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If look in to computer there are so many components, but there are some

key components without that computer will be useless and one of the

smallest key

component that we identified was Microprocessor.

Actually we could say today if there were no microprocessor then there

won't be laptops .

WHY..


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Microprocessor is the latest form of processor or CPU. Microprocessor is

a single chip circuit integrated with all qualities of CPU with few new

circuits. Its processing speed is greater than CPU. Today all latest

processor CPUs are microprocessor. Microprocessor is developed for

multipurpose. It is capable in accepting and storing data and process them

in output as a result according to instructions. This invention has changed

the whole CPU/processor. Processing power cost has been introduced

with increase in processing speed. Before microprocessor, medium and

small scale circuits were used for small computers. But now small

computers requires one or few large scale circuits.

WHAT IS Microprocessor ??


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The microprocessor contains all, or most of, the central processing unit

(CPU) functions and is the "engine" that goes into motion when you turn

your computer on. A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and

logic operations that make use of small number-holding areas called

registers. Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting,

comparing two numbers, and fetching numbers from one area to another.

These operations are the result of a set of instructions that are part of

the microprocessor design.

When your computer is turned on, the microprocessor gets the first

instruction from the basic input/output system (BIOS) that comes with

the computer as part of its memory. After that, either the BIOS, or the

operating system that BIOS loads into computer memory, or an application

program is "driving" the microprocessor, giving it instructions to perform.


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The first use of the term "microprocessor" is attributed to Viatron

Computer Systems describing the custom integrated circuit used in their

System 21 small computer system announced in 1968.

By the late-1960s, designers were striving to integrate the central

processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI

chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chip sets. Building on 8-bitarithmetic logic units (3800/3804) he designed earlier at Fairchild, in 1969

Lee Boysel created the Four-Phase Systems Inc. AL-1 an 8-bit CPU slice

that was expandable to 32-bits. In 1970, Steve Geller and Ray Holt of

Garrett Ai Research designed the MP944 chip set to implement the F-14A

Central Air Data Computer on six metal-gate chips fabricated by AMI.

History about Microprocessor


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Intel introduced its first 4-bit microprocessor 4004 in 1971 and its

8-bit

microprocessor or 8008 in 1972. During the 1960s, computer processors

were constructed out of small and medium scale ICs each containing from

tens of transistors to a few hundred.

These were placed and soldered onto printed circuit boards, and

often multiple boards were interconnected in a chassis. The large number

of discrete logic gates used more electrical power and therefore produced

more heat than a more integrated design with fewer ICs. The distance that

signals had to travel between ICs on the boards limited a computer's

operating speed.


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The Intel 40044004is generally regarded as the first commercially available

microprocessor, and cost $60. The first known advertisement for the 40044004

is dated November 15, 19711971and appeared in Electronic News

Clock rate 740 kHz

Bus width 4 bits

Number of transistors 2,300 at 10 m

Programmable memory 4KB

The Intel 8008 runs at 0.5 MHz, the 8008-1 at 0.8 MHz It contains 3500

transistors realized in PMOS technology at 10-micron. For comparison, an

Intel Pentium 4 consists of 178.000.000 transistors manufactured in 0.13-

micron.


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With Micro controller microprocessor

become more powerful.

As we speaking today latest skylake

microprocessor Core i7 Skylake K has

1,750,000,000 number of transistors.

Xilinx currently holds the "world-

record" for a FPGA containing more

than 20 billion transistors.

According to Moore's Law, the

transistor count of the integrated

circuits doubles approximately every

two years.


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How is this work..


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There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but

those are its three basic activities. E xtremely simple microprocessor

capable of doing those three things.

A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another .

A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of

instructions based on those decisions .

Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform

mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division.


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This is about as simple as a microprocessor gets. This

microprocessor has:

An address busaddress bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that sends an address to

memory

A data busdata bus(that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory

or receive data from memory

An RDRD(read) andWRWR(write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set

or get the addressed location

A clock lineclock line that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor

A reset linereset line that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and

restarts execution


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Microprocessor

Advantages..

Advantages of Microprocessors is that these are general purpose

electronic processing devices which can be programmed to execute a

number of tasks. These are used in personal computers as well as a

number of other embedded products.

There are no disadvantages as such but when compared tofixed logic

devices or certain ASICs (application specific intergrated circuits), there is

a need to program Microprocessors and write software/firmware when

used in embedded applications.


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Function The function of a Microprocessor is to conduct arithmetic and

logicoperations.

Speed

One advantage of a Microprocessor is its speed, which is measuredinhertz. For instance, a Microprocessor with 3 gigahertz, shortly GHz,iscapable of performing 3 billion tasks per second.

Data Movement Another advantage of a Microprocessor is that it can quickly

movedata between the various memory locations.

ComplexMathematics Microprocessors are used to perform complicated

mathematical

operations, like operating on the floating point


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Some of the disadvantages with the Microprocessor are that it might get

over-heated.

The limitation it imposes on the size of data.

Disadvantages..


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http://scanftree.com /

http://petsd.net/8008.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/microprocessor-logic-chip

http://www.differencebtw.com/difference-between-processor-and-

microprocessor/

http://www.intel.com/

References..


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TThhaannkkYYoouu!!

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