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Detroit Industry, North Wall (Ford Plant at River Rouge). 1932-1933. Diego Rivera.
CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE LONG RUN: THE SPANISH CASE 1977-2013
José-Ignacio Antón & Rafael Muñoz de Bustillo University of Salamanca (Spain)
Contents of the presentation
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Data
4. Results
2
3
1. Introduction
Background Relevant literature focused on inequalities in developed countries. Explanations based on market forces -technology, international trade,
returns to education- (versus institutional features) that refers to ‘unaivodable’ labour market issues.
Relevant amount of literature focusing on employment polarisation
(David Autor, Alan Manning, Erik Olin Wright, Eurofound…) across Economics, Sociology, Industrial Relations, etc.
Most studies suggesting polarisation and the technical
change/routinisation hypothesis as the most likely explanation.
4
1. Introduction
Aims of the paper Exploring long-run trends with an uniform methodology to assess
the extent and timing of polarisation. Informative for the evolution of labour market inequalities Spain,
with very bad databases before mid 90s. Some light on some aspects of the polarisation debate
(plausibility of the explanation).
5
2. Methodology
The so-called ‘jobs approach’
Define the jobs: combination of an occupation (2-digit ISCO
category) and a sector of activity (2-digit NACE). Ranking (quintiles): rank the jobs according to earnings (or other
variable proxying job quality) create quintiles taking a year as reference (this is not innocous).
Monitoring the changes: explore the pattern of changes, how they
shape the employment structure and some features behind it.
6
2. Methodology
Creation of a job matrix
Sector of activity (2 digits)
Act 1 Act 2 … Act N
Occ
upat
ion
(2 d
igits
)
Occ 1 Job 1 Job 2 … Job N
Occ 2 Job N+1 … … Job 2·N
… … … …
Occ K Job (K-1)·N … … Job K·N
Mean/median wage
An example
7
Many possible patterns
8
Many possible patterns
9
3. Data and periods of interests
o Periods of interest
o Breaks
o Databases
10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
% o
f cha
nge
from
the
2nd
quar
ter o
f the
pre
viou
s ye
ar
Annual change of employment in Spain (%, 1978-2013)
Source: Spanish Labour Force Survey.
1977-1985
1985-1991
1991-1994
1994-2008
2008-2011
11
1977
1985
Crisis & job destruction
Expansion & job growth
1991
1994
2008
2013
Crisis & job destruction
Expansion & job growth
Crisis & job destruction
Employment cycles Occupation Activity
National Classification of
Occupations 1979
National Classification of
Occupations 1994 (compatible with
ISCO-88)
National Classification of
Occupations 2011 (inspired by ISCO-
08)
National Classification of
Economic Activities 1974 (equivalent to
NACE)
National Classification of
Economic Activities 1993 (equivalent to
NACE rev. 1 and 1.1)
National Classification of
Economic Activities 2009 (equivalent to NACE rev. 2)
12
In sum, taking into account business cycles and breaks, we analyze
o 1977-1985 (job destruction)
o 1985-1991 (job growth)
o 1991-1992 (job destruction + break)
o 1992-1993 (job destruction + break)
o 1994-2008 (job growth)
o 2008-2010 (job destruction + break)
o 2011-2013 (job destruction)
Spanish Labour Force Survey
Basic Household Budget Survey
1990-1991
Wage Structure Survey 2006 + Survey of Living Conditions
2006
Wage Structure Survey 2010
Survey of Living Conditions 2009 & 2010
13
4. Results
Overall patterns
Modernisation, de-primarisation, de-industrialisation.
The rise and fall of housing.
The rise of the Welfare State.
The polarising effects of crisis.
Other issues worth mentioning.
14
4. Results
Advancing some preliminary results Since the late 70s, modernisation of Spanish economy and
labour market: de-primarisation, de-industrialisation, rise of the Welfare State, rise of temporary work, housing bubble and financial crisis, labour market crisis.
Overall, the overall pattern is upgrading and polarisation is only
relevant in economic crisis. If polarisation is associated to small segments and periods. Is it
really so relevant? Should we be more cautious about deus ex machina
explanations?
Overall patterns
15
16 Source: AMECO.
17 Source: Spanish Labour Force Survey.
18
-600
-400
-200
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (1977-1985)
Average change
in employment:
-14.3%
19
-500
050
01,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (1985-1991)
Average change
in employment:
+19.1%
20
-100
-50
050
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (1991-1992)
-100
-50
050
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (1991-1992)
Average change
in employment:
-1.4%
21
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (1992-1993)
Average change
in employment:
-4.8%
22
050
01,
000
1,50
02,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (1994-2008)
Average change
in employment:
+59%
23
-600
-400
-200
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (2008-2010)
Average change
in employment:
-10.4%
24
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute change in employment by quintile (2011-2013)
Average change
in employment:
-8.3%
25
Modernisation, de-primarisation, de-industrialisation
26
27 Source: AMECO.
28 Source: AMECO.
29 Source: AMECO.
30
-600
-400
-200
020
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and sector of activity (1977-1985)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing High-technology industry
Low-technology industry Construction
Knowledge-intensive services Less knowledge-intensive services
Non-manufacturing industries Total
31
-500
050
01,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and sector of activity (1985-1991)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing High-technology industry
Low-technology industry Construction
Knowledge-intensive services Less knowledge-intensive services
Non-manufacturing industries Total
32
-150
-100
-50
050
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and sector of activity (1991-1992)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing High-technology industry
Low-technology industry Construction
Knowledge-intensive services Less knowledge-intensive services
Non-manufacturing industries Total
33
-500
050
01,
000
1,50
02,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and sector of activity (1994-2008)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing High-technology industry
Low-technology industry Construction
Knowledge-intensive services Less knowledge-intensive services
Non-manufacturing industries Total
34
-600
-400
-200
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and sector of activity (2008-2010)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing High-technology industry
Low-technology industry Construction
Knowledge-intensive services Less knowledge-intensive services
Non-manufacturing industries Total
35
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and sector of activity (2011-2013)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing High-technology industry
Low-technology industry Construction
Knowledge-intensive services Less knowledge-intensive services
Non-manufacturing industries Total
The rise of the Welfare State
36
37
-500
050
01,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and professional situation (1985-1991)
Private employees Public employees Employers
Self-employed workers Total
38
-100
-50
050
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile (1991-1992)
Employment in Welfare State services Total
39
-100
-50
050
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and professional situation (1991-1992)
Private employees Public employees Employers
Self-employed workers Total
40
050
01,
000
1,50
02,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile (1994-2008)
Employment in Welfare State services
Total
41
-500
050
01,
000
1,50
02,
000
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and professional situation (1994-2008)
Private employees Public employees Employers
Self-employed workers Total
42
-600
-400
-200
020
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile (2008-2010)
Employment in Welfare State services Total
43
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Thou
sand
s of
wor
kers
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile (2011-2013)
Employment in Welfare State services Total
44
-600
-400
-200
020
0Th
ousa
nds
of w
orke
rs
I II III IV V
Absolute changes in employment by quintile and professional situation (2008-2010)
Private employees Public employees Employers
Self-employed workers Total
45
Thank you very much for your attention!