsck - usck - hsck/[

] ,hhcc ohFjn ohskhvusck - isck - osck/[

] oa vrtab thvlsck - vsck - hsck/[

] ouhv kf ,cak vkufh thv lhtosck - vsck - usck?[

] hbt ouhvusck - lsck - hsck/,hhcc [

] ;ujv kg ohcauh ubjbtubsck - isck - osck/[

] ,uhvk s ¥jp §n tuvvsck - usck - osck/[

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[///h ¦n §m©g k©g - h ¦n §m©g ¥n - h ¦n §m©g§k] h ¦n §m©g §C - n §m©g §C

h ¦n §m©g §C hbt

W §n §m©g §C v,t

§m©g §Cl ¥n ,t

In §m©g §C tuv

vn §m©g §C thv

§m©g §C¥nUb ubjbt

o¤f §n §m©g §C o,t

i¤f §n §m©g §C i,t

§m©g §Con ov

§m©g §Cin iv

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The word h ¦n §m©g is connected to o¤m¤g = “bone,” and thus shifted to“substance,” “essence,” and “self.” In this sense it is post-biblical.

h ¦n §m©g is “self” - conjugated as above with or without different prepositions.The meaning is in context. Examples:h ¦n §m©g§k - “to/for myself” - hnmgk cauj hbt - “I am thinking to myself”; vbue thvvnmgk vz ,t - “She is bying it for herself.”h ¦n §m©g §C - “by/in myself” - hnmgc vz ,t vaug hbt - “I am doing it by myself”; tuvunmgc ihntn - “He believes in himself.”h ¦n §m©g ¥n - “from myself” - hnmgn vcrv arus hbt - “I demad a lot from myself.”h ¦n §m©g k©g - “about/on myself” - unmg kg er rcsn tuv - “He talks only abouthimself.”

Note the following expressions:hnmg og rcsnu hsck gxub hbt - “I am driving alone, talking to myself.”unmgc ahhc,n tuv - “He is ashame of himself.”vz ,t h,hag vnk gsuh tk hnmgc hbt - “I myself don’t know why I did this.”hnmgk h,caju ,ukhkc h,cah - “I sat at night, and thught to myself.”

And as a governing preposition with verbs:

unmgc ihntn tuv - “He believes in himself.”

hnmgc h,bbuc,v - “I looked at myself.”

lnmgk rt, - “Imagine [to yourself].”

unmg ,t vGug tuv - “He is pretending.”

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/unmgn tkn,n vzv jpv

) vgsuvvpost/inzv kf vnmgn ,ejnb hka (

/unmgn veb,n rhafnv

?ruyp unmgn cbudv

?vnmgn tpr,vk vkufh vkjnv otv

/atrv ,t unmgk rcua tuv

/shv ,t unmgk gegen tuv

/vnmgk ,gsUn thv

/unmgk rzug tka hnk ohrzug tk

/onmgc vz ,t uc,f ov

/hnmgk vz ,t h,c,f

/vhdrbt vnmgk ,epxn ktrah

/lnmgk vz ,t chhj v,t

/unmgk vz ,t ord tuv

/,Ufzv ,t onmgk ohrnua ov

/unmgk orud osta ohrcs ah

/unmgk .hcrna eubh, vz

/onmgk udtsh ohrUxv

/kdrc onmgk ohruh ov

?onmgk oharn ov vn

/onmgk ohbust ov

/onmgk uaga ezbv ,t ohbhcn ov

/inmgk er ,udtus iv

/hnmgc er vhuk, h,hhv 'hsck h,khhy ohhguca

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It is also connected to h ¦tn §m©g (“independent”) and ,Utn §m©g (“independence”),and to o¤m¤g §C - “actually,” “in fact.”

] ohrughav ,t ,uagk kufh hbt /vr §z ¤g lhrm tk hbtvnmgc - hnmgc - onmgc/[

] uh §s ©rv ,t i ¥e ©,n v,t !sucFv kFhnmgc - lnmgc - unmgc?[

] kfv ubhag ubjbtonmgc - unmgc - ubnmgc/rzg tk sjt ;t /[

] kfutv kf ,t vbhfv thv /ihUmn k ¥acn tuvonmgc - vnmgc - unmgc/[

] vbhj §Cv kf ,t c,f tuva' rnt tuvunm ©gc - hnmgc - vnmgc/[

] ,hcv ,t ohe©b §n ovinmgc - onmgc - unmgc/[

;xfv ,t vjek thv][vnmgk - hnmgk - unmgk/

] .j§k¦b ru,pfvvnmgn - hnmgn - unmgn/[

] ack,vk ohkufh tk ,ueubh,onmgc - hnmgc - inmgc/[

] vsucgv kf ,t vaug tuvlnmgc - unmgc - vnmgc/[

] ,ucua,v ,t tumnk vfhrm ,tunmgc - inmgc - lnmgc/[

] runak lhrm v,tunmg kg - lnmg kg - hnmg kg/[

] vdugv ,t vput ,tlnmgc - inmgc - vnmgc?v,ut vbue ut '[

] ,hbufnv ,t h,dvbunmgc - vnmgc - hnmgc/[

] vFUxv ,t ohyaen ovinmgc - vnmgc - onmgc/[

] hbtonmgc - unmgc - hnmgc/vmur hbt vn gsuh tk [

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kh ¦c §a ¦C - “For”

(in the sense of “to”)

h¦kh ¦c §a ¦C hbt

W§kh ¦c §a ¦C v,t

h ¦c §a ¦C¥kQ ,t

Ikh ¦c §a ¦C tuv

vkh ¦c §a ¦C thv

h ¦c §a ¦C¥kUb ubjbt

o¤f§kh ¦c §a ¦C o,t

i¤f§kh ¦c §a ¦C i,t

h ¦c §a ¦Cok ov

h ¦c §a ¦Cik iv

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Often, one can replace kh ¦c §a ¦C with k, but they are not always the same.

You can say hka rcjv khcac vb,n h,hbe and hka rcjk vb,n h,hbe, both mean“I bought a present to/for my friend.”

Note that most verbs are governed by the preposition “k” and cannot besubstituted by khcac. For example:

iycv hk ,ctufa uk h,rnt - “I told him (uk) that my stomach hurts that I havestomach ache).” You cannot say ukhcac h,rnt.

In other words, ukhcac has to have “for.”

) h,htr tkukhcac 'ubnn 'u,ut) h,jka ifk 'inz vcrv (uka 'uk 'ukmt/c,fn (

Do not mix the English “for” to indicate time with “for” in the sense of“to”:“I haven’t seen him for a long time” - inz vcrv rcf u,ut h,htr tk.“He came for a week” - gucak tc tuv.NEVER guca khcac oa h,hhv, as we often hear students saying!!!

Other common mistakes with kh ¦c §a ¦C are mixking them with the ending ofother common prepositions (logical mistakes), even common amongIsraelis:o ¤vkh ¦c §a ¦C vz ,t v,be thv instead of okh ¦c §a ¦C, as also lkh ¦c §a ¦C, instead of l¥kh ¦c §a ¦C,and Ubkh ¦c §a ¦C, instead of Ub¥kh ¦c §a ¦C.

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,rzv vb,nv ,t h,hbeQkh ¦c §J ¦C q Q¥kh ¦c §J §C q Q¥kh ¦c §J ¦C q Qkh ¦c §J §C

o ¤vkh ¦c §a ¦Cokh ¦c §a ¦C

] vpevukhcac - khcac - lkhcac] vshkdvu 'iurvt [lkhcac - vkhcac - khcac[/k ¥jr

] okak lhrm tk v,tkhcac- hkhcac - lkhcac] h,nkha rcf hbt /vpev [okhcaclkhcac - vkhcac -/[

] cuy tk vz /v¤pe v,ua tk hbtkhcac - hkhcac - ukhcac/[

] tuv 'if ?vbhsu ,ur khcac ?ernv hn khcacokhcac - ukhcac - ikhcac /[

] ,ub,n lk ahhkhcac - okhcac - khcac] ,ub,n hk ah 'if ?ohskhv [- ukhcacikhcac - okhcac/[

tuv vzv ijkuavokh ¦c §J §C q okh ¦c §J ¦C q o ¤vkh ¦c §a §C q o ¤vkh ¦c §J ¦C

thv ,tzv vb,nvo¤fkh ¦c §J §C q o¤f§kh ¦c §J ¦C q o¤fkh ¦c §J ¦C q o¤f§kh ¦c §J §C

c,fn hk ah ?shus vpht________________________/

uvan lk ah :vbj ,t ,ktua ,ur________________________?

vpev :rnut ;xuh________________________ vhbpnavu 'wdruwd _____________________/shus

kfv vaugu'vka ,ubcv ,t ,cvut thv________________________/

v,ut h,bfv ?vdugv ,t ,kfut tk ,t vnk________________________/

vz'vra if ?hkhcac vz 'shus________________________/

h,nkha rcf/okak ohfhrm tk o,t________________________/

cuy tk vz /ethbue v,ua tk hbt________________________/

,ub,n hk ah if ?ohskhv khcac ,ub,n lk ah/________________________

vzv vpev if ? hxuh khcac ?vpev hn khcac________________________ /

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kk §d ¦C - “Because of”

h¦kk §d ¦C hbt

W§kk §d ¦C v,t

k §d ¦C¥kQ ,t

Ikk §d ¦C tuv

vkk §d ¦C thv

k §d ¦C¥kUb ubjbt

o¤f§kk §d ¦C o,t

i¤f§kk §d ¦C i,t

k §d ¦Cok ov

k §d ¦Cik iv

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In formal Hebrew, the preposition kk §d ¦C is combined with a noun, as theequivalent phrase “because of” in English. This phrase (kkdC followed by anoun) is the connected with another sentence, which comes before or after:Sentence + Noun + kkdc (order from right to left)orNoun + kkdc + Sentence (order from right to left).

Examples:rhuutv dzn kkdc h,tc tk - “I didn’t come, because of the weather.”h,tc tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - “Because of the weather, I didn’t come.”

In colloquial Hebrew they use a kkdc (“because,” “for”) in cause clauses.We will avoid that use here.This is different, however, from itf tk tuv vkkdca vchxv - “The reasonwhy he is not here” (literally “the reason that because of it he is nothere”); lkuv tk tuva vchxv - “The reason why he is not going”).

In Modern Hebrew, the preposition kkdc has negative connotation. Inpositive connotation k ,usuv or ,Uf §z ¦C are used.This is not the case in the earlier Hebrew sources, where kkdc is used bothfor positive and negative, though often negative:lkkdc hapb v,hju (Genesis 12:13)lkkdc wv hbfrchu (Genesis 30:27);xuh kkdc hrmnv ,hc ,t wv lrchu (Genesis 39:5)wv lfrch vzv rcsv kkdc (Deuteronomy 15:10)

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In Modern Hebrew:

.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - “because of the weather, we couldn’t beoutside” (negative)

.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh rhuutv dznk ,usuv - “Thanks to the weather, we could beoutside” (positive).

Choose on the correct preposition:

] cuzgk ohfhrm ubjbtubkkdc - kkdc - vkkdc/vph¥r §Gv [

] vre kfvu 'inzc ,tc tk 'shusvkkdc - hkkdc - lkkdc![

]ubkkdc - ukkdc - kkdc/ubtc tk oadv [

]okkdc - ukkdc - kkdc!sutn vae ubk vhv oujv [

]a v,hc §a v,hvkkdc - okkdc - vkkdc/ouhv usnk tk ov [

] ejha tk tuvkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc/vghmp [

]ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc/cu,fk kufh tk tuv cajnc vke, [

] /rjUtn utc ivubkkdc - ikkdc - okkdc/inzc ubtc tk [

] /cujrc ohegum ohabtkkdc - okkdc - ubkkdc/ohbah tk ubjbt [

] /cuy uscg tk ovvkkdc - ubkkdc - okkdc/,uhgc ubk ah [

]a ,uchxv vktikkdc -kkdc - ukkdc/kdrusf ejan tk tuv [

]a vchxv ,tzukkdc - kkdc - vkkdc/itf tk tuv [

] ,unk ifun tuvkkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] ,unk vbfun tk thv kct '[- vkkdc - kkdcukkdc/[

]a ,uchx vcrv ahikkdc - ukkdc - kkdc/jhkmn tk tuv [

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hka tctv tuv hkkdc eru" rhav ,t xhbfvk

] /rjtn shn, v,t :vrG /1lkkdc - kkdc - hkkdc/ejGnk inzc ohghdn tk ubjbt [

] tk vz 'tk :shuslkkdc - hkkdc - kkdc'[] vz ubkkdc - ukkdc - kkdciugav [ /hka] /rsxc tk hka iugavubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc/inzc h,tc tk [

]u :vrGkkdc - hkkdc - lkkdc?rsxc tk iugav hn [

] "vecrk ,hag vn 'k ¥tUna :vbj /2kkdc - vkkdc - lkkdc!vfuc thv [] vfuc tk thv /vecrk oukf h,hag tk :ktunavkkdc - hkkdc - kkdcvfuc thv /[

]vkkdc - kkdc - ikkdc] vfuc thv zt 'yrxk v,ut ubhnzv tk iv /vka ,urcjv [- kkdcvkkdc - ikkdc/[

?,tzv vmkujv ,t ,hbe vnk 'vbhb §P :iurh /3

] :vbhbpukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc] odu 'vka rhjnv [vkkdc - kkdc - ukkdc/vka gcmv [

] /sutn gr rhuut dzn vhv :,hrhg /4ukkdc - kkdc - hkkdc /,hhcc ubrtab [

]a vchxv ,tzu :vrhaofkkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc?kuhyk o,fkv tk [

] vkuj hka ,cv :s ¤r¤u /5[kkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] /ruev hkkdc - kkdc - vkkdch,rtab []u ',hhccubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc] /vzhdrn ,tzv vkjnv /vsucgk lkv tk rhnt [- ukkdc

ikkdc - vkkdc]a 'ouj vk ahu 'rcs oua ,kfut tk thv [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdctk thv [] odu 'inzv kf ohegum .ujc ohabtv 'vzn .Uju /cuy iuahk vkufh- vkkdc - kkdc

okkdc/iuahk vkufh tk thv [

c]a 'inzv kf vehzun ohgnua ohb¥fav :vecr /6hkkdc - okkdc - vkkdvkufh tk hbt []u 'ohegum od ohbfav /sunkkhkkdc - okkdc - kkdc] /jUbk vkufh tk od hbt [- ukkdc

okkdc - kkdc!,hhcv hrugha ,t h,b ©f ¥v tk vz kf [

] tk vzu :vrunvkkdc - vkkdc - lkkdc ?rughav kf ,ejmu ,rchsa vz [

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v kk §d ¦C

k ,IsIv

Determine if the missing part is ///v kkdc or ///k ,usuv:

/kuhyk ubtmh tk rhuut(v) dzn ________ /1

/.ujc vchxnv ,t ,uagk ubkufh rhuut(v) dzn ____ /2

/agr _____ sunkk ubkufh tk /3

/h,ser tk ,Uph¥h£gv _____ /4

/vasjv vpUr §, _____ vthrc thv /5

/vasjv vpur,v ____ cuy r,uh ahdrn tuv /6

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oIe §n ¦C - “instead of”

h ¦nIe §n ¦C hbt

W §nIe §n ¦C v,t

Ie §n ¦C¥nQ ,t

InIe §n ¦C tuv

vnIe §n ¦C thv

Ie §n ¦C¥nUb ubjbt

o¤f §nIe §n ¦C o,t

i¤f §nIe §n ¦C i,t

Ie §n ¦Cno ov

Ie §n ¦Cni iv

ouenc means literally “in (the) place of.”

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In spoken Hebrew the longer form is often used - vz oue §n ¦C:

ejGnk lkv tuv vz ouencu 'rpxv ,hck lkv tk tuv - He did not go to to school,and instead (of this) he went to the game.

This use is to reflect the English “and instead.” The reason is that theword oue §nc is felt as a construct case (unlike oIenc) and it needs to befollowed by a noun or a pronoun.

Also, in colloquial Hebrew it is sometimes stressed on the first syllablerather than the last - oIe Å§n ¦C, often indicating “instead” (not “instead of”).It even appears in the end of the sentence, against the strict Hebrew rule,that a preposition does not appear in the end of the sentence, unless it isconjugated.

?ouenÅc vz ,t hk i,h, hkut - “Maybe you (can) give me this instead?

It has adverbial use!

Note: Do not mix InIe §n ¦C “instead of” with InIe §n ¦C “in his/its place”(physical place)!

Expressions such as “If I were in your place” are also not to be mixed withthe preposition.

] vtc ,rjt hvahnu 'czg vrunvouenc - unuenc - vnuenc/[

] sucgk kufh uvahn /ouhv sucgk kufh tk hbtlnuenc - unuenc - hnuenc?[

] eja, ,rjt hvahn /vkuj rn,unuenc - vnuenc - hnuenc/[

] sucgk lhrm rjt uvahn /cuy ohscug tk ovonuenc - inuenc - unuenc/[

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] h,fkv zt ',fkk vkfh tk thvubnuenc - vnuenc - hnuenc/[

] ovk ruzgt hbt ',hhcc rtahvk ,ukufh i,thnuenc - ifnuenc - ofnuenc/[

] vrchs vbj zt 'tc tk v¤m §r ©nvinuenc - vnuenc - unuenc/[

] G¥pjn tuvu 'ohtpur ,urGg ryhp tcmvonuenc - ofnuenc - unuencohtpur [

/ohasj ohkug ova

] scug ,ntc c ¥ajnva ohcauj ubjbtubnuenc - unuenc - lnuenc?[

] vsucgv ,t uGgh ohyICIra ohcauj o,t ?ohcauh o,t vn- vnuenc - onuenc

ofnuenc?[

] vz ,t vagh tk sjt ;t ',uskhifnuenc - ofnuenc - inuenc![

] tc rjt uvahnu 'shep,v ,t ,czug s¤r¤uonuenc - unuenc - vnuenc/[

] x¥bFhha uvahn ,apjnu 'v,hcv ,rzuj hbtvnuenc - unuenc - hnuenc/vrhsk [

,fkk ,IgC §m ¤tk ub,ofnuenc - onuenc - inuenc]![

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sh-k©g and sh§k

“near,” “next to,” “beside,” “at”

h ¦sh-k©g hbt

W §sh-k©g v,t

h-k©g¥sQ ,t

Ish-k©g tuv

vsh-k©g thv

h-k©g¥sUb ubjbt

o¤f §sh-k©g o,t

i¤fsh-k©g i,t

h-k©gso ov

h-k©gsi iv

This preposition, like some others, is a combination of two words - kg andsh.

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Do not confuse this preposition with h ¥s§h-k©g, which means “(done) by.”

A variant of sh-k©g is sh§k, and they are used interchangeably.

,Ur sh-kg cauh hbt -”I am sitting next to Ruth” - is the same as sh§k cauh hbt,Ur.

Note that the “at” and “beside” are other English equivalent to sh-k©g andsh§k:

ijkuav sh-kg cauh hbt - “I am sitting at the table.”

The conjugation of sh§k is the same as sh-k©g.

Translate the following sentences into English:

The river flows by the village.

The library is by the post office

There is a park there, and our house is next to it.

The store is open, and there are many people next to it.

The children are playing, and there parents are standing next tothem.

David stood there next to her.

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/rp §Fv (sh§k) sh-kg o¥ruz rvbv

/rtusv (sh§k) sh-kg vhh ¦rpxv

/hka ,hhcv (sh§k) sh-kg .g ah

/(vsh§k) vsh-kg snug shus

/(ush§k) ush-kg ubka ,hhcvu 'e §rtPv oa

/(osh§k) osh-kg ohsnug ovka ohruvvu 'ohej ©G §n ohskhv

/(vsh§k) vsh-kg ohabt vcrv ahu 'vjU,p ,Ubjv

] ohbagna ohcvut tk ohabtosh-kg - ush kg - sh kg/[

] rd kthbsu 'vphjc ohrd ubjbtvsh kg - ubsh kg - ush kg/[

] ,cauh vbjvsh - ush kg - sh kg] ,cauh h,uru 'ijkuav [vsh kg - ush kg - sh kg/[

] usng ivish kg - vsh kg - sh kg] h,sng hbtu ',Ubjv [sh kg - hsh kg - ish kg/[

] ohcauh hbsu vfknush kg - osh kg - sh kgot vrucs ,t ohktua ovu 'ijkuav [] ,cak vmur thvush kg - osh kg - vsh kg/[

] vcaha vahtv hn 'shussh kg - vsh kg - lsh kg?kun,t [

] cauh ckfvu ',urcsnu ,ucauh ivvsh kg - ish kg - ush kg/[

] cauh ibj ouhv 'vgubosh kg - ush kg - vsh kg/[

] ,cak kufh hbt 'vruphmhsh kg - vsh kg - lsh kg?[

] snug v,t vnkush kg - sh kg - lsh kg?iukjv [

] ouen ah ',uskh 'vjhkxifsh kg - hsh kg - ush kg?[

] vrd vkuavsh kg - ush kg - sh kg/y ¤e §r ©nr¤PUxv [

] ,cak kufh tk hbt /inzv kf ,urcsn h,uru vbjish kg - vsh kg - hsh kg![

] hUbP ouen itf ah /lk vfjn hbtubsh kg - hsh kg - lsh kg/[

] ,cak vmur v,t 'i,buhsh kg - lsh kg - hsh kg] ut '[sh kg - ush kg - osh kg[?vbhsu rhnt

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i ¦n 'n - “from,” [comparative (“than”), superlative]

h¦b ¦n ¦n hbt

W §n ¦n v,t

¦n¥nQ ,t

Ub ¦n ¦n tuv

vb ¦n ¦n thv

Ub,h ¦t ¥nUb¤¦n ¦n ' ubjbt

¦n¤Fo o,t

¦n¤Fi i,t

¥no ¤v ov

¥ni ¤v iv

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The preposition n has many functions:Leaving a place: vphjk ohkaurhn, h,h¥Cn h,tmh, ktrahn h,gxb.Marking a start of a time, crg sg reucn = “from morning toevening,” ouhvn - “from today,” hbuhc vgcrtn - “from June 4th,” ouhnhaha - “from Friday,” auka vgan - “from 3 o’clock.”Indicating a reason (‘out of”), ,ubkcx rxujn - “out of impatience,”agr curn - “from so much noise,” cgrn ,n - “starving from hunger,”sjpn ,n - “scared to death,” jur rmuen - “out of impatience.”

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3.

Comparative, ovn kusd - “greater than they are (then them),” eu,nacsn - “sweeter than honey, hbnn cuy - “better than me,” dkan ick -“whiter than snow,” ubnn ezj - “stronger than him.”Indicating origin, iusbukn tc - “coming from London,” ihxn ha ¤n -“silk from China (Chinese silk),” rcjn c,fn - “letter from a friend,”ubnn sunkk - “to learn from him/it.”Indicating material, cvzn yhaf, - Jewelry of gold (golden Jewelry),”vyhj jnen vdug - “cake from wheat flour,” rhhbn vfxn - “mask ofpaper (paper mask),” irut .gn ijkua - “table of pine wood.”

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5.

6.

The preposition n is a shorter form of the classical i ¦n, following thecomlete (and thus disappearance) assimilation of the b. This will alsoexplain the ending o¤F and i¤F (not o œ¤f and i œ¤f) when conjugated.

Note the dissimilation (semantic dissimilation) Ub,h ¦t ¥n instead of Ub ¤n ¦n(“from/than us”), do distinguish this form from Ub ¤n ¦n = “him.”

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In higher register of Hebrew, n alone (without r ¥,uh, “than”) canindicate comparative: ,rcjnvn kusd rpxv - “the book is bigger than thenotebook,” or vbnn kusd - “bigger than ‘it’” (literally).

When indicating part of a whole, n is the equivalent of the English“of”:ovn sjt - “one of them.”ohkhhjvn sjt - “one of the soldiers.”ub,htn sjt kf - “each (and every) one of us.”

n can also be part of a combined preposition, such as rIjt ¥n - “frombehind,” and s¤d¤b ¦n 's©g©Cn 'h¥b §p¦kn 'h¥rujtn 'kgn ',j,n, etc.

Before gutterals, especially wg 'wt, and before r, the preposition n can bevocalized as ¥n (not ¦n).

] sjt ;t /ohk¥m£g ubjbthbnn - ub,htn - ovn/oseun rrug,vk vmur tk [

] r,uh cuaj r,uh tk sjt ;tau 'cuaj tuva cauj tuvovn - ubnn - ovn/[

] uvan sunkk rapt shn,hbnn - ovn - n] sunkk rapt /ohskhv [- ivn - ovn

ub,htn!vcrv [

] ,jt kfu ',ukta vcrv ahivn - ubnn - vbnn!vcuaj [

] ohkcen ubjbt /ubka ohruvv vkthbnn - ovn - ub,htntk ov kct 'kufv [

] kcek ohbfuno¤Fn - ovn - ub,htn/rcs oua [

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] sutn vbua tuv kct 'vhks ka oIt §,v jtv vzovn - ubnn - vbnn/[

] sjt kfau 'vnfj thva ohcauj ubjbtub,htn - hbnn - vbnn] sunkk lhrm [ovn

vbnn - ub,htn -/[

] ,aehc vn ?ohkvbnv og ,rchslnn - ivn - ovn?[

) ,aehc vn ?vbhr og ,adpbvbnn - lnn - ivn?[

] sunkk ohfhrm o,t /sutn ,unfj ivivn - i¤Fn - ovn/[

] sjt kf 'ohshnk,ofn - hbnn - ovn/jhkmvk kufh [

] c,fn ,kchehbnn - ovn - n] h,kche 'if ?ohskhv [lnn - hbnn - ovnhba [

/ohc,fn

] aeck kufh hbt 'vecrvbnn - lnn - hbnn?vcuy [

] vkusd r,uh thv 'if ?ohkaurhn vkusd r,uh chct k,ubnn - vbnn - hbnn/[

] aeck kufh hbta rcj hk ahn - ubnn - hbnn!kufv [

] vz ,t ucbd ov /ubka vzivn - ovn - ub,htn/[

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In §F 'F - “like,” “as,”

Fh¦bIn hbt

FWIn v,t

FlIn ,t

FUvIn tuv

FvIn thv

FUbIn ubjbt

§Fo¤fIn o,t

§Fi¤fIn i,t

§Fo ¤vIn ov

§Fi ¤vIn iv

The preposition F is reflected as In §F (as a construct state form - ,Ufhn §x,and ///InF when next to the stressed syllable (UbI ÅnF vs. o Å¤fIn §F). Butcompare ktrGh ln©g §F hn.,In §F is a variant in higher register: o,In §F is a variant of ovunf.

In colloquial Hebrew, all conjugated forms are by ///InF (a logicalerror) - o¤fI ÅnF (stressed on In).

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The preposition n has many functions:"Similar to,” “like someone/soemething else”: dkaf ick - “(as) whiteas snow,” anaf rUrc - “as clear as the sun,” h¦bInf - “like me.”Approximately,” “about”: gUcaf - “about a week,” ordukhe ohragf -“about 20 kilogram,” ohgca icf - “about 70 years old.”

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“As” (function): rpuxf iubdg - “Agnon as an author,” gs ©nf ,Ur §p ¦xv -“literature as science.”(Combined with nouns or adjectives) adverbial: vrUJF - “correctly,”“properly,” v ¤tr¦bf - “probably,” “apparently,” “it looks like,”“presumably,” “supposedly,” “likely,” icUnf - “of course,”“certainly.”

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In Modern Hebrew, F often appears with demonstrative pronouns: v¤zF- “like this,” “such as this,” and so v¤k ¥tF ',t«zF. They are not alwaysinterchangeable with “vz In §F,” “,tz In §F,” “v¤k ¥t In §F.” The difference isapproximately as in English between “like this” and “such as this.”

] ,uhvk ohmur okuf /oxrUpn tuvvunf - uvunf - unf/[] iht !hk ,rzga vsu,hbunf - - uvunf lunf![

] suerk vmur hbt /vcuy ,hbser thvvunf - - hbunf unf/[

] sucgk ohkufh tk ubjbt /rvn ,uscug ivovunf - ubunf ivunf/[

] vtrb tuvuvunf - - ovunf unf] vtrb tk uka jtv kct 'uka tctv [unf- - ovunf uvunf/[

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] uhv okufa htuukv /ohcuy ohabt ovunf - - ovunf ubunf/[

] iht ann !ohbhhUmn ohrcj hburu hngubunf - - ovunf ofunf![

] ohrhag ohruv iht hk 'ibjubunf - - ovunf unf,uagk kufh tk hbt /lka ohruvv [] kufvlunf - - hbunf ovunf/[

ack,vk ohcvut tk ubka ohskhv ]ubunf - - ovunf ofunf/[

] eUhsc cauj hbt /ohesum o,thbunf - - ofunf ifunf/[

] ohtrb ovovunf - - unf ubunf] ohrcsn ukhpt ov /ovka ohruvv [ubunf- - ofunf ovunf/[

] .r tk iurus kct 'rvn .r thd /ohbuau ohnus iurusu t§h©dunf - - uvunf vunf/[] vzr thdu 'v¤zr iurusunf - - vunf uvunf/[

] scug tuva rnut tuvuvunf - - unf lunf/rInj [

] v ¤trb - vz vnvunf - - unf hbunf] .r 'kU,j [unf - - uvunf lunf"Uth ¦n" vaugu '[]vunf - - unf uvunf!vku,j ?kU,j [

] ,uhvk vmuru 'vka tnht ,t ,cvut thvvunf - - unf lunf/[

] ,uhvk ohmur tk ubjbt !rsxc tk ovunf - - Ubunf ovunf![

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l¤r ¤s - “through”

h ¦F §r ©s hbt

W §F §r ©s v,t

§r ©s¥Fl ,t

IF §r ©s tuv

vF §r ©s thv

§r ©s¥FUb ubjbt

oF §r ©s o,t

iF §r ©s i,t

§r ©soF ov

§r ©siF iv

The preposition l¤r ¤s comes from the noun “way,” road,” “manner,”“mode.” Some linguists claim that the Hebrew use of l¤r ¤s in the senseof “through” is influenced by the German “durch,” but its use in thissense is already biblical.

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Logically, the common verbs with the preposition l¤r ¤s (“through”) arercg - “pass”, and vtr - “see.”

] ,utrk rapt ht 'ohfkfukn vktv ,ubukjvvfrs - ofrs - ifrs/[

] rucgk rapt ht /rudx vzv rgavlrs - vfrs - ufrs/[

] rucgk kufh oujva ohrnuj vktofrs - vfrs - ufrs/[

]a rha vzhfrs - ufrs - vfrs/vka okugv ,t ubk ,utrvk vmur ,rruanv [

]a ,IbuUe §n ,uhUbj ah ouhvufrs - ifrs - ofrs/ohrmUn ,ubek rapt [

]a ohr,t ahofrs- ifrs - hfrs/y¤b §r ¤y§bhtc ,hktrGh vh §zhu¦u¤k ¤y ,utrk rapt [

] ohrcug ohhnva ,¤b¤b ©x §n oa ahvfrs - ofrs - lrs/[

]a ,ubfu, ahufrs - ofrs - ifrs/y¤b §r ¤y§bhtvn ohrha shrIvk rapt [

] rcug kUhyv ka kUk §x ©nvofrs- lrs - ufrs/ohrp §Fv [

]a ohrha vc,f k ¥jrifrs - vfrs - ofrs/, ¤s¤kInk vka vcvtv ,t vtrn thv [

]a 'ddc ohrIj ahofrs - ifrs - vfrs/ohrIPhmv uxbfb ofrs [

]a ahtv vzvfrs - ofrs - ufrs/i ¤stk-ih ¦Ck vghdv ,hrcv ,umrt [

]a 'hktrah iupky rpxn vk ahlrs - vfrs - ufrsk"ujc vbh ¦n §z thv [/(.¤rtk-.Ujc)

] rcug rItva kUkxnv vzofrs- ufrs - lrs/[

] k ¥v©b §n©k ,ub §pk lhrm tuv 'ctIhoffrs - ofrs - lfrs?[

]a ohejGn vktlrs - ofrs - ufrs!sutn vcrv sunkk ohkufh ohskhv [

]a 'ohes §x oa aha ,uhvk kufhofrs - ifrs - ufrs/jurck kufh zdv [

]a rpx vzvfrs - ofrs- ufrs/ktrahc ohhjv hkgc kg vcrv sunkk rapt [

]a 'iIn §rIv tmn asj rejnvfrs - lrs- ofrs/vkjnk kuphy tumnk rapt [

) cUh ¦C-,Ikg §, uhvsewage pipe]a 'ih¦kIP 'cIer §ec (ofrs - lrs- iF §r ©sohsuvhv [

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/ujrc

]a ohcuy ohrnuj vktufrs - vfrs - ofrs/ktrGh kg snkk ohkufh ohrunv [

s¤d¤b - “against,” “opposite,”; “versus,” “counter

h ¦s §d¤b hbt

W §s §d¤b v,t

§d¤b¥sl ,t

Is §d¤b tuv

vs §d¤b thv

§d¤b¥sUb ubjbt

o¤f §s §d¤b o,t

i¤f §s §d¤b i,t

§d¤bos ov

§d¤bis iv

The preposition s¤d¤b is also combined with other preposition andbecomes one:s¤d¤b§k, s¤d¤b ¦n, s¤d¤b §F.

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Though the governing preposition of oj§k¦b - “fight” - is C, thepreposition sdb is often used in Modern Hebrew: ga¤Pc ojkb - “fightingagaist crimes.”

A common use of s¤d¤b is in the following phrases:s¤d¤b vgh ¦c §, ahd ©n - “file a suit,” “enter an action”sdb eh, j ©, §p¦b - “open a (criminal) file/case against”s¤d¤b vjfIvqvht §r - “proof against”sdb oUah ¦t - “indictment/accusation of”sdb ih ¦d §p ¦v - “demonstrate against”

] vrhsk jUyh ¦C ubk ahisdb - sdb - vsdb/,uph¥r §G [

] ,ueubh,k iuxhj ahusdb - isdb- sdb] iuxhjv /;ruj ,ukjn [isdb- isdb - usdbcUaj [/sutn

] okUF ¤J ,cauj thv /vcumg thvusdb - vsdb - osdb/[

] okugv kf ot 'i,buhsdb - usdb - lsdb?esum tk v,t hkut '[

] ubejh ¦G ¤a vmucevvsdb - ubsdb - sdb/sutn vezj [

] UbbIk,v ovubsdb - osdb - sdb] ub§buk,v ov /ohbfav [osdb - vsdb - usdbov hf [/vkhkc vezj vehzun ohghnan

] ughcmv ,xbfv hrcjsdb - osdb - vsdb/eujv ,gmv [

] thv oust rutc vghxbusdb - vsdb - sdb/eujv [

] rcs oua hk ihtu ',ucuy ,urUjc ivhsdb - osdb - isdb/[

] ohrcs vcrv vag tuvosdb - vsdb - hsdb] vjfuv ;t ovk v,hhv tk kct '[- usdbsdb - osdb/[

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] ynja ejGk kufh v,tsdb - lsdb - usdb!c ¥a §j ©nv [

] ejGb ubjbtu 'haha ouhc vtc vmucevvsdb - osdb - sdb/iuatr ouhc [

] ,Iht §r vk ahu 'o,ut vxp, vryanvosdb - sdb - vsdb/[

] eh, vj,p vry §anvusdb - vsdb - sdb/vr §c ¤jv [

] ejGk ovk vae vhva urnt ohbejGvosdb - vsdb - sdbvejhG jurvau 'jUrv []usdb - vsdb - osdb/[

] ejGk vae vhvh /sutn ,ucuy vktv kxrUs©Fv ,Ih¦be §j ©Gisdb - vsdb - usdb/[

] vnhkt vbd §p ©v v,hv s§b©k §rh ¦tcsdb - osdb - vsdb/vryanv [

] ubbuk,v ov zt 'vkhkv kf ughrpv oh¦b ¥f §avvsdb - osdb - usdb/vry §a ¦nc [

] rcs oua hk ihtu 'sutn ,usnjb ivisdb - hsdb - sdb/[

] Ugh ¦C §m ¦v ohrIyb ¤x ohaukaosdb - sdb - usdb] ughcmv tk ohrjtv /eujv [- usdbsdb - osdb/[

] ,ujfuvv kfu 'vz ,t v,Gg thva rUrcvsdb - isdb - sdb![

] uvan ,uagk ohabt jhrfvk rUxtusdb - osdb - sdb/ovka iumrv [

] ,ujfuv vnf ah kct 'vz ,t uGg ov ot ohgsuh tkusdb - sdb - osdb/[

] ezj rnujc ohan,an ovosdb - vsdb - sdb/ohaU,h [

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sg©C - “for,”

“in favor of”; “through”

h ¦s£g©C hbt

W §s£g©C v,t

£g©C¥sl ,t

Is£g©C tuv

vs£g©C thv

£g©C¥sUb ubjbt

o¤f §s£g©C o,t

i¤f §s£g©C i,t

£g©Cos ov

£g©Cis iv

There is also the combination s©g©C ¦n - “through,” “from behind” - lessused in Modern Hebrew. The preposition lrs is usually used instead.iukjv sgc(n) vkf,xv thv - “She looked through the window.”

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s©g §C is a variant of s©g©C.sdbu sgC is “pro and con.”unmg sgc rcsn is “speaks for itself.”usgc gbun - “prevent someone from”

] sgc ubjbtubsgc - sgc - usgc/rUz §jhn [

] gbun vn" :ohtruek vbup iu,hgvusgc - hsgc - ofsgc"?ohrautn ,uhvk [

] hbt - g¥b §f ©ak lhrm tk v,t h,utlsgc- ubsgc - hsgc/[

] okha tk ehxgnva igy scugvosgc - usgc - sgc/ohxhnv ,t [

] ghcmt tk hbt /,x¥b §F-r¥cj ,uhvk oht,n tk tuvusgc - hsgc - sgc/[

] oUka ©,u vk§h©kc vsucg kg urchs ,x¥b §Fcusgc - sgc - vsgc/[

] ghcmvk hk htsf ot cauj hbtu 'thab ,uhvk vmur tuvusgc - osgc - hsgc /[

] h,nkha hbt /hka ohrcsv vktsgc - osgc - hsgc/[

] hn" :rnt tuvsgc - osgc - hsgc] ubgcmv ubjbt "!ghcmha - ,uykjvv [- isgcubsgc - usgc/[

] ubjbt ',uchahv h ¥shnk, sdb tk ubjbtsgc - osgc - ubsgcohmur od ubjbt kct '[] uhvh ovaubsgc - usgc - osgc/[

] okha tku ,ubjc uvan jek tuva vrnt vryanvosgc - usgc - vsgc/[

] ubhdpv ikudcsgc - osgc - usgc]u sxt thGbv [vsdb - sdb - usdb/ktrah ,bhsn [

] ghcmv tuvhsdb - sdb- usdb] ghcmv tuv vnk /eujv [usdb - vsdb - sdb?[

-viPad] ,uchx gca ah - asjv vsgc - usgc - ubsgc] ,uchx gcau [- usdb - hsdbosdb/[

] th ¦Gbv" :ohktua ohktrahvvsgc - ubsgc - usgc] ut [isdb - usdb - ubsdb?"[

] tuv ot u,ut ukta iv 'ivhkg rnt tuva vn hrjtisgc - ubsgc - usgc] ut [isdbusdb - sdb -/[

] hnubsgc - sgc - hsgc !shv ,t oh ¦rh ¤a - vz [

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kUn - “against,” “opposite to,” “in favor of”; “versus”

h¦kUn hbt

W§kUn v,t

Un¥kl ,t

IkUn tuv

vkUn thv

Un¥kUb ubjbt

o¤f§kUn o,t

i¤f§kUn i,t

Unok ov

Unik iv

Often the preposition kUn ¦n - “opposite,” “in front of,” “oppositely” - isused.hka ohhbhgv kUn ¦n - “in front of my eyes.”

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]a ,ubfxv vktubkun - ikun - kun/ohsnug ubjbt [

] ubrcgokun - kun - ubkun/o,ut ubhtr tku [

] tc rIFha ost ubhtr 'cujrc ubfkvafubkun - ukun - kun/[

] ju,p ,uhvk lhrm .¤cIev 'iup¤k ¤yc ohrae,n o,tafokun - ukun - ofkUn/[

]a vrhsc vrd thvu 'itf ohrd ubjbtubkun - kun - vkun/[

] sungk kufh tk tuv /ubnn ohezj ovkun - ukun - okun/[

] hUFhx ubk iht /ohcuy ohbeja ovokUn - ubkun - ukun/[

] snuga ostv hn ,gsk lhrm shn, v,tukun - lkun - kun![

] eUhsc vgxb vnUstv ,hbufnvu 'cujrc ugxb ovokun - ubkun - kun/[

] ssun,vk ohfhrm ubjbta ,uhg §C vcrv ahokun - ubkun - ikun/[

] hUFh ¦x ofk iht /okugv kfn ohbeja ovk ahokun - kun - ofkun/[

] y ¥yIn §,¦h ost oIt §, ¦P ot uag, vn ',IbCofkun - ukun - ifkun?[

] ih ¦d §p ©vk lhrm - vktv ,urcjvukun - ubkun - ikUn![

] vtrb out,pu 'rvvn Ubsrhokun - ubkun - ukun!ohxen ;ub [

] ,snug vka ,Un §sv eru 'o,ht itf tk thvukun - okun - vkun/[

]u 'ahc §Fc vkh©kc ubgxbokun - vkun - ubkun/ohvucd ,urut og ,hbuf §n vgxb [

] rcsku sungk sjup tuvukun - kun - okun/ohabt vcrv [

] cauha vz hn ?vsg §x ¦nc oa vkUa ,t vtur v,tokun - ukun - vkun?[

]u 'iusgunc ubcahubkun - okun - ukun/ohabt user [

]a c ¥a §j ©nv lxna ,rnut thvkun - ukun - vkun/ay §aUy §n [

] tc out,pu 'r©g©hc vfkv thvokun - vkun - ukun/c ¥t §zv [

] rcg out §, ¦pu 'cujrc ubfkvkun - ukun - ubkun!ruja kU,j [

] sng v¤m §r ©nvokun - kun - ukun/vasj vh §dIkIb §f ¤y kg vm §r ¦vu kvev [

] vP ©nvu v,hfc ohcauh ovofkun - vkun - okUn/[

] k ¥a©chu v,§hCv ofhkt ghdh ; ¥avof§kUn - lkun - ukun[/

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,nUg§k - “compared with/to”; “in contrast with,” “against”;“opposite”

h ¦,nUg§k hbt

W §,nUg§k v,t

nUg§k¥,l ,t

I,nUg§k tuv

v,nUg§k thv

nUg§k¥,Ub ubjbt

o¤f §,nUg§k o,t

i¤fnUg§k i,t

nUg§ko, ov

nUg§ki, iv

In our time of statistics, prices, studies, and continuous comparison ofalmost anything, the preposition ,nUg§k is very common!

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] ouhv ohrhjnv vnv,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk?vrcga vbac ohrhjnv [

] iye vhv ihkty §x 'r¤k §yhv kg ohcaujaf,nugk - o,nugk - u,nUgk/[

] 'u,ahtu 'ejumu jna tuvu,nugk - o,nugk - v,nugk/vcUmg ,cauh '[

] 'tuvu 'vcrv usnku ucah ovh,nugk - o,nugk - u,nugk/ejak lkv '[

] sn©d vtrb tuvu 'ohebg ann uhv ovu,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk![

] 'v,ujtu 'inzv kf ,xguf thv,nugk - i,nugk - v,nugk/vjna inzv kf '[

] /ohhbg lf kf ovo,nugk - ,nugk - ub,nugk/cuy lf kf ubcmn [

] iInrt uka ,hhcv /sutn iye ubka ,hhcvo,nugk - u,nugk - ub,nugk![

] /ohnfj uhvh vcrv ohejana ohskho,nugk - i,nugk - v,nugktka ohskh '[/ohsunhkc ,ujp ujhkmh ohejan

] vzv rrenv lhto,nugk - ,nugk - u,nugk?tuvv rrenv [

] 'hka ,cvu 'sunkk ,fkk vyhkjv ohbfav ka ,cvh,nugk - v,nugk - ,nugk[/tcmk ,fkk vyhkjv

] aphy vhv lknv vnkaa 'vnfj ,tzf thvo,nugk - u,nugk - v,nugk/[

] 'ohrcjv kct 'eujc lnu, thGbv,nugk - o,nugk - u,nugk/uk ohsdb,n '[

] 'ohrjtu 'rurcu ytk ovka oav ,t ohn,uja ohabt ah- o,nugk - u,nugk,nugk/ohae §a ©enu rvn ohn,uj '[

]u ', ¤y¤k ©au vezj ,tzv ,Un §svo,nugk - i,nugk - v,nugkvakj vhhbav ,unsv [/,©g©b §f¦bu

] hbtu 'vezj vy ¤th ¦s ,uaug ivi,nUgk - ub,nugk - h,nugk/ouhv kf ,kfut [

] 'ohrjtu 'anac ohkcux tka ohabt ahu,nugk - o,nugk - v,nugkohkcuxa '[/anac ,ues anj ovaf od vae

] sutn ,uke ubka ,ukkuxv /sutn ,ubye vk ¥tv ,ukkuxv- ub,nugk - i,nugkv,nugk/[

] ack,vk ohvucd ohabt ohfhrm lhtub,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk?ohfunb ohabt [

] ,Ih ¦ebg ,utrb ohrIc §sv ka ,ufknvo,nugk - i,nugk - ,nugkohrucsv [] sutn ,ubye ,utrb vkt /,ukgIPvi,nugk - o,nugk - ,nugk/[

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] tCv okIgv kg ,Ur §m©bv ,cauj vni,nugk - ,nUgk - v,nugk?,usvhv [

]u 'onmgc ohsdcv ,t rujck ohmura ohrcd ahi,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugkohrjt [/okhcac ubeh ovka ohabva ohaecna

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,Uf §z ¦C “thank to,” “due to”

,Uf §z ¦C hbt

W §,Uf §z ¦C v,t

Uf §z ¦C¥,l ,t

I,Uf §z ¦C tuv

v,Uf §z ¦C thv

Uf §z ¦C¥,Ub ubjbt

o¤f §,Uf §z ¦C o,t

i¤f §,Uf §z ¦C i,t

Uf §z ¦Co, ov

Uf §z ¦Ci, iv

An interesting phenomenon in Hebrew is the tautology in possessivephrases, namely indicating possessive twice:

ufzc ohhj ubjbto, kaoh,nv - “We are alive thanks to their death”; literallytwice “their.”

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Do not confuse this preposition with ,UfzC - “right of” (,Uf §z = “right,”“credit”)

] kmhb ctvo,ufzc - ,Ufzc - u,ufzc] /ohtpurv ka ihhUmnv kuphyv [- u,ufzco,ufzc - ,ufzc/ohhjc rtab tuv [

] !ovk ohrzug tk o,ta rsxc tk vzo,uf §zc - ,ufzc - u,ufzc!vzv ouenv vbcb [

] vnhh ©, §x ¦v v,hcavi,ufzc - v,ufzc - u,ufzc/rGv ka [

] vsucgk vk §Ce,v hka vr¥c£jv !W§k vsu,v,ufzc - l,ufzc - h,ufzc![

] /vcrv hk o,rzgh,ufzc - of,ufzc - ,ufzc/tmnb hbta ouenc hbt [

] ut lkkdc iukt ,t h,rfhv ot ,gsuh tk hbt 'aual,ufzc - ub,ufzc - h,ufzc///[

]u 'hk ,kacn hka tnhtu,ufzc - h,ufzc - v,ufzc/thrc kfut ,kfut hbt [

] vjmhb kdrusfv ,mUceo,ufzc - u,ufzc - v,ufzc] od kct 'intnv ka [- u,ufzco,ufzc - ,ufzc/ohbejav ka [

] !lk vsu, ',hkdl,ufzc - i,ufzc - h,ufzc/,ubun,v ,t h,kche [

] kmhb hka ,hhcv,ufzc - h,ufzc - o,ufzc]u oh ¦tC©Fv ka [- u,ufzc - ,Ufzco,ufzc/oh¦b ¥f §av ka iup¤k ¤yv [

]u 'vcrv vag tuvub,ufzc - u,ufzc - o,ufzc/kusdv hubhav tc [

]u 'vcrv hk vrzg vrunvv,ufzc - ,ufzc - h,ufzc/vbhjcc h,jkmv [

] !vkannv atrk sucfv kfu,ufzc - o,ufzc - v,ufzc/vsrh vky §c ©tv [

] /u,ht sunkk sutn h,h¥bvbv,ufzc - h,ufzc - u,ufzc/,hkdbt rcsn hbt [

] ujhkmv tk ov :uh §src rnt i ¥n ©t §nvv,ufzc - i,ufzc - h,ufzcujhkmv ov /[]h,ufzc - ,ufzc - o,ufzc/ovka .n£t ©nv [

] /sutn vae uscg ,ubbdvu,ufzc - i,ufzc - o,ufzc!rsvb lubhj ukche ohskhv [

] 'hk , §rF §z ¦va kzn vzhtv,ufzc - h,ufzc - l,ufzc!in §zc vcha§hk h,gdhv [

] kmhb eubh,va iu,hgc h,treo,ufzc - u,ufzc - ,ufzc/ckfv [

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]a ohcuyv ohrcsv kf vkt,ufzc - h,ufzc - o,ufzc/ohh ©e hbt [

] vne ktrah ,bhsno,ufzc - u,ufzc - v,ufzc/ohnjukvu ohmukjv ka [

]a ,ucuy ,uchx vcrv ahi,ufzc - v,ufzc - h,ufzc/h,rjcb [

]u 'ubk urzg ubka ohruvvu,ufzc - ub,ufzc - o,ufzc/,hhcv ,t ubhbe [

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i©g ©n§k - “for,” “toward”; “for the sake of”; “so that”

h¦b£g ©n§k hbt

W§b©g ©n§k v,t

£g ©n§k¥bl ,t

Ib£g ©n§k tuv

vb£g ©n§k thv

£g ©n§k¥bUb ubjbt

o¤f§b©g ©n§k o,t

i¤f§b©g ©n§k i,t

£g ©n§kob ov

£g ©n§kib iv

An interesting phenomenon in Hebrew is the tautology in possessivephrases, namely indicating possessive twice:

gnk vcrv ohaug ovob kaohskhv - “They do a lot for their children”;literally twice “for.”This phenomenon occurs with pronominal suffixes with nouns, forexample hxuh ka urcj - “Yossi’s friend.” Not only is it completely normal inHebrew, but sometimes the sentence might sound weird without it.

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] kufv h,hagubgnk - ignk - hbgnk/czg tuv ztu '[

] ukkp,v tbt /ju,hb ,rcug h,ujtofbgnk - ubgnk - vbgnk/[

] kufv uaghu 'ovka ohskhv ,t ohcvut ovubgnk - obgnk - ubbgnk/[

] ,uj §m©b §n ,Ih¦be §j ©Gvu 'uhhj kg ectb intnvobgnk - ibgnk - ubgnk/[

] vcrv ,uagku ohrzv ,t ihcvk lhrmofbgnk - obgnk - ubbgnk/[

] v ¥Gg" :ohvuktk vkhp,ibgnk - vbgnk - lbgnk] tk ot [ubbgnk - ignk - ibgnk/"[

] ,unk ohbfUn ubjbta ohrcs vcrv ihtofbgnk - obgnk - ubbgnk/[

] vmUce thv "gna"ignk - vbgnk - obgnk/vghna-h ¥s §cfu oharhj ohskhk ka [

] ohsgum"obgnk - ibgnk - hbgnkohhjv h¥kgc og ,Uvs §z ¦v ,fUkv, thv "[/,usCgnc

] kufv ohaug ubjbt " :rnut iyrx hkuj ohskh ignk iudrhtv ka kvbnv- obgnkubgnk - ubbgnk/"[

] asj ohejGn-rsj oeUvobgnk - ubgnk - ignk/vh §PIh §, ¤tn ohkugv ka [

] ;xf ubpxtubgnk - ignk - vbgnk] ;xf ubpxt /, ¤nh¤h ©ev i¤r ¤ev [- ignk - vbgnkubbgnk/vrcga vbac od [

] ,uagk ohkufh o,t vn - y¥d ,ucrIxn ohab" :hktrah iu,hgc ,¤r ¤,uf- hbgnkibgnk - vbgnk"?[

] kufv vagtu l,ut cvut hbt 'h,urvbgnk - hbgnk - lbgnk![

] 'i ¥agk ehxpvk ,ufhrm i,t ',uvnhtubbgnk - hbgnk - ifbgnk]u [- ignk - obgnkifbgnk!ifka ,ueubh,v [

] ,uagk vkufh vbhsnv vn" kta, ktignk - vbgnk - hbgnkkufh hbt vn" tkt '"?[] ,uagkignk - hbgnk - vbgnk/"?vbhsnv [

]u 'u,ut ,cvut thvubgnk - ubbgnk - vbgnk/okugv ;ux sg lk, thv [

] unjkb ov /ovka , ¤s¤kunv ,tzubgnk - vbgnk - obgnk/[

] sh ¦gv§k ifun tuvu 'rcs oua uag tk ova ihntn tuvofbgnk - ubgnk - obgnk/[

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] ohkkp,n ubjbtignk - ubbgnk - obgnk/ohkhhjv kuf ka [

] tk ov /ohjrpv ,t Upye, kt tbtobgnk - ofbgnk - ubbgnk] ov /[- ignkvbgnk - obgnk/vbUf §av ka ohcaI,v [

] kufv vagh kgpnvubgnk - ignk - obgnk/uka ohscugv [

] ;xf Uf §xj ovignk - ibgnk - ibgnk/ivka ,ubcv ka [

] vcrv uag hka ohruvvubbgnk - obgnk - hbgnk] ,uagk lhrm hbt uhafg '[- hbgnkubbgnk - obgnk/[

] kIg §p¦k lhrm ubka ohscIgv iUdrhtignk - ubgnk - ubbgnk] tku '[- ignk - ubgnkobgnk/sxInv [

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-93-


rUcg - “for,” “on behalf of”

h ¦rUc£g hbt

W §rUc£g v,t

Uc£g¥rl ,t

IrUc£g tuv

vrUc£g thv

Uc£g¥rUb ubjbt

o¤f §rUc£g o,t

i¤f §rUc£g i,t

Uc£gor ov

Uc£gir iv

Do not confuse rUcg with rUc£g©C - “because”!

]a gdrv vzvrucg - urucg - ubrucg/ubscg [

] ouek ohrcs aha cuyubrucg - hrucg - orucg/reucc [

] rtkus iuh§khn ygnf ohmur ov /reh ,hhc vzvrucg - orucg - urUcg/[

] h,nkhaa ohrcsv ,t h,kche tk sugorucg - rucg - hrucg/[

] ohba vcrv uscg ovorucg - vrucg - rucg] v,ag vrcjv vnu 'vrc¤jv [vrucg

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orucg - urucg -?[

] ughcmh ova cauj sngUnv vzurucg - ubrucg - lrucg/[

] vrp, vka tnhta vk §n ¦Gv ,tzifrucg - irucg - vrucg/[

] tmnb ubjbt /ubhkt tucrucg - ubrucg - lrucg/aecn v,ta vn ,t [

] ktrah .rt hvn :ub ¥nmg ,t ohktua ubjbtubrucg - vrucg - urucg?[

] cuy kfut vzht ohgsuh oh¦h ©jv-h¥kgc lhtofrucg - orucg - urucg?[

]a d ©jv h ¥nh ov vnirucg - orucg - urucg?okan ehxgnv [

] kusd ouh vza urnt kxrUsFv ,Ih¦be §j ©G 'iujmhbv hrjtorucg - urucg - irUcg/[

] hnUt§k jUyh ¦Cn ;xf ohkcen ktrahcurucg - orucg - rucgovk ah /ohskhv [

] ;xf vcrv ohkcen ovu 'ohskh vbunaorUcg - vrucg - urucg![

] r,uhc vcuyv ,Ura §p ¤tv ,tz ot euscku lnmg kg cuajk vfhrm ,t- lrucg

orucg - irucg/[

] ,bhhUmn ,tzv vhh¦b §ev" :urnt vrcjv ,t ubea ohkvbnv- ubrucg - lrucg

urucg"![

] ihhUmn iur,hp ubk ah /ubhkt utucurucg - ubrucg - ofrucg/[

] jUyhc tmnh tuvu 'juyhcv ifuxk lklrucg - orucg - urucg/[

] sucgku u,ht sucgk rtab hbtlrucg - hrucg - urucg/[

] vnht,nv vphkjv ,t lnmgk rujck vfhrm ,tlrucg - hrucg - vrucg/[

] ,nkha vnf !vph gcuf vzhtubrucg - lrucg - urucg?[

] ube ova vb,nvn vmUrn v,t 'hbsvrucg - hrucg - lrucg?[

] ouenv ,ntc vz /itf hbta jna hbtorucg - lrucg - hrucg/[

] kufv uagh ovu 'yeac ca, v,thrucg - lrucg - orucg/[

] rd §, ¤t thv ,tzv kdrusfv ,mucea ohcauj ovirucg - orucg - vrucg/[

] r,uhc cuyv iIr §znv ,t urjc, lhtrucg - urucg - ofrucg?[

] ghcmb ubjbta cauju ', ¤x¥b §F-rcj ,uhvk vmur tuvvrucg - ubrucg - urucg/[

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r¤c¥g§k - “toward(s),”

“in the direction of,” “to”

h ¦r §c¤g§k hbt

W §r §c¤g§k v,t

§c¤g§k¥rl ,t

Ir §c¤g§k tuv

vr §c¤g§k thv

§c¤g§k¥rUb ubjbt

o¤f §r §c¤g§k o,t

i¤f §r §c¤g§k i,t

§c¤g§kor ov

§c¤g§kir iv

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,Ugm §n ¤t §C - “through,” “by way of,” “by,” “via”

h ¦,Ugm §n ¤t §C hbt

W §,Ugm §n ¤t §C v,t

Ugm §n ¤t §C¥,l ,t

I,Ugm §n ¤t §C tuv

v,Ugm §n ¤t §C thv

Ugm §n ¤t §C¥,Ub ubjbt

o¤f §,Ugm §n ¤t §C o,t

i¤f §,Ugm §n ¤t §C i,t

Ugm §n ¤t §Co, ov

Ugm §n ¤t §Ci, iv

The word h ¦gm §n ¤t in Hebrew means “mean” as in English - both“something to use as a tool” and “middle”!

]a h¦k §F vz,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc - h,ugmn ¤tc/ohbct lu,jk rapt [] jrc tuvv,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmntc/;hhUz §n iIF §r ©s [

vbea ohjrp vk jkau vahtvn htratv xhyrf ,t cbd tuv !vP §mUj vzht]o,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmntc - v,ugmn ¤tc/[

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]a vasj vyha ,tz,ugmntc - v,ugmntc - h,ugmntc/vkjnv ,t tprk rapt []a vb §fI, ,tzu,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - v,ugmntcohrcs xhpsvk rapt [

]i,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmntc/ohhshv tku 'kuev [] htupr kuphy ahu,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmntc - o,ugmn ¤tcsjuhn x §rUe ah /ohckf [

] kUPhyk,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmntc/ohckf ka []a ohejGn ah" :yb §r ¤y§bhtc vk ¥t §a c,f uvahn- h,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmn ¤tc

o,ugmntc"?e§b©Ck .Ir §pk lht sunkk rapt []a sjuhn rhafn ah,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmntcohskhv vn ,gsk rapt [

/.Ujc ohruvvaf ,hhcc ohaug]a ,uhrehgv ohfrsv vktu,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - i,ugmntc,t i ¥e,k rapt [

/cmnv]a ohhUxhb vktu,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmntchba ihc khscvk rapt [

/ohrnujvo,ut ,ubek rapt 'vktv ohnG §Cv ,t ,ubek ohmur o,t ot" :c,f i¥fIxv

]of,ugmn ¤tc - h,ugmntc - o,ugmn ¤tc/"[] vhvh kUPhyv,ugmntc - o,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc/i¤d §y§b¤r-h¥b §r ©e [

]a hk §Fv vza ,bguy vryanv,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmntc - v,ugmn ¤tc/j©m¤rv gmUC [] /ofk ruzgk ohkufh ubjbt ,ugmn ¤tc - ub,ugmntc - of,ugmn ¤tcohkufh od o,t [

/e§b©Cc vtuu§k ©v kcek]a ,urcj ka vnhar i,b tuvo,ugmn ¤tc - i,ugmntc - u,ugmn ¤tcrhcgv tuv [

/e§b©Ck ohpxf] vehxUn cu,fk ohkufh ohru §uhgo,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmntc/cajn [

]a vbfu, ,tzu,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - v,ugmntc/ohbd i¥bf ©,k rapt []a r ¤e ¤x vzu,ugmntc - o,ugmn ¤tc - ub,ugmn ¤tcouhc ohxUCuyut vnf ,gsk kfub [/itF urcgh

]a ,uehb §f ¤y vkt,ugmn ¤tc - i,ugmntc - v,ugmn ¤tc/,UthrCv ,t r¥P ©Jk rapt [] ,¤r¤CUjn vbun,vv,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmntc/ohr §n §x ©n [

]a vcUaj vehsc ,tzv,ugmntc - o,ugmn ¤tc - i,ugmn ¤tc,ukjn i ¥j §c ©tk rapt [/ohhbhg

]a sjuhn rhafn vzv,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmntc/ohej §r ¤n c ¥a ©j§k rapt []a ,uyha gcrt ahv,ugmn ¤tc - o,ugmn ¤tc - i,ugmntc,t eusck rapt [

/ohbU,§bv]a ,uasj ,uyha usnk, x §rUeci,ugmntc - of,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tcukfu, [

/cuy r,uh ahdrvk] cmnv ,t ubk r ¥t, §n rruanvi,ugmn ¤tc - u,ugmn ¤tc - ,ugmntc/,IrIpty ¤n [

]o,ugmn ¤tc - i,ugmntc - u,ugmn ¤tc/uka ,uad §rv ,t ubk rhcgn tuv [

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-98-


Plural Pronominal Suffixes with Prepositions

As we mentioned in our first lesson, prepositions can have eitherpronominal suffixes in singular, namely the same of those with nouns insingular, or pronominal suffixes in plural, namely those with nouns inplural.

For example:

h ¦xUx is “my horse,” singular noun, and therefore the ending is h ¦�.

h ©xUx is “my horses,” plural noun, and therefore the ending is h©�.

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Compare again the pronominal suffixes:

Form 2 (Plural FormSuffix)

Form 1 (SingularForm Suffix)

Pronoun

h©� h ¦� hbt

Wh¤� W §� v,t

Qh¦h©� *Q¥� '*Q� ,t

uh� I� tuv

vh¤� V� thv

Ubh ¥� *Ub ¥� '*Ub� ubjbt

o¤fh¥� o¤f� o,t

i¤fh¥� i¤f� i,t

o ¤vh¥� *o ¤v� '*o� ov

i ¤vh¥� *i ¤v� '*i� iv

The pronominal suffix uh� is pronounced “av”: uhkg = “alav”.

The pronominal suffixes with suh, Wh¤�, vh¤�, o¤fh¥�, i¤fh ¥�, o ¤vh¥�, i ¤vh¥�, arepronounced either as a regular “eh” vowel (as by most Israelis), or “ey.”

The most common preposition conjugated by the plural form are thefollowing: k©g 'ih ¥C '(h¥b §P k©g 'h¥b §p¦k ¦n) h¥b §p¦k '(h¥rIj£t ¥n) h¥r£j ©t 'k ¤t '(k , ©j ©, ¦n ', ©j ©, ¦n) , ©j ©, 'k©g/,IsIt 'h ¥P©k §F 'h ¥s§h k©g 'ih ¥C 'h ¥s§h-k©g 'h ¥P©k §F 'h ¥C©d§k 'h ¥C©d

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kg - “on,” “on top of,” “over”; “about”; “aboard”

(hkg) hh©kg hbt

Wh¤kg v,t

lh¦h©kg ,t

uhkg tuv

vh¤kg thv

Ubh¥kg ubjbt

o¤fh¥k£g o,t

i¤fh¥k£g i,t

o ¤vh¥k£g ov

i ¤vh¥k£g iv

Note that the spelling here is t¥kn. hh©kg here is often spelled hkg (h©kg), buthere it is consistent with my system of spelling.

kg looks like word in singular, yet is conjugated with the plural suffixes.However, in poetic biblical texts, as well as in some early Modern Hebrewpoems (kh¦kD©C oJ 'vg §c ¦d h¥k£g - a poem about Trumpeldor), the plural form h¥k£gis used.

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kg also appears in combination with other prepositions, such as: ,IsIt k©g -“about,” k©g ¥n - “over.”

As a suffix, kg indicates the English “super,” such as kg ,©bh ¦s §n -“superstate.”

kg is often used as a prefix - h¦kIe-k©g - “supersonic,” hg §c ¦y-k©g -“supernatural,” etc.

Note the different meanings of kg.

Like almost all prepositions, it appears in idiomatic contexts, and receivesa special meaning in context:

; ©t kg - “despite,” Ih §rUC kg - “thoroughly,” l¤r ¤s kg - “according to,” “like,”cIrv kg - “mostly,” sh kg - “near,” “close by/to,” h ¥s§h kg - “through,” lF h ¥s§h kg- “thus,” “thereby,” ln §xqxh ¦xCqsIx§h kg - “on the ground/basis of,” kIF kgoh¦bP - “anyhow,” “at any rate,” ujrIF kg - “against his will,” i¥F kg -“therefore,” ,b §n kg - “in order to,” vk ©e§b kg - “easily,” v¤P kg - “by heart,”h ¦P kg- “according to,” ///a oUJ kg - “because,” o ¥J kg - “(named) after,” “inthe memory of.”

In colloquial Modern Hebrew there are many expressions with kg, suchas ©jUyC kg - “for sure,” uhkg s¥cug - “trick him,” hhkg e ¥jIm - “laugh at me,”“mock me,” vPUev kf kg lkuv, etc.

-102-


] cauj inzv kf tuv /vbhr ,t cvut tuvivhkg - vhkg - uhkg] rcsn tuvu '[- kg

uhkg - vhkg/;ux hkc [

] vxgf tnhtuhkg - vhkg - kguka tctv od /,hhc hrugha ihfv tk tuv hf hrut [

] xgfuhkg - ovhkg - vhkg/[

] ukta okuf ?vchxnk o,tc tk vnkofhkg - ifhkg - ovhkg/[

] ,xguf ,t vnkovhkg - lhhkg - hhkg!oukf lk h,hag tk ?[

] ubrchsaf euhsc utc ovovhkg -kg - ubhkg/[

] h,nkju 'yrxc ohshjpn ohrcs h,htrkg - ovhkg - hhkg/vkhkv kf [

] ofk h,rphxa ohrpxv vktofhkg - hhkg - ovhkg/[

] ,cauj inzv kf hbt - vkt ,uhgcvivhkg - ovhkg - hhkg/[

] ,xguf hbt hf 'v,ht ,rcsn tk hbtubhkg - vhkg -hhkg/[

] ukta okuf /,tc tka kcjhhkg - ovhkg - lhkg/[

] uc,f ifk 'ohcuaj ohabt ovuhkg - ovhkg - kg/vcrv [

] yrx ubhtru 'oh ¦d§bh ¦eh ¦uv kg ubsnkubhkg - ovhkg - uhkg/[

] cauj tuvu 'v,ut cvut tuvvhkg - kg - uhkg/inzv kf [

] ofk h,rphxa ohrcjv vktivhkg - hhkg - ovhkg/[

] h,gna !l,ut rhfvk ohgb 'hrUtlhkg - hhkg - ovhkgvbrutu ,hrG /ohcuy ohrcs [

] urchsuhkg - ivhkg - lhkg/vchxnc [

] ubkta uhafg euhsc /o,tca cuyuhkg - ubhkg - ofhkg/[

] h,gna kct 'i,ut rhfn tk hbtivhkg - hhkg - vhkg/[

] ukta okuf ?,hhv vpht 'hburuhkg - lhkg - ovhkg/[

] lk rpxt hbt /ohbhhbgn ohabt h,adphhkg - ovhkg - uhkg/lf rjt [

] ou,jk h,jfa kct 'ew¤m h,jka vhkg - hhkg - uhkg/[

] ghPava yrx ubhtrkg - ubhkg - uhkg/sutn [

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] vmhknn hbt /sutn cuy yrx vzuhkg - ubhkg - hhkg/[

] ,xguf thv vnk gsuh tk hbtvhkg - uhkg - hhkg!rcs oua vk h,hag tk /[

] hk rpxk vmur ,t /lka rcjv kg urchs okufvhkg - uhkg - lhhkg?[

] ubgna /rsxc ovkg - ovhkg - ubhkg/ohcuy ohrcs er [

] ,cauh thvuhkg - kg - vhkg] cauh ku,jvu 'vxrUFv [ovhkg - uhkg - vhkg/[

This lesson deals with the preposition kg to indicate “must,” have to,”and “should.”

A common use of k©g with infinitive and pronominal suffixes is in thesense of "have to,” “must”:

,¤f¤kk h©kg - “I must go!”

vz ,t ,uGgk Wh¤kg - “You must do it!”

However, if kg is followed by a (definite) noun, it does not get a suffix:

rnujv ,t ihcvk ohshnk,v kg - “The students should know the material.”

Choose the best preposition in context, and TRANSLATE thewhole sentence:

] /,ubhjcc jhkmvk ohmur o,t otofhkg - kg - vhkg/vcrv sunkk [] /vkuj ,tlhhkg - ovhkg - vhkg/ohnh vnf vyhnc cfak [

] 'kvbnv og rcsk vmur v,t otubhkg - uhkg - lhkg/vahdp u,ht gIC §ek [

] /kuhyk ouhv ohtmuh ohskhvvhkg - uhkg - ovhkg/ohn vcrvu gcuf ,jek [

] 'c¤r¤gv ,t¥mk ,umur i,t otlhhkg - uhkg - ifhkg/jubk [

] 'iuktkg - lhkg - uhkg!vmur v,ta vn itf ,uagk kufh tk v,ta 'ihcvk [

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] /vre vn euhsc ohgsuh tk ubjbtvhkg - ubhkg - kg/vz ,t rrck [

] vn hk hrhcx, hkutlhhkg - uhkg - hhkg?itf ,uagk [

] 'x¤b¤F ohmur ov otvhkg - ovhkg - uhkg/Jt«r ¥n u,ut i¥b §f ©,§k [

]lhkg - vhkg - ofhkg!lnn cuy r,uh ie §j ©G tuva ',usuvk [

] hf ',urvnn ivvhkg - uhkg - ivhkg/oseun oa ,uhvk [

] 'l,ut uktah otvhkg - lhkg - uhkg!,ntv ,t er shdvk [

] 'vbhjck ohsnuk ubjbtafvhkg - ivhkg - ubhkg/,uasjv ohkhnv kf ,t sunkk [

] 'c¤kusivhkg - lhkg - vhkg!vbyev l,ujtk ruzgk [

] 'vz ,t ihcvk ,umur i,t otuhkg - ifhkg - ovhkgifnmg ,t kutak kuf o ¤sue [/,ukta vnf

] ',eh¤hUsn vcUa, , ¥,k hsfovhkg - vhkg - ubhkg/ub,htn ar §s¦b vn ihcvk [

]kg - ofhkg - uhkg/ohbah vkhkca 'ihcvk ofka iyev skhv [

] 'vrhs ohG §P ©j §n o,tafivhkg - vhkg - ofhkg/,utcv ,usUebv ,t ihcvk [

] 'cuy ahdr, tk cUa thv otvhkg - kg - uhkg/tpurk shhn ,ub §p¦k [

] vn - ohruvofhkg - kg - uhkg?rpxv-,hck ofskh ,t ihfvk hsf ,uagk [

] 'khj,n v,ta hbpkkg - uhkg - lhkg/rIyhk §e ©, ihfvk [

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, ©j ©, - “under,” “beneath,” underneath,” “below”; “instead of”

Also: , ©j ©, ¦n and ///k , ©j ©, ¦n in the same meaning (conjugated thesame as here).

This preposition is not so much used in a conjugated form inModern Hebrew.

h ©, §j ©, hbt

Wh ¤, §j ©, v,t

Qh¦h ©, §j ©, ,t

uh, §j ©, tuv

vh ¤, §j ©, thv

Ubh ¥, §j ©, ubjbt

o¤fh ¥, §j ©, o,t

i¤fh ¥, §j ©, i,t

o ¤vh ¥, §j ©, ov

i ¤vh ¥, §j ©, iv

] urcg ovu vvucd r ¥sd oa v,hv, ©j ©, ¦n - uh, §j ©, ¦n - vh ¤, §j ©,n/[

]u 'rhev kg v,hv vbun,v, ©j ©, ¦n - vh ¤, §j ©, ¦n - uh, §j ©, ¦n/[

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] rjt uvahn ehxgvk hsf 'scugv ,t ur §yh ¦p ovuh,j, - hh,j, - vh,j,/[

] ,jt vnue ohrd ubjbtu ',hahnjv vnuec ,urd iv- ovh ¥, §j ©, ¦n - vh ¤, §j ©, ¦nivh ¥, §j ©, ¦n[/

]u 'jhyav ,t uzhzv ohryuav, ©j ©, ¦n - uh, §j ©, ¦n - ovh ¥, §j ©, ¦n!vg,pv ovk v,hv [

) rFh ¦F ,t shruvk ohmur hf 'chct-k,c ubd §p ©v ahf.] iuh§b ©j ,ub §cku ;Id§b¤zh ¦s (- vh, §j ©,novh ¥, §j ©, ¦n - uh, §j ©, ¦n/[

cu,fk vn /eUC §xh ¥pk hka vbun, vkgn hbtvh, §j ©,n - uh, §j ©, ¦n - h ©, §j ©, ¦n ?

cuy cuy kf,xvkk ,urhvzc ictv ,t ohrvk ohfhrm 'ohhj-hkgc oh ¦G §P ©j §naf], ©j ©, ¦n - vh ¤, §j ©, ¦n - uh, §j ©, ¦n/[

rucgk ohsjupa ohabt aho ¤vh ¥, §j ©,n - , ©j ©, ¦n - uh, §j ©, ¦n/okUx [

) vy §r ©s§b ©t vn §eUvmonument, statue) vhr,hna vryhd ,rUmc (strings'ohgure (]uovh,j,n - ,j,n - vh,j,n) ,hjuk ah [tablet iurfhz (

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-107-


h ¥s£g§k ¦C - “without”

hh ©sg§k ¦C hbt

Wh ¤sg§k ¦C v,t

lh¦h ©sg§k ¦C ,t

uhsg§k ¦C tuv

vh ¤sg§k ¦C thv

Ubh ¥sg§k ¦C ubjbt

o¤fh ¥s£g§k ¦C o,t

i¤fh ¥s£g§k ¦C i,t

h ¥s£g§k ¦Co ¤v ov

h ¥s£g§k ¦Ci ¤v iv

h ¥s£g§k ¦C is etymologically a combination of k©C and h ¥s£g.

Note that the spelling here is t¥kn. hh ©sg§k ¦C here is often spelled hsgkc, buthere it is consistent with my system of spelling.

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When not conjugated, always use h¦k §C, NOT h ¥s£g§k ¦C.

vhsgkc ,uhjk kufh tk tuv /kjr hkc ,uhjk kufh tk tuv - “He cannot live withoutRachel. He cannot live without her.”

] ,uhjk vkufh tk thv /sutn u,ut ,cvut thvovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkckct '[] ,uhjk kufh tk tuv odovhsgkc - uhsgkc - vhsgkc/[

] rapt-hta jC §y ¦nc ohk¥Fv hba vktivhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc/[

] r ¥s ©, §xvk hk vae uhafgu ',hbufnv ,t h,rfnuhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc/[

] ,uhjk rapt lhtovhsgkc - hkc - hhsgkcohhj ubhhv lht - vktv ohcajnv []ubhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc?[

] od jmbk rapt kct 'cuaju cuy iejG tuvovhsgkc - uhsgkc - ubhsgkc/[

] /,ubun, itf ohak cuajuhsgkc - ivhsgkc - ivhsgkc/ongan vtrb rhev [

] rcs oua ,uagk kufh tk tuv /sjhc inzv kf ovuhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc'[] rcs oua ,uagk vkufh tk thvuovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc/[

] ohrs,xn ofka ohskhvofhsgkc - lhsgkc - ovhsgkc?[

] hk re /khgnv ,t vfhrm hbtvhsgkc - hhsgkc - uhsgkc/[

] ,hhcv ,t cuzgk h,kufh lht ?,uhbev ,nhar vphtivhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc?[

] khj,b tk /W§k ohfjn ubjbtuhsgkc - ubhsgkc - lhsgkc/[

] ;h¥F ann /, ¤aIC §j,v ,t hk ushruv ;ux ;uxvhsgkc - hhsgkc - ivhsgkc![

] /ohrUsf j ¥euk shn, tuvhhsgkc - uhsgkc - ovhsgkc/sunkk kufh tk tuv [

] vkufh tk thv /sjh shn, ubjbtu ,ucuy ,urcj ubjbtubhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc[] vkufh tk hbtuubhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc/[

] ,Usk©h v,ut v,hv tk hka ,Uskhv /ohrsvb ohrcj hk uhv- hhsgkc - vhsgkcovhsgkc/[

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] khj,b 'inzc vchahk tuch tk tuv otvhsgkc - ubhsgkc - uhsgkc/[

]ivhsgkc - hkc - vhsgkc] kufh tk ann hbt /ohhkdr hkc unf hbt ,hbufnv [vhsgkcivhsgkc - hhsgkc -/[

] ,hhcc rtahvk ,ukufh ,uskhvu 'crgv ohtmuh ubjbt- ovhsgkc - ivhsgkcubhsgkc/[

] cUmgu 'itF tk thvvhsgkc - uhsgkc - ovhsgkc/[

] vn¥ka vhv, tk ofka vh ¦r §p ¦xva ohrpx vktofhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc/[

] itf h,hhv tk /hk urzga vkt kfk vsu,hhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc![

] kfut kuftk vmur tk hbthkc - hhsgkc - uhsgkc] /oUJ [uhsgkc - hkc - hhsgkc[/rcs u,ut tk kfutv

] vbhjcc jhkmn h,hhv tkhh ©sgkc - hkc - vhsgkc/h,kchea vrzgv [

] ©j¥m©bk ohkufh ov" :htbI,hgk rnt tuv /ouhv e ¥jGh tk i¥zIr- ovhsgkc - hhsgkclhsgkc"![

] k ¥ack vkufh tk hbt /ohbIF §, ©nv ,t vfhrm hbtovhsgkc - uhsgkc - hhsgkc/[

] khj,b 'inzc utuc, tk otuhsgkc - ubhsgkc - ofhsgkc![

] sunkk kufh tk tuv /vbj og sunkk vmur i¤rutvhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc/[

] ukhj,, /inzc vahdpk ghdvk kfUt tk otvhsgkc - ofhsgkc - hhsgkc/[

] yrxk lkb tk ubjbt 'vbhruhsgkc - ubhsgkc - lhhsgkctk ,t oda ohgsuh ubjbt /[] ,fkuv ,hhvlhhsgkc - ubhsgkc - uhsgkc/[

] lk okak ohkufh tk ubjbt /lka ,uvzv ,sug, ,t ohfhrm ubjbt- vhsgkcubhsgkc - lhsgkc/[

] ufk /tuck vkufh tk hbta rgymn hbtubhsgkc - ofhsgkc - hhsgkc/[

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-110-


k ¤t - “to”

hh©k ¥t hbt

Wh¥k ¥t v,t

lh¦h©k ¥t ,t

uhk ¥t tuv

vh¤k ¥t thv

Ubh¥k ¥t ubjbt

o¤fh¥k£t o,t

i¤fh¥k£t i,t

h¥k£to ¤v ov

h¥k£ti ¤v iv

The preposition k ¤t is mostly used with movement and direction.Therefore , it often comes with verbs such as vbp 'jka 'lkv 'rzj 'ghdv 'tC.

“To speak to” (not “with”) is kt r¥Chs (not k rchs), as it used to be manyyears ago...

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In colloquial Hebrew, there is (again, the logical) change of ///k£t to ///k ¥t.Though it is informal, it is the main use in Modern Hebrew:

o¤fh¥k ¥t instead of o¤fh¥k£t

i¤fh¥k ¥t instead of i¤fh¥k£t

o ¤vh¥k ¥t instead of o ¤vh¥k£t

i ¤vh¥k ¥t instead of i ¤vh¥k£t

Please note that k ¤t and k are usually NOT identical. They are used asdifferent governing prepositions.Always hk rpxn 'hk ihntn, etc. but ovhkt lkuv 'hhkt tc, etc.

] tucb ubjbtuhkt - ofhkt - ubhkt/kfutv og ubk uFj, kt kct 'gcac [

] rae,v tuvkt - uhkt - ubhkt/gucav ;uxc ghdh tuva ubk shdvk [

] lrsc hbt 'ktUnaivhkt - lhkt - hhkt/,ues vnf sug er v¥Fj /[

] hbnn vcvtc - vecrvhkt - lhhkt - hhkt![

] ,rcsn hbt 'ohskhofhkt - kt - hhkt?ohbug tk o,t vnk '[

] c¥re,v kusd ckf out,pu 'ert©Pc ubfkvlhhkt - uhkt - ubhkt[/

] rcsk khj,v uvahnu 'vhb §rIphkec ,uhjv idc ubsngivhkt - ubhkt - uhkt/,hrcg [

] jka, thva aehc tuvkt - uhkt - vhkt/rtusc uka rpxv ,t [

] ,ukta vnf hk ah 'ohshnk,ivhkt - hhkt - ofhkt/rumhec ubg,a ,aecn hbtu '[

] rah v ¤sGvn - oh¦h ¦ry ,Ierh ubk ah 'ohreh ,IjIekivhkt - ofhkt - uhkt/[

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-112-


] ruzjbqcuab /iuknv ,t sutn ubcvtvhkt - ubhkt - uhkt/vtcv vbac [

] vbup hbtifhkt - uhkt - vhkt/hk urzg,a aecnu [

] h,p©ry §m ¦v hbtu 'ufkv ovhhkt - kt - ovhkt/rjUtn r,uh [

] rzj tuv /sjhc cua ov kct 'usrpb vbju hsdvhkt - ovhkt - uhktvrzj thv ut []ovhkt -vhkt - uhkt?[

] urhzj, lht :ohexgv hkgc kfkovhkt - ofhkt - kt?uczga ,ujuek [

] tuct hbt 'vkUavhkt - hhkt - lhhkt/vbhjck sjh snkbu vbunac [

] vjkab vkhcjvkt - hhkt - vhkt/ouhv er v,ut h,kche kct 'guca hbpk [

] ughdh ubka ohskhv hf 'sutn ohjnG ubjbtubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt!djk [

] vzv c,fnv ,t ohc,uf ubjbtuhkt - lhhkt - ofhktruzgk hkfu, ,ta vuue,c [/ubk

] vcure hfv vsgxnk ufk 'inz ifk iht otifhkt - uhkt - vhkt/[

] rchs tuv /kvbnvn ohmurn tk ubjbtkt - uhkt - ubhkt!vph tk vrUmc [

] ugdgd,v ohskhvu 'gucak vgxb thvuhkt - vhkt - ovhkt/sutn [

] vkta hk ah 'h,urubhkt - hhkt - lhhkt/[

] ohrae,na ',urhfnv habt ,t ohtbuG ubjbtvhkt - ovhkt - ubhkteuhsc [/crg ,jUrt ohkfut ubjbtaf

] ruzjb sug ubjbtubhkt - kt - uhkt/vktv ,unuenv [

] hk ahofhkt - vhkt - hhkt/,ubgk ohchhj tk o,tu 'vkta [

] rae,va vhv vz hn 'oUjbkt - uhkt - lhkt?vkhkc rjutn lf kf [

] ohfkuv tk ubjbtovhkt - uhkt - ubhktxbFhh ubka ckfva ohmur tk ov hf '[]ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt/v,hhcv [

] tuck kfut inz hk vhvh ota 'i,bk shd,ubhkt - hhkt - uhkt /gc ¤ac [

] ohghdn ktrahn ubka ohrcjvubhkt - kt - ovhkt/ruehck [

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-113-


h¥b §p¦k - “before,” “in front of,” “ago”

hh©bp§k hbt

Wh¤bp§k v,t

lh¦h©bp§k ,t

uhbp§k tuv

vh¤bp§k thv

Ubh¥bp§k ubjbt

o¤fh¥b §p¦k o,t

i¤fh¥b §p¦k i,t

o ¤vh¥b §p¦k ov

i ¤vh¥b §p¦k iv

] ,ujU,p uhvh ,uhUra §p ¤tv kf - cuy usnk, otofhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpk/[

] vPUek ,fkuv thvubhbpk - hh©bpk - vhbpk] ru,c h,hhva ukhpt '[- vhbpk - uhbpkubhbpk/[

]hbpk - ofhbpk - ivhbpk/,ubgku turek ohfhrm o,ta ,ukta vnf ah [

] ohhjv kfu 'ohrhgm sug o,thh©bpk - ofhbpk - ovhbpk![

] rUr §n ©, vtr, 'vrv§b ¦nk c¥re §, ¦,afovhbpk - hbpk - vhbpk/[

] gxhh hbs /gmntc gxhb ubjbt 'ehmhtu vkUaofhbpk - ubhbpk - uhbpkgxhb ubjbtu '[

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]ofhbpk - ovhbpk - ubhbpk/[

] ut vjUrtv hrjt .Urk htsflhbpk - ubhbpk - vhbpk?[

] 'ohshnk,ovhbpk - ofhbpk - uhbpk/ohcuaj ohkhdr, vnf ah ucu 'i ©jIC ah [

] ?v ¤sG-,U, ,ucvut i,tifhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpkkuftk htsf vnk ,uchx vnf [/u,ut

] tcmk xh¥h©d,v tuvubhbpk - uhbpk - hhbpkxhhd,v tuvu 'yxUdIt §C h,xhhd,v hbt /[/ht ©nc

] ubhtru 'vsmnk ous §xn ubgxbovhbpk - ubhbpk - vhbpk!tkpb ;ub [

] itf sucgk h,kj,vvhbpk - hh©bpk - hbpk] kvbn itf vhv tuv /vba [hhbpk - uhbpkubhbpk -/[

] ghdv xh ¦tUk /hbav ouenc vhv tuvovhbpk - uhbpk - hbpk/[

] vb,j,v thvhbpk - ivhbpk - vhbpk] ohba auka 'vka ,ujtv [- vhbpk - hbpkivhbpk/[

] !,hhc ,Ie©b §n t¥bIG hbthh©bpk - ivhbpk - hbpk,uebk lhrm shn, hbt ',utc iva []ivhbpk - uhbpk - hh©bpk/[

] usng ohvucd ohabt vcrvhbpk - hhbpk - ovhbpk] sungk h,hxhb hbtu '[- hh©bpkubhbpk - ovhbpk/[

] inzv kf lkuv tuvuhbpk - hbpk - vhbpk] shn, lkuv tuv vnk /u,aht [- vhbpkovhbpk - uhbpk?[

] sug h,hntv oUhtva ,ugsuh ,upUr §,v ,urcjvhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpk/[

] lkv lhrsnv 'kuhyc ubhhvafhbpk - uhbpk - ubhbpk/[

] ohmr o,t vnkhbpk - ubhbpk - ofhbpk!of,ht ,fkk ohmur ubjbt ?[

] tk c,fnv /,c,f vn rfuz tk hbt kct 'rgymn hbthhbpk - lhbpk - uhbpk/[

] sug ovka sh,gvuhbpk - ovhbpk - hbpk/[

] ,ukdkdn ohkn§bv ,t ubhtruhbpk - ovhbpk - ivhbpk/ohgr §zv ,t [

] ohruphx hk vtre hka tnhth¥bpk - hh©bpk - vhbpk/vbh ¥av [

] vchxnk vghdv thv /rjUtn ,me ubgdhvubhbpk - hhbpk - hbpksug ghdv hbur kct '[

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-115-


]ovhbpk - uhbpk - vhbpk/[

] sug vaev ekjv kct 'ujhkmv ov uhafg sgvhbpk - ovhbpk - uhbpk/[

] ,fkk vuumn ,tzvhbpk - hbpk - ovhbpk] suerku vkfvu i,jv [- ovhbpk - ubhbpkvhbpk/[

] jbUn rpxvu ijkuav shk cauh hbtubhbpk - uhbpk - hhbpk/[

] vtc vbhs ,t ubhtru 'cujrc ubfkvubhbpk - vhbpk - ovhbpk/[

] cuzgk ohfhrm ubjbta ohrgymn ubjbt 'vtk 'iugnauhbpk - ofhbpk - ubhbpk/[

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-116-


h¥r£j ©t - “after,” “following”

hh©r£j ©t hbt

Wh¤r£j ©t v,t

lh¦h©r£j ©t ,t

uhr£j ©t tuv

vh¤r£j ©t thv

Ubh¥r£j ©t ubjbt

o¤fh¥r£j ©t o,t

i¤fh¥r£j ©t i,t

o ¤vh¥r£j ©t ov

i ¤vh¥r£j ©t iv

] vgxb vryanvu 'rvn ugxb ovivhrjt - ovhrjt - vhrjt/[

] ,meu 19-v vtnc vre vzhrjt - vhrjt - uhrjt/[

] ;sur uvahn ukhtf .r v,t vnovhrjt - uhrjt - lhrjt?[

] vceg vryanva ugsh tku 'ugxb ovovhrjt - hh©rjt - vhrjt/[

]hh©rjt - h¥rjt - vhrjt!ihhUmn vahdrn hbt ,ukng,vv [

] lkuv tuvu ,fkuv thvovhrjt - vhrjt - uhrjt![

]u ejanv hbpk u,a ovhrjt - ovhrjt - uhrjt/[

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] utuc, o,tu 'osue lkb ubjbtofhrjt - hrjt - ubhrjt/[

] odu vchxnc ura ovuhrjt - vhrjt - ovhrjt/[

] .r ckfvu 'e §rt©Pc ubmrhrjt - ubhrjt - uhrjt/[

] tucb ubjbt /uhafg ,fkk ohkufh o,tuhrjt - ofhrjt - ubhrjt/[

] ut 'vnjknv inzc vre vzuhrjt - hrjt - vhrjt?[

] lkuv tuvvhrjt - hrjt - uhrjt/,fkuv thva ouen kfk [

]u 'oa uhv ohrUatv osueuhrjt - hrjt - ovhrjt/oh¦k §c©Cv utc [

] ut reucv ,jurt hbpk ohmr o,tvhrjt - ubhrjt - ofhrjt?[

] lkv tuv ?osue lkv hnhrjt - vhrjt - uhrjt] vfkv thv ut [- uhrjt - vhrjtovhrjt?[

] lk, thvu 'u,ut ,cvut thvvhrjt - hrjt - uhrjt/okugv ;ux sg [

] ut vsuebv hbpk ?,Itf §r ¥nv ,t ohna vphtubhrjt - vhrjt - ovhrjt?[

]u jU,hbv hbpka ,ubun, vktovhrjt - ivhrjt - uhrjt/[

] vrhtav vnstv ,shg §ra vn ubhtrhrjt - vhrjt - ubhrjt/[

] utc ov /osue oa ubrd ubjbtovhrjt - ubhrjt - hrjt/[

] ohhn ,u,ak cuy vzuhrjt - hrjt - ovhrjt?,urhp ohkfuta [

] gxhb ubjbt /guxbk ,ukufh i,tifhrjt - uhrjt - ubhrjt/[

] ,snug vb §ps ,t ubhtru 'rI,c ubsngvhrjt - ubhrjt - vhrjt/[

]a hahka ouhc ut 'tcv hahka ouhc lka ,skuvv ouhhrjt - uhrjt - lhrjt?[

] .r ckf ukhtf rvn vmr thvovhrjt - uhrjt - vhrjt![

] ut 'vkjnv hbpk iagk ,ex §p ¦vofhrjt - lhrjt - vhrjt?[

] vcrv h,ne kct 'gcac une ovuhrjt - ovhrjt - hh©rjttk hka iugav hf [/kmkhm

]u 'tpurv kmt ru, hk vhvhh©rjt - h¥rjt - uhrjt/vrPxnc ru, hk vhv [

]u 'vbunac rndh, ,tzv ,hbfu,vvhrjt - uhrjt - hrjt/ejGnv khj,h [

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-118-


h ¥C©d§k - “regardin,” “about,” “concening”

hh©C©d§k hbt

Wh¤C©d§k v,t

lh¦h©C©d§k ,t

uhC©d§k tuv

vh¤C©d§k thv

Ubh ¥C©d§k ubjbt

o¤fh¥C©d§k o,t

i¤fh¥C©d§k i,t

o ¤vh¥C©d§k ov

i ¤vh¥C©d§k iv

] gsh ¥n utmn, vpubhcdk - ovhcdk - hcdk/vhh¦b §C-h¥r §nuj [

] ohbU,§b oua ubk iht kct 'vr §c ¤jv kg vgsuv ubkcheovhcdk - vhcdk - ubhcdk/[

] reha tk ihsh h ©jhcthcdk - vhcdk - uhcdk/vrea vn [

] e¥px ihta ,us §cUg iv vktofhcdk - ivhcdk - uhcdk/[

] ofka vgsv vn - vktv ohasjv ,UthrCv hbhhbgvhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk?[

] vk ¥ta hk ahu 'l¤r¤C©C ©jU,hb ,uagk lhrm hbtuhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk/[

]a 'c¤f¤r-h¥k §F vnf Ue §s §c¦bovhcdk - hcdk - ubhcdk/aajv ohh ©e vhv [

] vjuyc tk hbtu 'uvahnc h,cvt,vvhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk/[

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] lka xjhv vn 'vcvzlhhcdk - ovhcdk - hcdk?ktrahc ohrzv ohs §cugv [

] ohaug vnu ',unhhe iv otv - i ¤y¤C-,IaUj §,vhcdk - ubhcdk - ivhcdk?[

] vkta hk ahu 'ohasj oh¦h©bput h,hbeovhcdk - ivhcdk - hhcdk/[

] dGUn hk ihta c¤f¤r kg c,fn h,kchevhcdk - hhcdk - uhcdk/[

] ,ubhh§bgn ,uscUg vnf v¥bhvhhcdk - hcdk - ivhcdk]a 'gd ©n-,Ia §sg [ovhcdk - hhcdk

ivhcdk -/,ukta vnf hk uhv [

] jUyc tk hbta ,hkdbtc ,urUa vnf itf ahvhcdk - ivhcdk - hhcdk/[

] ohkaurh ka ,Ugnanv hvn 'ohr¥cjivhcdk - vhcdk - ofhcdk?[

] ohcuaj iuznv h ¥ch ¦F §r ©n ?ohcauj o,t vnuhcdk - vhcdk - ofhcdk?[

] ,hr §Cv-,um §rt ,Uhbhsn hvn gsuh tk hbthcdk - ivhcdk - vhcdk/ouhv ohkaurh [

k] ,uhbhsnv v,hv vn gsuh hbtuhcdk - vhcdk - hcd/ohba 5 hb §pk [

] ,ntv vn ,gsk vmur hbtu 'vr §c ¤jv kg h,trevhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk/[

] x¥pu, tk jUyhcva ohr §e ¦n vktuhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk/[

] iufba vna ,gsuh hbtu 'lk ,dtus hbt 'hPhmubhcdk - hcdk - lhhcdklhrm ,urjtv [

] od iufb ,uhvkuhcdk - lhhcdk - ovhcdk/[

] vrzg lhrm hbta ohrcs vnf ahvhcdk - hhcdk - ovhcdk/[

] iufb vn iuk ¥tac ubnx,a ohaecn ubjbtivhcdk - uhcdk - ofhcdk/[

] vkta hk ahhh©cdk - h ¥cdk - vhcdk/vh §y©C §n ©tk gcm [

] y¥Ck,n hbta ohkhn vnf itf ahivhcdk - ovhcdk - hhcdk/[

] ,©g ©s-,u©u ©j ,aecn hbtu 'i ¤n ¤av ,t ,ubek vmur hbtvhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk/[

] UkUjh tk ,IkC §d ¦nv" :ohs §cugk rnt kvbnvofhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk/"[

] vkta h¥bnhx vnf hk ahu 'ohrcsv kg h,cajvhcdk - hhcdk - ovhcdk/[

] ,uxpu, tk vktv ,utruvv" :urnt oa uhva ohabvhcdk - ubhcdk - hhcdk/"[

] /,P §fht tk hkuhcdk - hh©cdk - ovhcdk/k ¥sc¤v kf iht [

] ohhbhmr vktv ohrcsv /cuy ucaj," ,ubck rnt crvivhcdk - ifhcdk - ovhcdk/"[

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h ¥P©k §F - “toward(s),” “to”

hh ©P©k §F hbt

Wh¤P©k §F v,t

lh¦h ©P©k §F ,t

uhP©k §F tuv

vh¤P©k §F thv

Ubh ¥P©k §F ubjbt

o¤fh ¥P©k §F o,t

i¤fh ¥P©k §F i,t

o ¤vh ¥P©k §F ov

i ¤vh ¥P©k §F iv

] ,Unhkt kg yrx ubhtrovhpkf - vhpkf - hpkf] ,unhktv /ohskh [- vhpkf

ivhpkf - ovhpkf/vk ¥tv ,ubhsnc ,heUj thv ot ukhpt ',hrxUn tk thv [

ohs §C ©t §, ¦n ut ohjmrba ohrcd vbIn §af ah vba kf gmunnc ah ',uburjtv ohbac

] - vjpanc ,unhkt kkdcvhpkf - hhpkf - ovhpkf] '[hpkf ivhpkf - vhpkf,ubc [

] ut 'oduzvhpkf - hpkf - ovhpkf/ovhskh [

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] vahdrn hbt vn ,gsuh tk hbt kct 'snjb rUjc tuvubhpkf - uhpkf - hhpkf/[

] ,unhktk ,un §ru, ohab otv :ktua vphj ,yhxr¤chbUtc asj rejnuhpkf -vhpkf

ivhpkf -?[

] vahdrn hbt ot h,ut kta o ¤,Irubhpkf - hhpkf - uhpkfahdrn tuva vn [

]uhpkf - hhpkf - ovhpkf[

] ,uh ¦,ruxnv ,usngv ivnvhpkf - hpkf - ivhpkfuhv vnu 'ouhv ,sc ohab [

] ,usngvivhpkf - ovhpkf- vhpkf?ohba vtn hbpk [

] ubka ,ucIjv vn rrck ohfhrm ubjbtubhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf,ucuj iv vnu 'e§b©Cv [

] e§bcvubhpkf - ovhpkf - uhpkf/[

] ahdrvk lht eUhsc ohgsuh tk ohabta ,h,r §c ¤j vmUce ,tz- uhpkf - ovhpkf

vhpkf/[

] x ¥jh©h §, ¦vk ohfhrm lhthpkf - ubhpkf - ovhpkfohfhrm otv ?ohhj-hkgc [

] xjhh,vkhpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] unf [ubhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf?ost-h¥b §c [

] sucf ka xjh vhvhau ohruvv ,t lhrgvk lhrma icunuhpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf'[

] sucf ka xjh od ,uhvk lhrm ohruvv kfk kctuhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkfohskhv [

/ovka

] ,ubg §yk vcha ¥v vr §c ¤jv ypanv ,hccvhpkf - ivhpkf - uhpkf/[

] ,Uhrjt ubk ahu ubka ,ubCv ivvhpkf - ubhpkf - ivhpkf/[

]hpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf/rsxc kufv ukhtf ,dvb,n thv .uj [

] sr §Gnv ka ,udvb,vv ,t vbhcn tk hbtuhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkfohahaev [

] vh §y©reruhcvuhh©Pkf - ovhpkf - vhpkf/[

] , ¤s ¤jUh §n ,uhrjt ah ostku 'vthr §Cvn ekj ov ohhjv hkgc ',usvhv hP-kgvhpkf

ovhpkf - uhpkf -/[

] ohskhk ah xjh vzht sutn cuajuhpkf - hpkf - ovhpkfod cuaj kct 'ohrun [

] vjpank ah x ©j©h vzhtuhpkf - uvhpkf - ovhpkf/[

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] ,Uahstv thv ,Ubg §z ¦dc ,h,hntv vbfxvvhpkf - uhpkf - ubhpkf/[

] o"Utv ka ,Uhbhsnv kg ohgsuh ubjbtubhpkf - vhpkf - hpkfkufu 'ktrah [

] ,uykjvvvhpkf - ovhpkf - uhpkf/ouhv sg [

] ohdvb,n tk ubjbthpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] udvb,v ova unf [ovhpkf - ubhpkf

ivhpkf -![

] ubka ,ujycvc sng tk lUbhjv srGn :urnt ohrunvubhpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf/[

] ohahst ,uhvk ubk ruxtu ',ubFUxn ohfrsv ,ubUt §,ubhpkf - ivhpkf - uhpkf/[

] tk sungk ohfhrm o,t uhafg :ohkng,nk rnt intnvuhpkf - hh ©P©kf - ofhpkf'[

] tktofhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf] ht §rvaf 'rhev [hh ©Pkf - ofhpkf - uhpkf/[

] ohsvutk a¥ha ,ubg §yv ,t ohbhcn ubjbtu 'ubsxpv :rnt i ¥nt §nvovhpkf - ubhpkf

uhpkf -/[

] ohkt vhv hka kgcv :, ¤y¤puak vrnt vahtvhh©pkf - vhpkf - uhpkfhkt dvb,vu '[

/vj §p ¦J unf

] ,unUs §e ,ug ¥s uhvovhpkf - hpkf - ivhpkf] udvb,v ifku 'ohPuh,tv [- ovhpkf

vhpkf - ivhpkf/vph tk vrUmc [

] ofka vadrvv hvnofhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf?rhav [

] ohrunv ,usngcu lubhjk ,uasjv ,uhbfu,c ubs ovivhpkf - uhpkf - ovhpkf/[

] ,Uch§h ©j,v ubk ahubhpkf - uhpkf - h ¥Pkf] ,uchhj,v kf iht ebcku 'ebcv [- uhpkf

vhpkf - ubhpkf?[

] udvb,h ofka ohrcjva ohP©m §n o,t lhthpkf - ovhpkf - ofhpkf?[

] ukd,a ohaecn ubjbtu 'ahdr cmnc ubjbtvhpkf - ubhpkf - ofhpkf/vbcv [

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-123-


,t©r §e¦k - “towards,”

“in the direction of”

h ¦,tr §e¦k hbt

W §,tr §e¦k v,t

tr §e¦k¥,l ,t

I,tr §e¦k tuv

v,tr §e¦k thv

tr §e¦k¥,Ub ubjbt

o¤f §,tr §e¦k o,t

i¤f §,tr §e¦k i,t

tr §e¦ko, ov

tr §e¦ki, iv

/vchxnv ,trek vjnG lf kf hbt

/h,trek Uf§k¥h ov 'lhrm hbt ota gsuh hbt

/h,trek tuck ohbfun tk ov kct 'ovhkt h,rae,v

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lI, §C - “inside,”

“in,” “within,” “among”

h ¦fI, §C hbt

W §fI, §C v,t

I, §C¥fl ,t

IfI, §C tuv

vfI, §C thv

I, §C¥fUb ubjbt

o¤f §fI, §C o,t

i¤f §fI, §C i,t

I, §Cof ov

I, §Cif iv

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lI,§k - “into”

h ¦fI,§k hbt

W §fI,§k v,t

I,§k¥fl ,t

IfI,§k tuv

vfI,§k thv

I,§k¥fUb ubjbt

o¤f §fI,§k o,t

i¤f §fI,§k i,t

I,§kof ov

I,§kif iv

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l¤rIt§k - “into”

h ¦F §rIt§k hbt

W §F §rIt§k v,t

§rIt§k¥Fl ,t

IF §rIt§k tuv

vF §rIt§k thv

§rIt§k¥FUb ubjbt

oF §rIt§k o,t

iF §rIt§k i,t

§rIt§koF ov

§rIt§kiF iv

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h ¥s§h-k©g - “by,” “by means of,” “through”

h ©sh-k©g hbt

Wh ¤sh-k©g v,t

lh¦h ©sh-k©g ,t

uhsh-k©g tuv

vh ¤sh-kg thv

Ubh ¥sh-kg ubjbt

o¤fh ¥s§h-kg o,t

i¤fh ¥s§h-kg i,t

o ¤vh ¥s§h-k©g ov

i ¤vh ¥s§h-k©g iv

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,IsIt - “about,” “concerning,” “regarding”

h ©,IsIt hbt

Wh ¤,IsIt v,t

lh¦h ©,IsIt ,t

uh,IsIt tuv

vh ¤,IsIt thv

Ubh ¥,IsIt ubjbt

o¤fh ¥,IsIt o,t

i¤fh ¥,IsIt i,t

o ¤vh ¥,IsIt ov

i ¤vh ¥,IsIt iv

-129-


Hebrew-English list of prepositions:

about ,IsIt

behind, following,past

h¥rjt

to, toward, onto,into

k ¤t

onto h¥b §P k ¤t

at k¤m ¥t

with regards to k r ¤at

in, inside, upon, at,throughout, on(day)

C

by means of, via,per. with

,Ugm §n ¤t §C

as for, regarding,concerning,following, withrespect to, withregard to, as far as

k r ¤atC

because of, due to,for, on account of

kk §d ¦C

in accordance with,as per

k o ¥t §, ¤v §C

considering c c ¥a ©j §, ¦v §C

thanks to, due to ,Uf §z ¦C

during inzC

along with o ¦g s ©j©h §C

regarding,concerning, withrespect to

k x ©j©h §C

between; amongst ih ¥c§k ///ih ¥C 'ih ¥C

throughout kfc

excluding kkf ¦C

without h¦k §C

regardless of k r ¤a ¤e hk §C(///h©k ¥t)

without h ¥sg§k ¦C

within ,¤r¤d §x ¦n §C

instead of, in placeof, in lieu of

oIe §n ¦C

during, for (time),within

l ¤a ¤nc

as for, concerning,with respect to,with regard to, asfar as

k ©g¥dIb §C

before (in front of) ,Uj §fIb §C

in addition to,apart from

k ;xIb §C

on top of kg ;xIb §C

for s©gC

with ,r §z¤g §C

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among, amongst,with

c¤r ¤e §c

near, close to ,©c §r ¦e §C

ahead of at«r §C

for, to, in order,for the sake of

khc §ac

because of, onaccount of

k ¤J §C

on behalf of o ¥J §C

in, inside (of),within, amongst,amid

lI, §C

within oUj §, ¦C

like k v ¤nIS

through, via l¤r ¤s

thanks to k ,usIv

except (for), apartfrom, aside from,excluding, besides

,kUz


n .Uj

like F

including (,t) kkuF

toward h ¥P©k §F

as, like In §F

to, into, upon, per k

along, for l¤rIt§k


n s©c§k

as for, concerning,with respect to,with regard to, asfar as

h ¥C©d§k

for ,cIy§k

beside, next to, at sh§k

along, toward(s) iUuh ¦fk

per kfk

without t«k§k

underneath n vy ©n§k


*y¥g ©n§k

toward, for ig ©n§k

in spite of,notwithstanding,despite

*,Ir §n©k

for l ¤a ¤n§k

toward, towards r¤c¥g§k

to, versus ,nUg§k

according to, inaccordance with,under

h ¦p§k

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before, in front of,ahead of, prior to,ago

h¥b §p¦k

alongside s©m§k

towards ,tr §e¥k

including ,ICr§k

across cjIrk

for o ¥J§k

into lI,§k

from, since, of, off,than

n

behind h¥rIjt ¥n

than r ¤at ¥n

without h¦k §C ¦n

regardless of c ¥a ©j §, ¦v§k h¦k §C ¦nc

through s©g©C ¦n

in front of,opposite, versus,across

kUn


k .Uj ¦n

on behalf of o©g ©y ¦n


s©c§k ¦n

from i ¦n

beyond r¤c¥g ¥n

across, past k r¤c¥g ¥n

above, beyond,over, on top of, off

k©g ¥n

out of lI, ¦n

under, beneath,underneath, below

k , ©j ©, ¦n

versus, against s¤d¤b

apart from kg ;xIb

round chcx

for rUcg

till, until sg

ahead of kg vkug

on, on top of, atop,over, about, upon,aboard

kg

inspite of, despite *;t kg

on top of h ¥C©d k©g

next to, close to,beside, by

sh kg

over, on top of,across

h¥b §P kg

by, by means of h ¥s§h-k©g

with o ¦g

due to c ¤e¥g

-132-


except (for), apartfrom, apart,outside of

k yr §P

by, near, close to kt cure

by, near, close to k cure

of k ¤a

within *lI,

below, beneath,under, underneath

, ©j ©,

for ,rUn §,

English-Hebrew list of prepositions:

aboard kg

about ,IsIt 'kg

above, over k©g ¥n

according to h ¦p§k

across 'kUn 'h¥b §P-kg'k r¤c¥g ¥n

cjIrk

ago h¥b §p¦k

ahead of 'at«r §C 'h¥b §p¦k///kg vkug

along iUuhfk 'l¤rIt§k

along with o ¦g s ©j©h §C

alongside s©m§k

amid lI, §C

among, amongst 'ih ¥C 'c¤r ¤e §clI, §C

apart from 's©ck ¦n 'k yr §P;xubc '///n .uj

as F 'In §F

as far as k r ¤atC

as for k r ¤J£t©C

as per k o ¥t §, ¤v §C

as regards k r ¤atC

aside from ///n sc§k 'n .uj

at c 'k¤m ¥t

atop kg

because of k ¤a §C 'kk §d ¦C

before ,Uj §fIb §C 'h¥b §p¦k

behind h¥rIjt ¥n 'h¥rjt

below , ©j ©, ¦n ', ©j ©,(n) vy ©n§k ' ©vqk

beneath , ©j ©, ¦n ', ©j ©,(n) vy ©n§k ' ©vqk

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beside s©h§k 'sh-kg

besides ,kUz '///n .Uj

between ih ¥c§k ///ih ¥C 'ih ¥C

beyond k©g ¥n 'r¤c¥g ¥n

by k cure 'sh-kg

by means of ',Ugm §n ¤t §Ch ¥s§h-k©g

close to 'k cIre 'sh-kg,©c §r ¦e §C

concerning r ¤atc 'k x ©j©h §Ck

considering c c ¥a ©j §, ¦v §C

despite ,Ir §n©k

due to ,Uf §z ¦C 'kk §d ¦C)positively'(

c ¤e¥g

during l ¤a ¤nc 'inzC

except 'n .Uj 'k yr §P,kUz 'y¥g ©n§k

excluding 'sc§k ¦n '///n .Uj,kUz 'k yr §P

following ',Ic §e ¦g §C 'h¥rjt///k ratc

for 'rUcg 'khc §J ¦C's©g §C 'ignk

',cIy§k 'o ¥a§k'l ¤a ¤nk ',rUn §,

'kk §d ¦C 'l¤rIt§kh ¥C©d§k

from i ¦n 'n

in lI, §C 'C

in accordance with hp§k 'k o ¥t §, ¤v §C

in addition to k ;xIb §C

in front of kUn 'h¥b §p¦k

in lieu of oIe §n ¦C

in place of oIe §n ¦C

in spite of ,Ir §n©k

including kkuF ',ICr§k(,t)

inpite of ;t kg

inside (of) lI, §C

instead of oIe §n ¦C

into lu,§k 'k 'k ¤t

like k v ¤nIS 'F 'un §F

near cure ',©c §r ¦e §Cktqk

next to s©h§k 'sh-kg

notwithstanding ,Ir §n©k

of n 'k ¤a

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off k©g ¥n 'n

on ) C 'kgday(

on account of k ¤J §C 'kk §d ¦C

on behalf of o©g ©y ¦n 'o ¥J §C

on top of 'h¥b §P k©g 'kg ¥nk©g 'kg ;xIb §C

h ¥C©d

onto h¥b §P k ¤t 'k ¤t

opposite kUn

out (of) k .Uj ¦n 'lI, ¦n

outside k yr §P 'k .Uj ¦n

over k©g 'kg 'k kg ¥nh¥b §P

past k r¤c¤g ¥n 'h¥rjt

per 'k 'kfk,Ugm §n ¤t §C

prior to h¥b §p¦k

regarding r ¤atc 'k x ©j©h §Ck ©g¥dIb §C 'k

regardless of 'k r ¤a ¤e hk §Cc ¥a ©j §, ¦v§k h¦k §C ¦n

c

round chcx

since n 'zt ¥n

than r ¤at ¥n

thanks to ,usIv ',Uf §z ¦Ck

through 's©g©C ¦n 'l¤r ¤slI, §C

throughout c 'kFc

till sg

to ,nUgk 'kt 'k

toward 'ig ©n§k 'k ¤t'r¤c¥g§k 'h ¥P©k §F

,tr §e¥k

under 'k , ©j ©, ¦n ',j,hpk

underneath ',j, ¦n ',j,n vy ©n§k

until k sg 'sg

upon kg 'k 'c

versus kUn 's¤d¤b

via ,Ugm §n ¤t §C 'l¤r ¤s

with ',Ugm §n ¤t §C 'o ¦gc¤r ¤e §C ',r §z¤g §C

with regard to 'k (r ¤J ¤t©C)x ©j©h §C 'k ©g¥dIb §C

h ¥C©d§k 'k

with respect to 'k (r ¤J ¤t©C)x ©j©h §C 'k ©g¥dIb §C

h ¥C©d§k 'k

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within 'l ¤a ¤n §C 'lI,(c)',¤r¤d §x ¦n §C

oUj §,c

without 't«k§k 'h¦k §Ch¦k §C ¦n

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Some important use of preposition to practice:

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

Rachel is at the office.

We buy groceries At the supermarket,.

Is Roni at home.

He is sitting at his desk.

She is working at the kitchen table.

He has papers on his desk.

We go to the store at eight.

What time do we have to be at the airport?

He lives at Oren Street.

They live in Haifa.

We are staying at that hotel.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

The movie starts at 7:30.

His birthday is on Tuesday.

The mall closes at midnight.

He have a test on Friday.

We have dinner in the evening.

We return on April 24.

We go there in the summer.

He goes to Minneapolis in February.

We are leaving in two days.

He goes to work early in the morning.

They always leave on time.

He was born in 1999.

We usually go on holiday in the summer.

We Will we be in time to catch the bus.

The game starts at 4:00.

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He is having a party on her birthday.

I cannot sleep at night.

He died at the age of 90.

I get up early in the morning.

!lrgb rcf vzv ekjv /vhmput kfk ,ukue xhbfvk

) snhk tuvubnn 'ub,ut 'ubk) rhcxvu (ubnn 'ub,ut 'ubk/ohkhnv ,t (

) cuy r,uh ihcn hbtkct 'ot 'ut/ytk r,uh ohrcsn (

) h,scg /( hka 'hk 'h,ut) rhfn tuvubnn 'uk 'u,ht/ohba v¥Crv (

)htsf 'kt 'kkdc/vzv iuthzunc reck (

) h,htr tkukhcac 'ubnn 'u,ut) h,jka ifk 'inz vcrv (uka 'uk 'ukmt/c,fn (

) oak h,gxbkg 'og 'c/xUCuyut (

) h,ktauka 'uk 'u,ut) ruzgk kufh hbt ot (vka 'vk 'v,ut/(

) h,rntvka 'vk 'v,ut) audpt hbta (vbnn 'vk 'v,ut/a ¥ac (

) esc tpurvafh,ut 'hka 'hkmt) ,ctufa uk h,rnt '( hk 'hkhcac 'hki ¤y¤cv (

) kct ',hrcg ,t¥rue hbthkut 'vae 'h,n/,hrcg r¥C ©sk hk (

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Date post:	10-Apr-2016
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