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Computer Hardware and Info.
Introduction: A personal computeris made up of multiple
physical components ofcomputer hardware, upon which can
be installed a system software called operating system and amultitude ofsoftware applications to perform the operator's
desired functions.
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Computer and Info. Tech.
Competency: Though a PC comes in many different forms, a
typical personal computerconsists of a case or chassis in a tower
shape (desktop), containing components such as a motherboard.
This lesson will provide a unique view into the hardware
configuration and layout of a typical pc unit and the definition anduse of the different hardware parts.
Summary of learning:
- Identify and describe the important components.
- Cite an example of how hardware interfaces with its software.
- Gain understanding of how many parts work as a whole.Assessment:
- Identify different hardware components by sight.
- Give the functionality of a given hardware part.
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Computer and Info. Tech.
Supplies and Materials:
Equipment :
1 set Personal Computer
Peripheral Devices
Windows 7
Tools and Materials:
White boardMarker
PC
Screw drivers
References:
Microsoft Philippines,
Manual /Handbook
Minhas Davinder Singh,
2005. Computers.
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CPU
Parameters Measuring the power of the processor
Clock rate [MHz / GHz] How many signals can be triggered in 1 second? Clock rate No. of instruction processed in 1s
1MHz = 1,000,000/s; 1GHz = 1,000,000,000/s
Word length [bit]
How many bits of data can be processed at one time? Word length More data is processed at one time
Common word length: 64bits
E.g. SNES Specification (From Wikipedia)
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Basic Hardware Components
CPU
Main
Memory
Input Unit Output Unit
Secondary
Storage
Memory System
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CPU
Basic Structure
CPU
CU ALU
IR
PC
Instruction
Decoder
ACC
Registers Registers
Main
Memory
+1
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CPU
Control Unit (CU)
Program Counter (PC)
Hold the address of the next instruction
Automatically incremented by 1 after a fetch
Instruction Register (IR)
Hold currentinstructions fetched
Instruction Decoder
Interprets the current instructions stored in IR
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CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Perform all arithmetic and logical operations
Accumulator (ACC)
A register which stores the result of one arithmetic or
logical operation temporarily
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Bus System
Bus System
Group of wires
Connect different parts within a computer system
3 Types:
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
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Bus System
Bus System Data Bus
Carry data/instruction signals
Bidirectional No. of data lines = No. of bits of one data
Address Bus Carry address signals Memory Address
e.g. Instruction address, data address
Unidirectional
If n is the number of address bus, then:
Max. Addressable Memory Size = 2n
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Bus System
Bus System
Control Bus
Carry control signals
Give the controls of other parts in the computer to CU
Unidirectional
Main
Memory
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
CPU
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Main Memory
Accessible to CPU without other I/O channels
Installed on the motherboard
Faster access
2 major types:
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM ROM
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RAM vs ROM
RAM
Volatile
Data disappeared when the computer is powered off
Hold data and instructions being used / to be used
temporarily
Categories:
SRAM
DRAM
SDRAM
DDR/DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
128 MbSDRAM
RDRAM with integrated heatsink
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RAM vs ROM
ROM
Non-volatile
Hold permanent data and instructions provided by themanufacturer (firmware)
Bootstrap program: Load and initialize the OS BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):
Manage data transfers between I/O devices and CPU
Examples
P (Programmable) ROM
E (Erasable) PROM
E (Electrically) EPROM EA (Alterable) ROM
Flash Memory
Inside a USB flash drive
EPROM
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OtherMemories
CMOS Memory
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Store data for a long time
Basic information of the computer system
E.g. Type of HDD, memory capacity, etc.
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OtherMemories
Cache Memory
High speed
Stores the most frequently used data and
instructions
CPU search cache first, then RAM