Presentation 4:Principles of
Object-Oriented Middleware
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Outline
• Students are assumed to be knowledgeable about Computer Networks – including the OSI model and the TCP, UDP protocols. If not … please read ; )
• Types of Middleware – Transaction-Oriented Middleware– Message-Oriented Middleware– Remote Procedure Calls
• Object-Oriented Middleware• Developing with Object-Oriented Middleware
Computer Networks- an ultra short introduction
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Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
ISO/OSI Reference Model
MiddlewareSpecific
MiddlewareSpecific
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Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Transport Layer
• Level 4 of ISO/OSI reference model.
• Concerned with the transport of information through a network.
• Two facets in UNIX/Windows networks: – TCP and– UDP.
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Provides bi-directional stream of bytes between two distributed components.
• Reliable but slow protocol.• Buffering at both sides de-couples computation
speeds.• Best at fairly unreliable Networks (as the Internet)• Very pratical
– As the WWW uses the TCP/IP protocol family– And most Networking Operating Systems as well
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application
Presentation
Session
TransportInput Stream
Output Stream
Requests
Results
Client Server
TCP for Request Implementation
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Enables a component to pass a message containing a sequence of bytes to another component.
• Other component is identified within message.• Unreliable but very fast protocol.• Restricted message length.• Queuing at receiver• Best at highly reliable networks (as a LAN)
Ingeniørhøjskolen i ÅrhusSlide 9 af 34Result Datagrams
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Request Datagrams
Client Server
UDP for Request Implementation
Types of Middleware- and why to use …
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Direct Use of Network Protocols implies
• Manual mapping of complex request parameters to byte streams – is complex & error prone
• Manual resolution of data heterogeneity– encoding differs on NT & UNIX (what is the format of an Integer?)
• Manual identification of components– References must be established manually (host add., port nr. etc.)
• Manual implementation of component activation• No guarantees for type safety• Manual synchronization of interaction between distributed
components– Developers need to handle TCP/UDP output stream/responses
• No quality of service guarantees (transactions demand)
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Middleware
• Layered between Application and OS/Network• Makes distribution transparent• Resolves heterogeneity of
– Hardware– Operating Systems– Networks– Programming Languages
• Provides development and run-time environment for distributed systems.
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Forms of Middleware
• Transaction-Oriented– Suited for Database Applications– IBM CICS– BEA Tuxedo– Encina
• Message-Oriented– Suited for Asynchronous (EDI,Batch)– IBM MQSeries– DEC Message Queue– NCR TopEnd– (SOAP)
• RPC Systems– Suited for Access transparency etc– ANSA– Sun ONC– OSF/DCE– (SOAP)
• Object-Oriented– OMG/CORBA– DCOM– Java/RMI– (SOAP)
• First look at RPCs to understand origin of object-oriented middleware
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Remote Procedure Calls
• Enable procedure calls across host boundaries• Call interfaces are defined using an Interface
Definition Language (IDL)• RPC compiler generates presentation and session
layer implementation from IDL
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IDL Example (Unix RPCs)
const NL=64;
struct Player {
struct DoB {int day; int month; int year;}
string name<NL>;
};
program PLAYERPROG {
version PLAYERVERSION {
void PRINT(Player)=0;
int STORE(Player)=1;
Player LOAD(int)=2;
}= 0;
} = 105040;
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RPC Marshalling and Unmarshalling
• Marshalling: Disassemble data structures into transmittable form
• Unmarshalling: Reassemble the complex data structure
char * marshal() { char * msg; msg=new char[4*(sizeof(int)+1) + strlen(name)+1]; sprintf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", dob.day,dob.month,dob.year, strlen(name),name); return(msg);};void unmarshal(char * msg) { int name_len; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d ", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len); name = new char[name_len+1]; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len,name);};
char * marshal() { char * msg; msg=new char[4*(sizeof(int)+1) + strlen(name)+1]; sprintf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", dob.day,dob.month,dob.year, strlen(name),name); return(msg);};void unmarshal(char * msg) { int name_len; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d ", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len); name = new char[name_len+1]; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len,name);};
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Method Call vs. Object RequestMethod Call vs. Object Request
CalledCalledCalledCalled
StubStub
StubStubStubStub
CallerCaller
CalledCalledCalledCalled
CallerCallerCallerCaller
Transport Layer (e.g. TCP or UDP)Transport Layer (e.g. TCP or UDP)Transport Layer (e.g. TCP or UDP)Transport Layer (e.g. TCP or UDP)
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RPC Stubs
• Creating code for marshalling and unmarshalling is tedious and error-prone.
• Code can be generated fully automatically from interface definition.
• Code is embedded (hidden away – de-coupled) in stubs for client and server.
• Client stub represents server for client, Server stub represents client for server.
• Stubs achieve type safety.• Stubs also perform synchronization.
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Synchronization
• Goal: achieve similar synchronization to local method invocation
• Achieved by stubs:– Client stub sends request and waits until server finishes– Server stub waits for requests and calls server when
request arrives
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Type Safety
• How can we make sure that – servers are able to perform operations requested by
clients?– actual parameters provided by clients match the
expected parameters of the server?– results provided by the server match the expectations
of client?
• Middleware acts as mediator between client and server to ensure type safety.
• Achieved by interface definition in an agreed language.
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InterfaceDefinition
Facilitating Type Safety
ServerClient
RequestRequest
ReplyReply
Client & Server has a contractClient & Server has a contract
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Session Layer
• Implements – identification of RPC servers– activation of RPC servers– dispatch of operations
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Object-Oriented Middleware
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Interface Definition Language
• Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL)
• Beyond RPCs, object-oriented IDLs support object types as parameters, failure handling and inheritance
• Object-oriented middleware provide IDL compilers that create client and server stubs to implement session and presentation layer
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IDL Example
interface Player : Object { typedef struct _Date { short day; short month; short year; } Date; attribute string name; readonly attribute Date DoB;};interface PlayerStore : Object { exception IDNotFound{}; short save (in Player p); Player load(in short id) raises(IDNotFound); void print(in Player p);};
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Presentation Layer Implementation
• Ensuring compatible encoding across platforms• In addition to RPC presentation layer
implementation, object-oriented middleware needs to– define a transport representation for object references– deal with exceptions– need to marshal inherited attributes
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ObjectReferences Hosts Processes Objects
Session Layer Implementation- Mapping of Object references to hosts-Activation & deactivion of objects-Invoctation of requested operation-Synchronization of client & server (state)
- Mapping of Object references to hosts-Activation & deactivion of objects-Invoctation of requested operation-Synchronization of client & server (state)
Developing with Object-Oriented Middleware
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InterfaceDefinition
Design
Server StubGeneration
Client StubGeneration
ServerCoding
ClientCoding
ServerRegistration
Development Steps
SOAP: WSDLSOAP: WSDLJava2WSDLJava2WSDL
WSDL2JAVAWSDL2JAVA
AXISSOAPAXISSOAP
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Facilitating Access Transparency
• Client stubs have the same operations as server objects– If implemented …
• Hence, clients can– make local call to client stub– or local call to server object
without changing the call.
• Middleware can accelerate communication if objects are local by not using the stub– Some Middleware products does this implicitly
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Facilitating Location Transparency
• Based on Object identity• … and this is Object references• Client requests operation from server object identified by object
reference• No information about physical location of server necessary• How to obtain object references?
– Need of a registry – an object adapter– Adminstrator uses Middleware tool for registrering
• COM uses Windows Registry• Java RMI daemon• CORBA object Adapter• SOAP UDDI
– RPC’s – daemon “portmap”• Client contacts one portmap daemon or broadcasts
– Middleware resolves this (in some cases)• SOAP UDDI
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Team.idlTeam.idl
included ingeneratesreads
IDL-Compiler
Teamcl.hh
Teamcl.cc Teamsv.cc
Teamsv.hh
Stub Generation
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C++ Compiler, Linker
Server
Client.ccClient.cc Server.ccServer.cc
C++ Compiler, LinkerC++ Compiler, Linker
Client
Team.idlTeam.idl
included ingeneratesreads
IDL-Compiler
Teamcl.hh
Teamcl.cc Teamsv.cc
Teamsv.hh
Client and Server Implementation
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Key Points
• Middleware builds on the transport layer• There are several forms of middleware• Object-oriented middleware provide IDLs• Object-oriented middleware implements session
and presentation layer• Presentation layer implementation in client/server
stubs is derived from IDL• Session layer is implemented in object adapters