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Presented by:
Sheraz, Umer , Tahir, Waseem
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What is ?
Mood is an internal, subjective state, but it often can be inferred from posture and behaviors
Etymologically, moodderives from the Old English mdwhich denoted military courage, but
could also refer to a person's humor, temper, or disposition at a particular time.
According to psychologist Robert Thayer
, mood is a product of two dimensions:
energy and tension.
Moods differ from simple emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely
to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event.
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Moods generally have either apositive or negative valence. Inother words, people typicallyspeak of being in a goodmood or a
badmood. Personality traits such as optimism
and neuroticism predispose certaintypes of moods.
Unlike acute, emotional feelingslike fear and surprise, moods oftenlast for hours or days.
Long term disturbances of moodsuch as depression and bipolardisorder are considered mooddisorders .
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What is
?
Temperament is a configuration of observable personality traits, such as habits of communication, patterns of action, and sets of characteristic attitudes, values, and talents. It
also encompasses personal needs, the kinds of contributions that individuals make in the
workplace, and the roles they play in society.
Each temperament has its own unique qualities and shortcomings, strengths and challenges.
It is important to understand that the four temperaments are not simply arbitrary collections
of characteristics, but spring from an interaction of the two basic dimensions of human
behavior: our communication and our action, our words and our deeds, or, simply,
whatwe say andwhatwe do.
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Characteristics of
Activity
Regularity
Adaptability
Initial Reaction
Mood
Distractibility
Intensity
Persistence and Attention Span
Sensitivity
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Theories of
Keirseys 4-TemperamentsKeirseys 4-Temperaments
Rudolf Steiners 4-TemperamentsRudolf Steiners 4-Temperaments
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Keirseys 4-Temperaments TheoryAll Rationals share the following core characteristics:
Rationals tend to be pragmatic, skeptical, self-contained, and
focused on problem-solving and systems analysis.
Rationals pride themselves on being ingenious, independent,
and strong willed.
Rationals make reasonable mates, individualizing parents,
and strategic leaders.
Rationals are even-tempered, they trust logic, yearn for
achievement, seek knowledge, prize technology, and dream
of understanding how the world works.
Rationals are the problem solving temperament, particularly
If the problem has to do with the many complex systems that
make up the world around us.
In working with problems, Rationals try to find solutions that
have application in the real world, but they are even more
interested in the abstract concepts involved, the
fundamental principles or natural laws that underlie the
particular case.
Rationals are very scarce, comprising as little as 5 to 10
percent of the population. But because of their drive to
unlock the secrets of nature, and to develop new
technologies, they have done much to shape our world.
All Artisans share the following core characteristics: Artisans tend to be fun-loving, optimistic, realistic, and focused
on the here and now
Artisans pride themselves on being unconventional, bold, andspontaneous.
Artisans make playful mates, creative parents, and
troubleshooting leaders.
Artisans are excitable, trust their impulses, want to make a
splash, seek stimulation, prize freedom, and dream of mastering
action skills.
Artisans are the temperament with a natural ability to excel In
any of the arts, not only the fine arts such as painting and
sculpting, or the performing arts such as music, theater, and
dance, but also the athletic, military, political, mechanical, andindustrial arts, as well as the "art of the deal" in business.
Artisans have exceptionally keen senses, and love working with
their hands. They seem right at home with tools, instruments,
and vehicles of all kinds, and their actions are usually aimed at
getting them where they want to go, and as quickly as possible
There are many Artisans, perhaps 30 to 35 percent of the
population, which is good, because they create much of the
beauty, grace, fun, and excitement the rest of us enjoy in life.
All Guardians share the following core characteristics:Guardians pride themselves on being dependable, helpful,
and hard-working.
Guardians make loyal mates, responsible parents, and
stabilizing leaders.
Guardians tend to be dutiful, cautious, humble, and focused
on credentials and traditions.
Guardians are concerned citizens who trust authority, join
groups, seek security, prize gratitude, and dream of meting
out justice.
Guardians can have a lot of fun with their friends, but they
are quite serious about their duties and responsibilities.Guardians take pride in being dependableand trustworthy
Practical and down-to-earth
Guardians make up as much as 40 to 45 percent of the
population, and a good thing, because they usually end up
doing all the indispensable butthankless jobs the rest of us
take for granted
All Idealists share the following core characteristics:Idealists are enthusiastic, they trust their intuition, yearn for
romance, seek their true self, prize meaningful relationships,
and dream of attaining wisdom.Idealists pride themselves on being loving, kindhearted, and
authentic.
Idealists tend to be giving, trusting, spiritual, and they are
focused on personal journeys and human potentials.
Idealists make intense mates, nurturing parents, and
inspirational leaders.
Idealists, as a temperament, are passionately concerned with
personal growth and development. Idealists strive to
discover who they are and how they can become their bestpossible self -- always this quest for self-knowledge and self-
improvement drives their imagination.
Highly ethical in their actions, Idealists hold themselves to a
strict standard of personal integrity.
Idealists are relatively rare, making up no more than 15 to 20
percent of the population. But their ability to inspire people
with their enthusiasm and their idealism has given them
influence far beyond their numbers.
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SANGUINEin incl
usion
One interesting characteristic of the Sanguine temperament is a tendency to exaggerate. A
good time is remembered as a terrific event. A modest accomplishment becomes a major
victory.
Strengths of those blessed with this temperament include:
1. Being Friendly and Approachable
2. Inspirational to Others
3. Very Relationship Oriented4. Genuinely Liking People
5. Perennially Optimistic
SANGUINE in affection
Sanguine in Affection refers to the need for deep relationships, closeness, love, and
affection.
Emotionally available, easy to get to know, open and friendly. Of all the temperament types,
the Sanguine is easily the most outgoing, easy to get to know, and lovable. They will value
friendship, love, and close interaction much more than physical possessions. They live to
establish deep personal relationships
SANGUINE in control
Sanguine of control in relationships has to do with decision making ability, willingness to
responsibility, and the need for independence. Primarily males, the composed less than two
percent of the population. This difficult area of the temperament is in a way "double-
minded." The problem comes because while one who is Sanguine in Control will want to be
in charge, but also want others to be in control. Typically they will flip-flop from one mode
to the other. This instability can lead to neurotic condition.
Rudolf Steiners 4-Temperaments
SANGUINE
PHLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
MELANCHOLIC
SUPINE
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CHOLERIC ininclusion
ACholeric in Inclusion tends to be seen as open, friendly, confident, outgoing, optimistic,
and tough-minded. They typically will exhibit a good mind for envisioning new projects
and is an extrovert of a highly selective nature.
On the downside, a Choleric who is not getting his way will often be hot tempered. They
will use people to get their way, and can be cruel and angry when frustrated, which can
happen easily.
Cholerics tend to dominate conversations. If you find yourself having trouble getting a
word in edgewise, you are likely dealing with a Choleric. They will try to be careful not to
be rude, but will consistently work at dominating
. They are fast-paced and demand that things be done correctly and swiftly. "Do It and
Do It Now" is their slogan. Procrastination is not a characteristic of a Choleric in
inclusion.
CHOLERIC incontrol
ACholeric in Control is typically an excellent leader, capable of quick and accurate
decisions based on facts rather than emotions. Capable of carrying considerable
responsibility, the people tend to have significant quantities ofwill-power. The complete
the tasks they set out to accomplish.
On the negative side, Cholerics in Control can be angry and cruel. The have been known
to be uncaring, abusive and ruthless.A
major flaw
that appears is the failure to care forthe people they are leading, and to look down on those who have less strength ofwill.
Rudolf Steiners 4-Temperaments
SANGUINE
PHLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
MELANCHOLIC
SUPINE
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PHLEGMATIC ininclusion
The Phlegmatic in inclusion is a "steady as she goes" sort of person. People with a
Phlegmatic temperament slowly proceed through life expending as little energy as possible.
They are the one who used to get gold watches for fifty years of faithful service doing the
same booking job they started when they were 19.
Phlegmatic persons tend to be observers of life rather than doers. Since Phlegmatics take
few chances and break few rules, they generally lead safe but boring lives. Many
Phlegmatics have not experienced the need forG
od that thosew
ho operate in othertemperaments are likely to experience
Phlegmatics take an easy going approach to life. They like to take a nap, not over-exert
themselves, and rarely volunteer for anything. They work best if there is little pressure and
little risk. They like to become expert at something, insuring their value in the future.
PHLEGMATIC incontrolThose who are Phlegmatic in control are able to perform boring or tedious work to a high
standard of perfection.
Phlegmatics in Control can also be extraordinarily stubborn. A self-righteous Phlegmatic is
an impossible to move individual, who's mind is already made up, regardless of the facts.
The Phlegmatic in Control can make a great moderator or negotiator. Unflappable, they
remain unemotional and objective. While others border on violence, these peacemakers
"Peace at Any Price" is the motto of a Phlegmatic
Humor and
w
it are frequent tools that the Phlegmaticw
ill use to keep others at areasonable distance, especially Cholerics who are trying to boss them around.
Rudolf Steiners 4-Temperaments
SANGUINE
PHLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
MELANCHOLIC
SUPINE
Phlegmatic In Affection
The area of affection includes the needs of the individual for close personal relationships,
love and affection.
In the area of affection, the Phlegmatic is the most stable of all the temperaments. They
neither smother others with too much attention, nor do they remain cool and
distant. They place realistic demands on others and are able to respond to others needs
with a reasonable amount of energy.
The Phlegmatic tends not to have a problem with fear of rejection, and they seem to be
able to deal with hostile or angry people.
The Phlegmatic in Affection prefers things to be stable and cool and will have no interest
in conflict. They will tend not to care if others are unhappy, as their tendency toward
self-righteousness tells them it is the other persons problem.
Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady during the Presidency of FDR, is thought to have been a
Phlegmatic.
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MELONCHOLIC incontrol
A Melancholy in Control is a very independently minded person. They will tolerate very little
interference in their lives. They have a hard time submitting to authority due to this
independent nature.
In areas where they are well informed, Melancholies easily make good decisions without
delay. However, if faced with making decisions about things they know little about, they will
tend to procrastinate, often becoming angry or upset.
On the surface a Melancholy in
Control
will al
ways try to appear calm, competent, and in
complete control. This mask is used to cover up any self-doubt or perceived
inadequacies. Melancholies have a great fear of being wrong or making a mistake.
When confronted for making a mistake ,a Melancholy will typically respond with anger. On
the other hand, when making decisions and operating in areas where they are well
informed, they will tend to make confident, well-considered decisions and demonstrate
good leadership qualities.
MELANCHOLIC In Affection
Melancholies in Affection have little need for close, personal relationships, and are mostly
to provide others with any significant amount of love either.
On the surface they appear to be cold and guarded, but in truth, they can be tender-
hearting and caring.
Very few people will become close to a Melancholy in Affection, but those that do will find
themselves with a fiercely loyal and faithful friend. If they are hurt or injured in this
relationship, they are likely to seek revenge.
MELONCHOLIC ininclusion
Hippocrates referred to the Melancholy as the "black temperament." People with this
temperament are prone to depression. They can bring a deep depression on themselves
just by thinking!
The Melancholy mind is always turning, always thinking. There is a tremendous amount of
energy expended in this thought process. If the thought process is channeled along positive
paths, incredible and wonderful results can blossom. As their thoughts spin downward, so
does their mood, their self-esteem, and their outlook on life.The Melancholy temperament is very common. The Good News is that a spirit-filled
Melancholy is a marvel to behold. When they learn to channel their powerful thought
processes in harmony with the Spirit, wonderful things happen.
Rudolf Steiners 4-Temperaments
SANGUINE
PHLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
MELANCHOLIC
SUPINE
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SUPINE in Affection
Because of their inability or unwillingness to express their needs, most Supines in Affection
fail to get their needs met. While they appear reserved and cool, the fact is they are truly
in need of a lot of close, personal affection, love, and attention. Since they find it nearly
impossible to to actually express themselves, they simply cannot get their needs
communicated. The image of a prisoner bound and gagged is not far from the truth of
being a Supine in Affection.
Ho
wever, if a Supine In
Affection actually feels safe in a close, personal relationship, they can
respond and return expressions of caring. They can become intensely loyal, producing
absolute, complete faithfulness. No temperament is more prone to this kind of intense
loyalty.
SUPINE in inclusion
The Supine in Inclusion is a temperament that has many interests and cares, but little ability
or need to express their needs. He often has a wish or desire, but is unable or unwilling to
express himself. Supine In Inclusion people often wish that others could "readtheirminds.
They are too sensitive or easily offended. Slow-paced and diligent, Supines are not
indifferent or uncaring about life. Quite the opposite, they may have the strong feeling of
the Sanguine but simply be unwilling to express themselves.
Supines have a vie
wof the
world that makes them consider others to be superior to
themselves. They frequently employ themselves in positions that permit them to be
servants to others. The will dutifully work to please others, who they see a better than
themselves.
SUPINE In Control
The area ofControl deals with decision making, willingness to take on responsibility, and the
for independence. A Supine in Control will always be inclined to seek out others advice
when trying to make a decision. Supines feel very inadequate and consider themselves
incapable of making a good decision on their own. They make seek out the counsel of
several, and become quite confused if they receive differing opinions. They have such an
intense need to serve others, they often become "naturalborn victims.
A supine in Control is also like to be an the type of person who harbors a great deal of anger
and resentment.
Supine in Control individuals like to be involved in the decision making process, and will be
offended if left out, but they do not want to make the final decisions or assume the
responsibility for them.
Life is not easy for the Supine in Control. As youngsters, they are often tormented and
abused by other children. They are typically slow to fight back. Instead they tend to
internalize their anger and hurt, actually believing they deserve the treatment they receive.
Rudolf Steiners 4-Temperaments
SANGUINE
PHLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
MELANCHOLIC
SUPINE
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What is ?
CONFLICT can be defined as "when two ormore parties, with perceived incompatiblegoals, seek to undermine each other's goal-seeking capability".
Conflict is actual or perceived opposition ofneeds, values and interests. A conflict canbe internal (within oneself) or external
(between two or more individuals).Conflict as a concept can help explain manyaspects of social life such as socialdisagreement, conflicts of interests, andfights between individuals, groups, ororganizations.
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Types of
community conflict diplomatic conflict
economic conflict
emotionalconflict
environmental resources conflict
groupconflict
ideological conflict
international conflict interpersonal conflict
intersocietal conflict
racial conflict
intrastate conflict (for example: civilwars,electioncampaigns)
intrapersonal conflict
organizational conflict
intra-societal conflict
militaryconflict
religious-based conflict workplaceconflict
data conflict
relationship conflict
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Causes of
STRUCTURAL FACTORS
Authority Relationships (The boss and
employees beneath them)
Common Resources
Goal Differences
Interdependence Jurisdictional Ambiguities
Specialization (The experts in fields)
Status inconsistencies
Need of land, water and food (whole
country)
PERSONAL FACTORS
Communication barriers
Conflict management style
Cultural differences
Emotions
Perception Personalities
Skills and abilities
Values and Ethics
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Theorists have claimed that parties can conceptualize responses to conflict according to a two
dimensional scheme; concern for one's own outcomes and concern for the outcomes of the
other party. This scheme leads to the following POSSIBITIES:
COMPROMISE
High concern for both one's own and the other
party's outcomes leads to attempts to find
mutually beneficial solutions.
EITHER WILL WIN
High concern for anyone party outcomes only
leads to attempts to "win" the conflict.
AVOID THE CONFLICT
No concern for either side's outcomes leads to
attempts to avoid the conflict.
Either will
win
Either will
win
Avoid the conflictAvoid the conflict
CompromiseCompromise
Resolution of
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and Emotions
There are many components to the emotions
that are intertwined with conflict.
Behavioral- Component
The way emotional experience gets expressed which
can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-
intentional.
Physiological-Component
The bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions
make us feel in comparison to our identity. Cognitive-Component
The idea that we "assess or appraise" an event to
reveal its relevancy to ourselves.
These three components collectively advise that "the
meanings of emotional experience
BehavioralBehavioral
PhysiologicalPhysiological
CognitiveCognitive
CulturalValues
CulturalValues
PracticesPractices
BeliefsBeliefs
Expression are determined by cultural values,
beliefs, and practices.
Cultural values-culture tells people who are a part of it, "Which
emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations"
and "what emotions are to be felt."
Practices-This escalation results from "anger or frustration."
Beliefs-This escalation results from "negative perceptions of the
annoyer's character."
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WaysofaddressingconflictFive basic ways of addressing conflict were identified by
Thomas and Kilman in 1976
Accommodation surrender one's own needs and wishes to accommodate the other party.
Avoidance avoid or postpone conflict by ignoring it, changing the subject, etc. Avoidance can be usefulas a temporary measure to buy time or as an expedient means of dealing with very minor, non-recurring
conflicts. In more severe cases, conflict avoidance can involve severing a relationship or leaving a group.
Collaboration work together to find a mutually beneficial solution. While the Thomas Kilman gridviews collaboration as the only win-win solution to conflict, collaboration can also be time-intensive and
inappropriate when there is not enough trust, respect or communication among participants forcollaboration to occur.
Compromise find a middle ground in which each party is partially satisfied.
Competition assert one's viewpoint at the potential expense of another. It can be useful whenachieving one's objectives outweighs one's concern for the relationship.
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Muhammad Sheraz AlamWaseem SarwarHafiz .Muhammad UmerMuhammad TahirMuhammad Sheraz AlamWaseem SarwarHafiz .Muhammad UmerMuhammad TahirMuhammad Sheraz AlamWaseem SarwarHafiz .Muhammad UmerMuhammad Tahir