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LEARNING OBJECTIVE1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA2. DNA STABILITY3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RNA 4. DNA REPLICATION5. . PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 6. GENETIC ENGINEERING 7. GENETIC ENGINEERING ETHICALPROBLEM IDENTIFICATION1) How could DVI identify the victim?2) How is the process of DNA testing?3) What is the structure of DNA in the human body?4) What is contained in the DNA that can be used to identify an individual?5) What kind of genetic engineering?6) what is the process of protein synthesis?7) what is the process of cloning?8) How can stem cells be used in degenerative diseases traetment?9) how about the ethics of genetic engineering?

HYPOTHESISDVI identified DNA through the pieces of the body, then DNA was found. There are 2 types of DNA testing:a. Primary: fingerprints, DNAb. Secondary: ownership of goods and medical records

SCHEMEDNAREKAYASAJENIS

ETIKA

REPLIKASI

STRUKTUR

FUNGSI

SINTESIS PROTEIN

RNA

KESTABILAN

6. Genetic EngineeringThe process to changes the gene with the goal of getting a new organism that has the desired characteristic and used for a particular purpose.There are several kinds of genetic engineering include recombinant DNA, Hybridoma technology, and nucleus transfer.

7. GENETIC ENGINEERING ETHICAL

1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA

DNA consists of two pieces of thread twisted together polynucleotide which forms a double helix (double helix). Model of the structure of DNA was first proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 in England. The structure is made based on the results of the analysis of their X-ray diffraction photo of DNA made by Rosalind Franklin. Because the molecular level photographed it, then there were only shadows and light alone. Shadows photo was analyzed so they concluded that the DNA molecule is a polynucleotide that twisting two threads.

Polynucleotide length of the DNA molecule composed of nucleotide sequences. Each nucleotide is composed of:1. The string of sugar deoxyribose (a pentose sugar that lost one oxygen atom)2. Phosphoric acid cluster attached to the C atom number 5 of sugar)3. The string of nitrogenous bases attached to the C atom number 1 of the sugar

The three groups are interrelated and form the "backbone" for a very long double helix. The structure can be likened to the stairs, where the mother is a sugar deoxyribose and ladder rungs is the arrangement of nitrogen bases. While the sugar phosphate linking the sugar nucleotide to the next nucleotide to form a polynucleotide.

Nitrogen bases making up DNA consists of purine bases, namely adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases cytosine or cytosine (C) and thymine (T). Pentose sugar and the bond between the nitrogen bases called nucleosides. There are 4 kinds of nucleoside bases are:1. A bond-sugar called adenosine deoksiribonukleosida (deoksiadenosin)2. G-sugar bond is called guanosine deoksiribonukleosida (deoksiguanosin)3. Association of C-sugar is called sitidin deoksiribonukleosida (deoksisitidin)4. T-sugar bond called thymidine deoksiribonukleosida (deoksiribotimidin)

DNA is made up of two pieces that spiral into each other poinukleotida.Nitrogen bases on one thread that had a fixed partner with nitrogen bases on the other thread. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Nitrogen base pairs A and T are connected by two hydrogen atoms (A = T). The nitrogen base pairs C and G are connected by three hydrogen atoms (C G). Thus, the two polynucleotide at a mutually complementary DNA.

Denaturation of DNArupture of hydrogen bonds between the base pairs in the double stranded single strandedFactor of denaturationTemperaturedna will begin denatured at 75 C, but will be perfectly denatured at 90 CpHthe higher the pH, the more easily denatured dnaphysical factorsex : UV, infra-red, X-rayBiological factorsex : DNA and RNA viruses

influence of chemicals that damage the structureex : nitric acid, benzopiren, urea, formamidinfluence of alkali (base)- deprotonation in group N from G to C- changes in the structure of the keto form to form enolate- breaking of hydrogen bonds

The process of DNA multiplicationReplication involves an integrated mechanism of enzyme and proteinAnd there are DNA Polymerae I, II, III and RNA Polymerase5. . PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEIN SYNTHESISDNA

RNA

PROTEINTranscriptionTranslationCENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGYPROTEIN SYNTHESISTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSLATIONINITIATIONELONGATIONTERMINATIONPROTEIN SYNTHESISTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSLATIONDNA template -> mRNAcodogen -> codonnucleusribosomemRNA tRNA rRNA -> proteins1. Recombinant DNAThat is the process of splicing DNA from one species with DNA from other species in order to gain new traits or to produce specific substancesExamples:Development of InsulinHepatitis Vaccine Development

2. Hybridoma technologyHybridoma technology known as cell fusion, the fusion / fusion of two different cells into a single entity which contains genes from both the original cell. The cells from the fusion are called hybridoma

3. Nucleus Transfer (Cloning)Nuclear transfer is the process of moving the body cell nucleus into an ovum without a nucleus, so that the ovum will divide and become an embryo.The purpose of this nuclear transfer technology, known as therapeutic cloning is to obtain a set of cells that can develop further into the desired tissue or organ (stem cell).Stem CellAccording to the Oxford Dictionary (1999), stem cells are undifferentiated cells derived from multicellular organisms that can develop into cells of one type, which will further differentiate into a variety of other cells.Scientists' attention today focused on two types of stem cell, the totipotent stem cell (TSC) and pluripotent stem cell (PSC). Both of these stem cells have different abilities to each other.

TSC has the ability to deliver an intact organism (organism cloning)PSC has the ability to enhance the differentiation of various cell types or in other words able to produce a variety of tissues or organs needed.