Presentation 1 Final M M MANNA

8/14/2019 Presentation 1 Final M M MANNA

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EXPOSURE TO VEHICULAR POLLUTION AND

RESPIRATORY HEALTH STATUS OF

THE URBAN INHABITANTS OF KOLKATA :

A CROSS SECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION

BYMURARI MOHAN MANNA

Reg.No 063730 of 2004-05

ROLL No. PC/ESM-0819

2009DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY &

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

PRESIDENCY COLLEGE, KOLKATA


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Dissertation performed under theDissertation performed under the

joint supervision ofjoint supervision of

Dr. B.P.Chattopadhyay

Scientist-E

Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern)(ICMR), Block-DP, Sec-V, Salt Lake City

Kolkata-700091

&

Dr.Subrata Ghosh

Reader of Physiology &

Environmental System ManagementPresidency College

Kolkata-700073


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Predominance of 2-stroke vehicles in use.Use of adulterated fuel.

Uncontrolled growth of vehicle population and poor inspection andmaintenance system for in use vehicle.

Poor compliance of standard.

Faulty Driving techniques.

Road borne dust.

Age of the vehicle and its present roadworthiness.

Open burning of garbage, running of generator sets, burning oftyres etc.

Road side dust.

Construction activities.

Effect of deplantation.

Meteorological conditions.

Reasons for High AirPollution in Kolkata


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Sulphur dioxide, SO2 (primary pollutant)

Nitrogen oxides NOx (primary or secondarypollutants)

Particulate matter PM (primary and secondarypollutants)

Carbon monoxide (primary pollutant)

(volatile) organic compounds, HC (or VOCs) (primaryand secondary pollutants), and photochemicaloxidants,

PAN -peroxyacetyl nitrate (secondary pollutant).

Benzo-@-pyrene a potent carcinogen

Major pollutants present inMajor pollutants present inauto exhaust gas areauto exhaust gas are


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WHERE THE WORK WAS DONE &WHERE THE WORK WAS DONE &WHY?WHY?

The present work Vehicular Pollution and Respiratory Health

Status of the inhabitants of Kolkata was done in a phasedmanner in the months of Feb-March 2009 in North, Central andSouth Kolkata with the following Aims and Objectives-

To evaluate pulmonary function status of the inhabitants ofKolkata.

To assess the PFT according to their age, duration of stay andsmoking habit.

To evaluate the respiratory function impairments amongst theinhabitants as a whole.

To evaluate the respiratory function impairment amongst theinhabitants according to their duration of stay in their area.

Comparative analyses of the lung function of North, Central and

South Kolkata inhabitants.


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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods Pulmonary function tests were carried on 113 individuals within the age

range of 21-50 among both males and females.

Histories taken by questionnaire asking.

Height & Weight was measured by using Stadiometer.

Pulmonary function measured by Spirovit-SP-10 and Wrights peak flow

meter.

SVC, FVC, & PEFR were recorded in standing posture with a nose clip.

FEV1, FEV1% , FEF25-75% , FEF.2-1.2l , FEF25-75% , were calculated from the sameFVC tracings.

i i i i i


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tu ent two tai t tests were eing per orme on t e in a itants to inwhether

there were any significant changes due to duration of staying in that area.

Formulae Used:BMI = Weight in Kg / (Height in Metre)2

BSA = (Height in cm)0.725 * (Weight in Kg)0.425 * 71.84 / 10000

Criteria for Determination of Obstructive Type Impairment:Obstructive Type Impairment is determined with respect to the FEV1% value.

Normal 70%

Mild Obstructive 65-69.99%Moderate Obstructive 50-64.99%Severe Obstructive 49.99%

Criteria for Determination of Restrictive Type Impairment:Restrictive Type Impairment is determined with respect to the SVC

For male (Predicted SVC value) -0.024 * age + 0.044 * height in cm -2.704

For female (Predicted SVC Value) -0.025 * age + 0.021 * height in cm 0.003

(Predicted SVC Value Observed SVC Value)*100/Predicted SVC Valueup to 20 normal

20.01-30 mild restrictive Type


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Taking personal history of the subjectsTaking personal history of the subjectsusing standard proforma by questionnaire methodusing standard proforma by questionnaire method

&&

Measurement of pulmonary function using Spirovit SP-10 SpirometerMeasurement of pulmonary function using Spirovit SP-10 Spirometer

Measurement of Height & Weight using Stadiometer for subjects.Measurement of Height & Weight using Stadiometer for subjects.

&&Measurement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rates by Wrights Peak Flow MeterMeasurement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rates by Wrights Peak Flow Meter


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Ag e a n d a r e a w is e d is t r ib u t io n o f m a

in h a b it a n t s o f K o lk a t a

N o r t h M a le ,

1 8 %

N o rt h F e m

1 6 , 1 4 %C e n t r a l M

1 8 , 1 6 %C e n t ra l F e m

1 7 , 1 5 %

S o u th M a le ,

1 9 %

S o u th F e m

2 0 , 1 8 %

N o r th M a le

N o rt h F e m a

C e n t r a l M a l

C e n t r a l F e m

S o u th M a le

S o u th F e m


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Observations-Observations-

The SVC, FEF25-75 % and FEF75-85 % values of Central Kolkata malepopulation has been found to be statistically lower than SouthKolkata males.

The SVC, FVC and FEV1 values of Central Kolkata female

inhabitants have been found to be statistically lower as comparedto North Kolkata females.

The PEFR value of North Kolkata female population has also beenfound to be significantly higher than South Kolkata females.

In general the lung volume and flow rates of South Kolkatapopulation have been observed to be better than North Kolkataand the values of Central Kolkata population have been found tobe the least.


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L u n g v o l u m e o f K o l k at a in h a b i ta

0

0 . 5

1

1 . 52

2 . 5

3

3 . 5

4

4 . 5

S V C F V C F E V 1

litres

N o r t h K o l k a t a M a

N o r t h K o l k a t a F e

C e n t r a l K o l k a t a M

C e n t r a l K o l k a t a F

S o u t h K o l k a ta M a

S o u t h K o l k a t a F e

F l o w r a t e s o f K o l k a ta i n h a b i ta

0

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

F E F . 2 - 1 . 2 1 m lF E F 2 5 - 7 5 %F E F 7 5 - 8 5 %

l/sec

N o r th K o l k a t a M a

N o r t h K o l k a t a F e

C e n t r a l K o l k a t a

C e n t r a l K o l k a t a F

S o u t h K o l k a t a M

S o u t h K o l k a t a F e

PEFR values of Kolkata inhabitants area

250

300

350

400

450

500

PEFR (l/min)

PEFR(l/m

in)

North Kolkata Male

North Kolkata Female

Central Kolkata Male

Central Kolkata Fema

South Kolkata Male

South Kolkata Femal


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PEFR values of Kolkata male inhabitants accordi

duration of stay

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

PEFR (l/min)

PEFR(l/min)

North Male 21-30

North Male 31-40

North Male 41-50

Central Male Up to 2

Central Male 21-30Central Male 31-40

Central Male 41-50

South Male Up to 20

South M ale 21-30

South M ale 31-40

South M ale 41-50

F l o w r a t e s o f K o l k a t a m a l e i n h a b i t a n t s

d u r a t i o n o f s t a y

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

F E F . 2 -1 . 2 1 m l

( l / s )

F E F 2 5 - 7 5 %F E F 7 5 - 8 5 % ( l/s )

l/s

ec

N o r th M a l e 2 1 - 3 0

N o r th M a l e 3 1 - 4

N o r th M a l e 4 1 - 5 0

C e n t ra l M a l e U p

C e n t ra l M a l e 2 1 -

C e n t ra l M a l e 3 1 -C e n t ra l M a l e 4 1 -

S o u th M a l e U p to

S o u th M a l e 2 1 - 3

S o u th M a l e 3 1 - 4

S o u th M a l e 4 1 - 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

l i t re

S V C F V C F E V 1

L u n g v o l u m e o f K o l k a ta m a l e i n h a b it a n t

d u r a t io n o f s t a y N o r t h M a l e 2 1 -3 0

N o r t h M a l e 3 1 -4

N o r t h M a l e 4 1 -5 0

C e n t r a l M a l e U p t

C e n t r a l M a l e 2 1 - 3

C e n t r a l M a l e 3 1 - 4C e n t r a l M a l e 4 1 - 5

S o u t h M a l e U p t o

S o u t h M a l e 2 1 -3 0

S o u t h M a l e 3 1 -4 0

S o u t h M a l e 4 1 -5 0


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L u n g v o lu m e o f K o l k a ta m a le in

acc ord ing to a ge d is t ribut io

0

0 .5

1

1 .5

2

2 .5

3

3 .5

4

4 .5

5

S V C (l) F V C (l) F E V 1 (l)

litres

Nor th ma le 21-3

Nor th ma le 31-4

Nor th ma le 41-5

C e n tr a l m a l e 2 1



S o u t h m a l e 2 1 -

S o u t h m a l e 3 1 -

S o u t h m a l e 4 1 -

D if fe r e n t f lo w r a t e s o f K o l k at a m a l

a c c o r d i n g t o a g e d i s tr i b u t io

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

F E F . 2 - 1 . 2 1 m l

( l / s )

F E F 2 5 - 7 5 %

( l / s )

F E F 7 5 - 8 5 %

( l / s )

l/s

ec

N o r t h m a l e 2 1



C e n t r a l m a l e



S o u t h m a l e 2 1



PEFR values of Kolkata male inhabitants accor

to age distribution

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

PEFR (l/min)

PEFR(l/min)

North male 21-30

North male 31-40

North male 41-50

Central male 21-3

Central male 31-4

Central male 41-5

South male 21-30

South male 31-40

South male 41-50


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L u n g v o lu m e o f K o lk a ta f e m a le in h a b it

t o a g e d is t r ib u t io n

0

0 . 5

1

1 . 52

2 . 5

3

3 . 5

S V C (l) F V C (l) F E V 1 (l)

litres

N o rt h fe m a le 2 1



C e n t r a l fe m a l e



S o u t h fe m a le 2




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FEV1% of smokers compared to non-smokers

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

FEV1%

Percentage(%

North Kolkata Non-

Smoker

North Kolkata Smoker

Central Kolkata Non-

Smoker

Central Kolkata Smoker

South Kolkata Non-

Smoker

South Kolkata Smoker

PEFR values of the smokers compared to that of th

non-smokers

250

300

350

400

450

500

PEFR (l/min)

PEFR(l/min)

North Kolkata Non-

Smoker

North Kolkata Smoker

Central Kolkata Non-

Smoker

Central Kolkata Sm oke

South Kolkata Non-

Smoker

South Kolkata Smoker


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Respiratory ImpairmentsRespiratory Impairments Obstructive diseasecharacterized by an increase in resistance to

airflow owing to partial or completes obstruction at any level, fromthe trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratorybronchioles also may be due to mucous occurrence in the trachea.

Restrictive diseasecharacterized by reduced expansion of lung

parenchyma, with decreased total lung capacity.

Each type of impairments was found less among female subjects.

Among the total 113 subjects analysed 8.85% of the subjects weredetected to be with pulmonary impairments.

The highest impairment have been noticed among the CentralKolkata inhabitants with 11.43% followed by North Kolkata(10.81%) and South Kolkata (8.85%)

Obstructive Impairments were detected more than the restrictiveor combined type.


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Data collectedData collectedfrom WBPCBfrom WBPCB

Ambient air qual i ty of kolkata during the Stud

(20th Fe b-20th M arch'09)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

SPM RPM NOX

microgram

s/cu.m

etre

Observed

Standard

M ean SPM in am bi ent Ko l ka ta a i r in the m onth

M arch

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

micrograms/cu.metre

Shyambaz

Moulali

Gariahat

Standard

Shyambazar 332 347 281 254

Moulali 354 352 291 254

Gariahat 324 325 255 169

Standard 200 200 200 200

2003-0 2004-0 2005-0 2006-0

Mean RP M in ambient Kolkata a ir in the mon ths

March

0

50

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

micrograms/cu.metre

Shyambaza

Moulali

Gariahat

Standard

Shyambazar 175 196 163 121

Moulali 1 51 .5 1 9 8. 14 1 6 6. 28 1 29

Gariahat 1 69 1 83 .37 1 44 .2 5 7 2

Standard 100 100 100 100

2003-042004-052005-062006-07

M e a n NO2 i n amb ient Ko lka ta a i r in the m o

F e b - M a r c h

0

5 0

1 00

micrograms/cu.metre

S hyam baz

Moulali

Gar iahat

Standard

S hyam bazar 6 7 7 8.8 4 7 0 .3 3 5 6.5 5

Moulali 7 6 9 4.1 7 7.3 4 9 3.2 5

Gar iahat 6 9 .5 8 6 .9 7 3 56 .3

Standard 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0

2003-0 2004-0 2005-0 2006-0


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SummarySummary The ambient air quality of Central Kolkata has been found to be most pollutingThe ambient air quality of Central Kolkata has been found to be most polluting

followed by north and South Kolkata.followed by north and South Kolkata.

This relates well with the Lung Function data of lower PFT values in Central KolkataThis relates well with the Lung Function data of lower PFT values in Central Kolkatathan North and South.than North and South.

The gradual decrement of the lung volumes and flow rates were found as ageThe gradual decrement of the lung volumes and flow rates were found as ageincreases.increases.

The Lung volume and the flow rates of the individuals shows gradient decrement inThe Lung volume and the flow rates of the individuals shows gradient decrement invalues with the increase of duration of stay in the region.values with the increase of duration of stay in the region.

Among the inhabitants obstructive type of impairments are more compared toAmong the inhabitants obstructive type of impairments are more compared torestrictive and combined type.restrictive and combined type.


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How to Protect the people from theHow to Protect the people from theagony?agony?

The elasticity of the pulmonary tissue must be increased, so thatThe elasticity of the pulmonary tissue must be increased, so thatthe ballooning activity of the lung improves the ballooning activity of the lung improves

Clear the airways to remove the mucus settled in the air passage.Clear the airways to remove the mucus settled in the air passage.

Lung compliance and lung surfactant must be improved and this mayLung compliance and lung surfactant must be improved and this maybe done partially by regular breathing habits.be done partially by regular breathing habits.

Exercise regularly as regular exercise can improve the overallExercise regularly as regular exercise can improve the overallstrength and endurance and strengthen the respiratory muscles.strength and endurance and strengthen the respiratory muscles.

Eat healthy foods with excess of Vit-C as this can help to maintainEat healthy foods with excess of Vit-C as this can help to maintain

the body strength due to anti-oxidative property.the body strength due to anti-oxidative property. Drink plenty of water as water flushes out the toxins from theDrink plenty of water as water flushes out the toxins from the

body.body.

Avoid smoking, in addition to quitting smoking, it's important toAvoid smoking, in addition to quitting smoking, it's important to

avoid places where others smoke. Passive smoke may contribute toavoid places where others smoke. Passive smoke may contribute tofurther lung damage.further lung damage.


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RecommendationRecommendation Phase out all vehicles older than ten to fifteen years.Phase out all vehicles older than ten to fifteen years.

Two and three wheelers should have four stroke engines with catalytic converter and fuelled byTwo and three wheelers should have four stroke engines with catalytic converter and fuelled byBiodiesel, LPG or CNG.Biodiesel, LPG or CNG.

Use of adulterated fuel to be stopped completely.Use of adulterated fuel to be stopped completely.

Diesel fuel with lower sulfur content can help to reduce emissions.Diesel fuel with lower sulfur content can help to reduce emissions.

Bharat Stage IV norms should be enforced on all vehicles.Bharat Stage IV norms should be enforced on all vehicles.

Smooth movement of vehicles to be facilitated by construction of new flyover, bridges,Smooth movement of vehicles to be facilitated by construction of new flyover, bridges,improvement of road condition and width of the roads.improvement of road condition and width of the roads.

Diversion of heavy goods traffic in peak hours.Diversion of heavy goods traffic in peak hours.

Use of Public Vehicles over private cars.Use of Public Vehicles over private cars.

Plantation at the city road side to be encouraged more.Plantation at the city road side to be encouraged more.


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