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TecEco – Kyoto OpportunitiesTecEco – Kyoto Opportunities

I will have to race over some slides but the presentation is always downloadable from the TecEco web site if you missed something. John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA.

TecEco are in the BIGGEST Business on

the Planet - Solving Sustainability

Problems Economically

TecEco are in the BIGGEST Business on

the Planet - Solving Sustainability

Problems Economically

The Problem – A Planet in CrisisThe Problem – A Planet in Crisis


Canadian Kyoto OpportunitiesCanadian Kyoto Opportunities

The Kyoto treaty came in to force on the 16th February, 2005. Under the treaty, Canada has agreed to reduce its annual

emissions over the period 2008-2012 to a level 6 percent below actual emissions for 1990.

However Canada, one of the first countries to sign, has increased emissions by 20% since 1990

Canada can meet these impossible objectives? – Its not just about shutting down power stations– Sequestration is important

The masonry industry can play a major role as Canada has the resources and markets close at hand to take advantage of the Kyoto treaty by generating carbon credits through delivering more sustainable, technically innovative masonry product based on magnesium oxide and supplying resources to other countries to enable them to meet their Kyoto objectives doing likewise.


A Demographic Explosion A Demographic Explosion

?

Developed Countries

Undeveloped Countries

Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet is exploding.


Atmospheric Carbon DioxideAtmospheric Carbon Dioxide


Global Temperature AnomalyGlobal Temperature Anomaly


The Techno-ProcessThe Techno-Process

Our linkages to the bio-geo-sphere are defined by the techno process describing and controlling the flow of matter and energy. It is these flows that have detrimental linkages to earth systems.

Detrimental affects on earth systems

Global Systems

Atmospheric composition, climate, land cover, marine ecosystems, pollution, coastal zones, freshwater systems, salinity and global biological diversity have all been substantially affected.


Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint

Our footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet to support it. We are not longer sustainable as a species and must change our ways


Canada Before SettlementCanada Before Settlement


Canada NowCanada Now

Paper Mill - Soda liquor + Cl

Habitat removal

Farming - Pesticide, N & K

Cows - methane

Vehicles - carbon dioxide

Cities

Immediate and polluted water run-off.Air pollution.Carbon dioxide and other gases.Other wastes. Huge linkages.

Huge impacts


Canada with a Little Lateral Thinking & EffortCanada with a Little Lateral Thinking & Effort

Less paper. Other Cl free processes - no salinity

Evolution away from using trees – paperless office

Organic farming. Carbon returned to soils. Use of zeolite reduces water and fertilizer required by 2/3

Cows – CSIRO anti methane bred

Vehicles – more efficient and using fuel cells

Cities:

Porous pavement prevents immediate and polluted run-off. Carbon dioxide and other gases absorbed by TecEco eco-cements. Less wastes. Carbon based wastes converted to energy or mulches and returned to soils. Buildings generate own energy etc.

TecEco technology provides ways ofsequestering carbon dioxide and utilizing wastes to create our techno - world

CO2

Sequestration processes

Less impacts


Embodied Energy & EmissionsEmbodied Energy & Emissions

Embodied Energy– The energy required to extract and process raw

materials into finished building components.• E.g. The energy required to mine clay, make bricks and then

fire them is in the order of 4.7 GJ .t-1, concrete blocks come in lower at 2.1 Gj t-1(Tucker, S., 2002).

Embodied Emissions– The carbon dioxide released during the manufacture

of finished building components.• E.g. The embodied emissions of clay bricks are around .28

tonnes of carbon dioxide to the tonne of clay bricks (Tucker, S., 2002).


Embodied Energy of Walling SystemsEmbodied Energy of Walling Systems

Source: Bill Lawson, 1996, Building Materials, Energy and the Environment, National Capital Printing Canberra


Impact of the Largest Material Flow - Cement and ConcreteImpact of the Largest Material Flow - Cement and Concrete

Concrete made with cement is the most widely used material on Earth accounting for some 30% of all materials flows on the planet and 70% of all materials flows in the built environment.– Global Portland cement production is in the order of 2

billion tonnes per annum. – Globally over 14 billion tonnes of concrete are poured

per year.– Over 2 tonnes per person per annum

TecEco Pty. Ltd. have benchmark technologies for improvement in

sustainability and properties

TecEco Pty. Ltd. have benchmark technologies for improvement in

sustainability and properties


Embodied Energy of Building MaterialsEmbodied Energy of Building Materials

Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm (last accessed 07 March 2000)

Concrete is relatively environmentally friendly and has a relatively low embodied energy


Average Embodied Energy in BuildingsAverage Embodied Energy in Buildings

Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm (last accessed 07 March 2000)

But because so much is used there is a huge opportunity for sustainability by reducing the embodied energy, reducing the carbon debt (net emissions) and improving properties.

Most of the embodied energy in the built environment is in concrete.


Emissions from Cement ProductionEmissions from Cement Production

Chemical Release– The process of calcination involves driving off chemically

bound CO2 with heat.

CaCO3 →CaO + ↑CO2 ∆

Process Energy– Most energy is derived from fossil fuels.– Fuel oil, coal and natural gas are directly or indirectly burned to

produce the energy required releasing CO2.

The production of cement for concretes accounts for around 10%(1) of global anthropogenic CO2.

(1) Pearce, F., "The Concrete Jungle Overheats", New Scientist, 19 July, No 2097, 1997 (page 14).


Cement Production = Carbon Dioxide EmissionsCement Production = Carbon Dioxide Emissions

0200,000,000400,000,000600,000,000800,000,000

1,000,000,0001,200,000,0001,400,000,0001,600,000,0001,800,000,0002,000,000,000

M etric Tonnes

Year


SustainabilitySustainability

Sustainability is a direction not a destination.

Our approach should be holistically balanced and involve– Everybody, every process, every day.

Mineral SequestrationEco-cements in cities + Waste utilization Geologica

l Seques-tration

Emissions reductionthrough efficiency andconversion to non fossil fuels

+ +


Converting Waste to ResourceConverting Waste to Resource

Take only renewables

→ Manipulate → Make → Use →Waste only what is biodegradable or can be re-assimilated

ReuseRe-make

Recycle

[ ←Materials→ ] [← Underlying molecular flows →]

Materials control:

How much and what we have to take to manufacture the materials we use.How long materials remain of utility, whether they are easily recycled and how andwhat form they are in when we eventually throw them “away”.

What we take from the environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows that affect earth systems.

Problems in the global commons today include heavy metals, halogen carbon double bond compounds, CFC’s too much CO2 etc.


Innovative New Materials - the Key to SustainabilityInnovative New Materials - the Key to Sustainability

Biosphere - Geosphere Techno - World

Materials are the substance of the techno-process, the link between the biosphere and techno-sphere and the key to sustainability. They are everything between and define the take and waste.

There is no such place as “away”, only a global commons

The choice of materials in construction controls emissions, lifetime and embodied energies, user comfort, use of recycled wastes, durability, recyclability and the properties of wastes returned to the bio-geo-sphere.


Sustainability Through Materials InnovationSustainability Through Materials Innovation

Problems in the global commons today can only be changed by changing the molecular flows underlying planetary anthropogenic materials flows in the techno-process so that the every day behaviors of people interacting in an economic system will deliver new more sustainable flows.

This will not happen because it is the right thing to do. Pilzer's first law states that the technology paradigm defines resources. Changing the flow of materials therefore has to be economic.

WBCSD President Björn Stigson 26 November 2004“Technology is a key part of the solutions for sustainable development. Innovation and technology are tools for achieving higher resource efficiency in society.”


Sustainability = Culture + TechnologySustainability = Culture + TechnologyIncrease in demand/price ratio for sustainability due to educationally induced cultural drift.

#

$

Demand

Supply

Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to innovative paradigm shifts in technology.

Equilibrium shiftECONOMICS

Greater Value/for impact (Sustainability) and economic growth

Sustainability is where Culture and Technology meet.Demand Supply


Huge Potential for Sustainable Materials in the Built Environment

Huge Potential for Sustainable Materials in the Built Environment

The built environment is made of materials and is our footprint on earth.– It comprises buildings and infrastructure.

Building materials comprise– 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.)– 40-45% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new materials going to site are

wasted.) Reducing the impact of the take and waste phases of the

techno-process.– By including carbon in materials

they are potentially carbon sinks.– By including wastes for

physical properties aswell as chemical compositionthey become resources

C

C

C

C

C

Waste

Waste


Innovative New Materials VitalInnovative New Materials Vital It is possible to achieve Kyoto targets as the UK are proving, but

we need to go way beyond the treaty according to our chief scientists.

Carbon rationing has been proposed as the only viable means to keep the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere below 450 ppm.

Atmospheric carbon reduction is essential, but difficult to politically achieve by rationing.

Making the built environment not only a repository for recyclable resources (referred to as waste) but a huge carbon sink is an alternative and adjunct that is politically viable as it potentially results in economic benefits.

Concrete, a cementitous composite, is the single biggest material flow on the planet with over 2.2 tonnes per person produced.

Eco-cements offer tremendous potential for capture and sequestration using cementitious composites.

MgCO3 → MgO + ↓CO2 - Efficient low temperature calcination & captureMgO + ↓CO2 + H2O → MgCO3.3H2O - Sequestration as building material ∆


TecEco TechnologiesTecEco Technologies Silicate → Carbonate Mineral Sequestration

– Using either peridotite, forsterite or serpentine as inputs to a silicate reactor process CO2 is sequestered and magnesite produced.

– Proven by others (NETL,MIT,TNO, Finnish govt. etc.) Tec-Kiln Technology

– Combined calcining and grinding in a closed system allowing the capture of CO2. Powered by waste heat, solar or solar derived energy.

– To be proved but simple and should work! Direct Scrubbing of CO2 using MgO

– Being proven by others (NETL,MIT,TNO, Finnish govt. etc.) Tec and Eco-Cement Concretes in the Built

Environment.– TecEco eco-cements set by absorbing CO2 and are as

good as proven.

TecEco

EconomicunderKyoto?

TecEco


The TecEco Total ProcessThe TecEco Total Process

Iron Ore. Silicate Reactor Process

Silicic Acids or Silica

Solar or Wind Electricity Powered

Tec-KilnCO2 for Geological Sequestration

Oxide Reactor Process

CO2 from Power Generation, Industry or CO2 Directly From the Air

Magnesite MgCO3)

Crushing

Grinding

Screening

Magnetic Sep.

Heat Treatment

Serpentine Mg3Si2O5(OH)4

Crushing

Grinding

Screening

Gravity Concentration

Olivine Mg2SiO4

Magnesia (MgO)

MgO for TecEco Cements and Sequestration by Eco-Cements in the Built Environment

Other Wastes after Processing

Tonnes CO2 Sequestered per Tonne Silicate with Various Cycles through the TecEco Process (assuming no leakage MgO to built environment i.e complete cycles)

Chrysotile (Serpentinite) Billion Tonnes

Forsterite (Mg Olivine) Billion Tonnes

Tonnes CO2 sequestered by 1 billion tonnes of mineral mined directly .4769 .6255

Tonnes CO2 captured during calcining .4769 .6255

Tonnes CO2 captured by eco-cement .4769 .6255

Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated per tonne mineral mined (Single calcination cycle).

1.431 1.876

Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Five calcination cycles.) 3.339 4.378

Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Ten calcination cycles). 5.723 7.506

Simplified TecEco ReactionsTec-Kiln MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 - 118 kJ/moleReactor Process MgO + CO2 → MgCO3 + 118 kJ/mole (usually more complex hydrates)

Magnesite (MgCO3)

CO2 from Power Generation or Industry

Magnesium Thermodynamic

Cycle

Waste Sulfuric Acid or Alkali?


Why Magnesium Compounds?Why Magnesium Compounds? At 2.09% of the crust magnesium is the 8th most abundant

element. Magnesium oxide is easy to make using non fossil fuel

energy and efficiently absorbs CO2

Because magnesium has a low molecular weight, proportionally a much greater amount of CO2 is released or captured.

A high proportion of water means that a little binder goes a long way. In terms of binder produced for starting material in cement, eco-cements are nearly six times more efficient.

The magnesium industry in Canada is Languishing.

%5284

44

3

2

MgCO

CO

%43101

44

3

2

CaCO

CO


TecEco Kiln TechnologyTecEco Kiln Technology

CO2

Grinds and calcines at the same time.

Runs 25% to 30% more efficiency.Can be powered by solar energy

or waste heat.Brings mineral sequestration and

geological sequestration together Captures CO2 for bottling and sale to the oil industry (geological sequestration). The products – CaO &/or MgO can be used to sequester more CO2 and then be

re-calcined. This cycle can then be repeated. Suitable for making reactive reactive MgO.


TecEco Technology in a Post – Carbon AgeTecEco Technology in a Post – Carbon Age

Prehistoric Classic Renaissance Industrial Revolution Contemporary Post Carbon Age

Recyclable Recyclable

CO2

Wattle & daub Stone Mud brick Etc.

Stone

Stone Brick

Concrete Concrete Steel Aluminium

Eco-cements


Drivers for TecEco TechnologyDrivers for TecEco Technology

Producer Push

The opportunity cost of compliant waste disposal

Profitability and cost recovery

Technical merit

Resource issues

Robotics

Research objectives

Consumer Pull

Environmental sentimentCost and technical advantages?Competition?

Government Influence

Carbon Taxes

Provision of Research Funds

Environmental education

Huge Markets

Cement 2 billion tonnes.

Bricks 130,000 million tonnes

TecEco cements are the only binders capable of utilizing very large quantities of wastes based on physical property rather than chemical composition overcoming significant global disposal problems, and reducing the impact of landfill taxes.

TecEco eco-cements can sequester CO2 on a large scale and will therefore provide carbon accounting advantages.

TecEco kiln technology could be the first non fossil fuel powered industrial process


Making Masonry More SustainableMaking Masonry More Sustainable

Ways of making bricks blocks pavers and mortars, the substance of the masonry industry, more sustainable are:– Use product with much lower embodied energies and

emissions and that preferably utilize wastes (e.g. fly ash, bottom ash, industrial slags etc.) Tec and Eco-Cements can achieve this.

– Capture emissions during the manufacture of cements which can be achieved with TecEco Tec-kiln technology.


The Masonry Industry Taking Advantage of KyotoThe Masonry Industry Taking Advantage of Kyoto

The Canadian masonry industry is ideally placed to take advantage of the Kyoto protocol to solve the world’s global warming problem as the country:– Making bricks, blocks, pavers and mortars using tec or eco-cements in

Canada would help the country meet its Kyoto objectives and together with the raw materials required provide a new export. Canada:

Canada:– Is close by countries that are big emitters (Europe, the US)

– Has abundant Mg minerals suitable for a silicate reactor process to sequester CO2 from concentrated sources such as power stations etc.

– Has abundant non fossil fuel energy (hydro, wind) to power TecEco kilns

– Is close to markets that could use Mg carbonate products with associated carbon credits


The Masonry Industry Business OpportunityThe Masonry Industry Business Opportunity

The business opportunity is between– The power industry who will be seeking to reduce

carbon taxes– What’s left of the once huge magnesium industry as it

is a way of profitably using their reserves and tailings and the

– The masonry industry as it is a way of making highly exportable product.

– The Canadian government who can organize carbon credits

• Carbon dioxide has gone from $ 6.00 a tonne to $ 28 a tonne in six months since trading opened.


Benefits of Adopting TecEco TechnologyBenefits of Adopting TecEco TechnologyCanada can meet its Kyoto objectives and at the

same time reduce its footprint and profitably make the built environment much more sustainable.

There are a number of opportunities for improved sustainability that are relatively easily achieved:– Utilizing wastes to make masonry products.– Reducing emissions during the production of masonry.– Sequestering carbon by utilizing carbon containing materials.– Using the right sands for carbonating mortars to allow them

to carbonate.


Utilizing Wastes to Make Masonry ProductsUtilizing Wastes to Make Masonry Products Many wastes can contribute physical property

values. Take plastics for example which are collectively light in weight, have tensile strength and low conductance.

Tec, eco and enviro-cements will allow a wide range of wastes to be used for their physical property rather than chemical composition.

Tec, enviro and eco-cements are:– low alkali reducing reaction problems with organic materials.– stick well to most included wastes


TecEco Binders - Solving Waste ProblemsTecEco Binders - Solving Waste Problems

There are huge volumes of concrete produced annually ( 2 tonnes per person per year.)

An important objective should be to make cementitous composites that can utilise wastes.

TecEco cements provide a benign low alkali environment suitable for waste immobilisation

Many wastes such as fly ash, sawdust , shredded plastics etc. can improve a property or properties of the cementitious composite.

There are huge materials flows in both wastes and building and construction. TecEco technology will lead the world in the race to incorporate wastes in cementitous composites


TecEco Binders - Solving Waste Problems (2)TecEco Binders - Solving Waste Problems (2)

TecEco cementitious composites represent a cost affective option for both use and immobilisation of waste.– Lower reactivity

• less water• lower pH

– Reduced solubility of heavy metals• less mobile salts

– Greater durability.• Denser.• Impermeable (tec-cements).• Dimensionally more stable with less shrinkage and cracking.

– Homogenous.– No bleed water.

TecEco Technology Converting Waste to Resource


Role of Brucite in ImmobilizationRole of Brucite in Immobilization

In a Portland cement brucite matrix– PC takes up lead, some zinc and germanium– Brucite and hydrotalcite are both excellent hosts for toxic and

hazardous wastes. – Heavy metals not taken up in the structure of Portland

cement minerals or trapped within the brucite layers end up as hydroxides with minimal solubility.The brucite in TecEco

cements has a structure comprising electronically neutral layers and is able to accommodate a wide variety of extraneous substances between the layers and cations of similar size substituting for magnesium within the layers and is known to be very suitable for toxic and hazardous waste immobilisation.

Layers of electronically neutral brucite suitable for trapping balanced cations and anions as well as other substances.

Salts and other substances trapped between the layers.

Van der waals bonding holding the layers together.


Lower Solubility of Metal HydroxidesLower Solubility of Metal Hydroxides

Pb(OH) Cr(OH) 3

Zn(OH) 2

Ag(OH) Cu(OH) 2 Ni(OH) 2 Cd(OH) 2

10 -6

10 -4

10 -2

10 0

10 2

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f D

isso

lved

Met

al, (

mg

/L)

14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Equilibrium pH of brucite is 10.52 (more ideal)*

Equilibrium pH of Portlandite is 12.35*

*Equilibrium pH’s in pure water, no other ions present. The solubility of toxic metal hydroxides is generally less at around pH 10.52 than at higher pH’s.

There is a 104 difference


Reducing Emissions During the Production of Masonry ProductsReducing Emissions During the Production of Masonry Products

The challenge is to reduce net embodied energy and chemical releases.– One obvious direction is to utilize more renewable energy and

especially non carbon cycle renewable energy such as solar and solar derived energy. Another is to eliminate gaseous emissions.

Future sustainability improvements will also involve capturing gases during manufacture– this is easiest for a magnesium component as demonstrated by

my company using tec-kiln technology characterized by calcination and grinding in a closed system and the use of non fossil fuel energy.


Sequestering carbon by utilizing carbon containing materialsSequestering carbon by utilizing carbon containing materials

During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals.

Sequestering carbon in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals.

We all use carbon and wastes to make our homes!“Biomimicry”


Sequestering Carbon as a Fiber, Filler or Massing Component

Sequestering Carbon as a Fiber, Filler or Massing Component

Carbon wastes such as sawdust and plastic if taken to landfill eventually becomes methane which is a greenhouse gas 21 times worse than CO2.– It would be better to reduce this kind of waste.– As an alternative it could be used to create new building

materials that permanently sequester the carbon component.• Examples include products made with sawdust/chips and wood

waste such as building panels and many sound reflecting or insulating panels

– In Australia a shareholder company in TecEco have made thousands of blocks utilising various wastes so there is no reason why this could not also be done in Canada.


Utilizing Carbon as a BinderUtilizing Carbon as a Binder

The concept of using carbon as a binder is not new.– Ancient and modern carbonating lime mortars are based on this

principle.– TecEco have now taken the concept a lot further however with the

development of eco-cement which is based on blending reactive magnesium oxide with other hydraulic cements. Eco-cements only carbonate in porous materials like concretes blocks and mortars and this is why the masonry industry is so well placed to take advantage of the technology.

Magnesium is a small lightweight atom and the carbonates that form contain proportionally a lot of CO2 and are stronger.

The use of eco-cements for block manufacture, particularly in conjunction with the previously mentioned closed system kiln also invented by TecEco (The Tec-Kiln) would result in sequestration on a massive scale.

As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F., 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”.


Using the right sands for carbonating mortars to allow them to carbonate

Using the right sands for carbonating mortars to allow them to carbonate

Most sands used today for 1:1:6 or 1:2:9 mortars for example are designed for hydraulic cements not carbonating lime or eco-cement mortars.– They are designed to minimise the amount of paste required for

cover– They are not designed to allow air in and walls to “breathe”

Non porous mortars will not carbonate so the lime or magnesium hydroxide component is doing little more than plasticize the mix.

More strength through carbonation would be obtained if the right sands were used.

John Harrison from TecEco will be presenting separately on this subject at this conference


SummarySummary Simple, smart and sustainable?

– TecEco cement technology has resulted in potential solutions to a number of problems with Portland and other cements including shrinkage, durability and corrosion and the immobilisation of many problem wastes and will provides a range of more sustainable building materials.

The right technology at the right time?– TecEco cement technology addresses important triple bottom line issues

solving major global problems with positive economic and social outcomes.

Climate Change Pollution

Durability Corrosion

Strength Delayed Reactions

Placement , Finishing Rheology

Shrinkage Carbon Taxes

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