Presentation of New Zealand Statute Law

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Ocobr 2008, Wngon, Nw Zn | R e p O R t 1 0 4

e31(104)

pReseNtatiON OfNeW ZealaNd statute laW

iN CONJuNCtiON WitHpaRliaMeNtaRY COuNsel OffiCe


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Presentation ofnew Zealand statute law

in ConJunCtion witHParliaMentarY Counsel offiCe

ocb 2008, wg, n Z | r e P o r t 1 0 4

e31(104)


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Geoffrey Palmer

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i i iPresentat ion of New Zealand Statute Law


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n h n Z ccb - chg vy, hg mch b h hy . B h chgy mk m mpvm . w b gg bk h pp h c h y my. w hv b y g g h g .

w hv b hb n Z pg bg mg ac, mm v cc. th h h cqc g ch h h. i b b my c g

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th p c m q -chg cmm. i cmm x n Z h c b . i cmm pgmm g h --. i cmm ymc pgmm vg y h hy -y. i cmm h h hc h g -cg b v.

th n Z bk php h m mp p n Z’ g c. w b jb 100 y g

gg bk, vg kpg p-- h . i m cp h b py mhg h y m.

Sir Geoffrey Palmer

P

FOREWORD

i v Law Commiss ion Report


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C oc pp h cmm h p. th Cmmxp cb g h c.

w g h v gc h m bm 2007 pp. thy :

acc Cmp Cp

achv n Z

a Bcg

ack dc l scy lby Cmm

Bk l

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l G

B G

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n Z l s’ ac

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Pbc l Cmm, wg dc l scy

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sc Cmm

ty

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

vPresentat ion of New Zealand Statute Law


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w g h v gc h hv m h c h vv h c. thy :

tmhy a-M, scc appc im Cp Py l

th r H Jc Bch

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Ch lgv C, dpm Jc, Gvm Yk, C

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l rv C, u s H rpv

lgv C, dpm Jc ay-G, ab, C

lgv C, dpm Jc, Gvm Mb, C

lgv dv, dpm Jc, Gvm nv, C

lgv svc, oc h Ch Pmy C, Vc, a

lxnx n Z l

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n Z ecc tx C

oc lgv C, My ay-G, Bh Cmb,C

oc h Ch lgv C, lgv svc Bch, Jc C

oc Pbc sc im, u Kgm

scCpy

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u Kgm

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Jh Zzk

w hk r C, h Pmy C oc, h gy cc h xc, cy pbh hc ch xg, pg v n Z. th hc m m pmy 2007 pp, b m h p.

The Commissioners responsible for this reference were John Burrows and Geoffrey

Palmer assisted by Zoë Prebble, Legal and Policy Adviser. George Tanner, Commissioner,

and Geoff Lawn, Senior Consultant, have also provided valuable input.

v i Law Commiss ion Report


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ConTenTs

f .............................................................................................................................vackgm ..............................................................................................................v

summary

Hc ac ......................................................................................................................4ix .....................................................................................................................................5rv ................................................................................................................................6th n Z lg wb h cpy ......................................................7a lg ac .........................................................................................................8Cc ..........................................................................................................................9Mc .......................................................................................................................9Cc ............................................................................................................................9

smmy cmm .....................................................................................................10

ChapTer 1

acc g ......................................................................................................................12

th bg ....................................................................................................................12th m h bg ........................................................................................16Cc ..........................................................................................................................22

ChapTer 2

th n Z lg wb lg sym .................................................23

Cmp h Pal pjc..........................................................................................24scp h Pal pjc ...................................................................................................24objcv h Pal pjc............................................................................................24tchc pcc Pal ....................................................................................25Gvm- g b ..........................................................................25ocg h g b .................................................................................26Bg chg cpby h n Z lg wb ................28Pb bg h n Z lg wb ................................30H cpy cc cc ac ...........................................................................31Cc gg h cpy cc cc ..................................................34

ChapTer 3

C pbm h ccg ..............................................................................35

o h bk ...................................................................................................35

P egh g .......................................................................................................42Mch m ac .................................................................................................44

Presentation ofNew Zealand Statute Law

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ob ac ac pg ...........................................46icc b ac ..........................................................................................47smmy ............................................................................................................................48

ChapTer 4

Pv hc ac ......................................................................................................49

th mpc pvg hc ac .................................................................49dg hc ac ....................................................................................53t : pv cc .................................................................................54Pvg cc cc hc ac ..................................................................58Cc ..........................................................................................................................64

ChapTer 5

ixg ..........................................................................................................................................65

wh x? ..............................................................................................................66ix g n Z ..............................................................................69ix g v jc ................................................................71

th x ........................................................................................................78th pc x ...............................................................................................79th yp x ...............................................................................................................84Cc cmm ..................................................................................88

ChapTer 6

rpg .....................................................................................................................................89

Hy pg n Z ..............................................................................90th pg: h lg sym .....................................................96Cc ........................................................................................................................98Mc .....................................................................................................................99

ChapTer 7rv .................................................................................................................................... 101

ic .................................................................................................................... 101Hy v n Z288 .......................................................................... 102th c v ....................................................................................................... 104th 1908 n Z v .................................................................................... 106oh jc .......................................................................................................... 107a pgmm v n Z ................................................................... 116impvg h y g m .................................................................... 123

ChapTer 8

Cc ................................................................................................................................. 126Mg “c” .......................................................................................................... 126Cc n Z .......................................................................................... 129Cc ..................................................................................................................... 132

ChapTer 9

n lg ac .................................................................................................................. 133

Pp ........................................................................................................................... 133Pp ........................................................................................................................... 133C h ac ................................................................................................. 134Cc ....................................................................................................................... 136

appendixlg B ............................................................................................................................. 141

2 Law Commiss ion Report

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Summary

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th h bg mk ccb cz. Pp hv 2by h ; gc xc. s hy b b . thy pc h hy c. Mv, hch

ccb xpv m bh m my.

th h pc ccby. f h h b pbcy vb.3scy h b vgb. w m by h h h k h h h p h . thy h h b c; h b y pb gv c. sm p vby b cmpx bc hy hv g cmpcm, b h h b m h h

b bc h y p. i mp h j y. My pp h gy h

h jb (mpy gvm pm, c h, ). Mmb Pm h p bb hm. Pp h h mk bm b gghgh Pm h b b h b.

n Z pm gh h pc ccby –4vby. th y bg h pbh ac Pm h cpy. Mv 2008 h n Z lg wb v. i b vy hv cc ac Pm. th , hv, vby pbm. i cy y h cc ac, v gg bck h 19h

cy. i cy hm ppy hg m g. th ac y vb.thy h n Z lg wb. thgh gycp h Pal pjc c hc ac, h n Zlg wb c b xp c hm h . Cmp h by my b m h vm vy p .

i pc h h pc ccby, vgby cy,5gc pg h b m, b h m mpvm.i vy c ypp, v xp, h y

h pc pc hy h h hy hv . ev pp h g xpc c hv cy.H m h pbm.



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p pgmm. rpg hp, b c y g c h yg pbm h h bk.th phbc , b pp x. u i k h k, i k mg mp pv h c m. th ch cy h n Z lg wb g y .

th pbm ggv by h c h h pc c b5.2c v g mb ac. smm, ,

pc pc c b h h xpc .

Pv h m pc ac c b h cc h5.3ch h. th php p. o bck v

h y hv b m by my pp. o h m c k p c hv pm yg cc ppy c g.

th m pv ac h c b h hv5.4 b g b v . th pv h y 1908 hch q cc h bk hv hpc k.

sm ac vy cmpc y y.5.5sc c mm v 200 . sch g vyc .

t mk m , m ac m m m m h5.6hy c. th ac h m h b m,h m c c b . smm h mm y m h g mm hy hchm h ac. a h c cmphby.

i cmpx m cy c v xpc b mp, 6

xpc y pp b b h g c.smm v ac h k mp b pc c.B c b g h cy . i pb mhg b h h l Cmmgy bv h mhg m b . i h p pp m .

7 J bc ac h b p m y g b. rp ac . thy my b by h.thy p c hy. B hy by y jg– qy. smm p ac my b v bc

m cq gh h c. f xmp, bk v c g my b gv by h Cpyghac hch pc h p 1994. Mv hp

HISTORICAL

ACTS



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k h g pc g b h mv. i pg h ac q c h c c hm h jgm. th p gv my xmp.

Y cc m h pbmc. My b 8

cy cmp hm, v h hy h m pcvm h hv g vy b . i h 19h cy h ac p yp pp hch h vy by, h ph pg c h h hy ch . o b c hm“h hg ”. th vm m k hv b cp mcm by h n lby, b hy y ccb.th p cmm h h b gy cp mccb b. th h b y h pv ccby. ov jc g xcy h, h xpcgg h xpv mgh hk. a b c b pp, b pv m h h b pb

h 19h cy h $100,000. w cmmh h k b pb.

9 w cmm h bjc x n Z h bc. o pv m pbh x, b bv h ’pby pc hch cmphv pb.i , b h m 1931. w hk h by x bv h g h yg. am vy h m gpc pbc, ch cycp, h x. i mkbh x mhg mp .

Cy h n Z lg wb h ch cy, b h 10 h m hg. ix c hg h ch cy c .a ch c y m h x h k by h .a x ccp. i c k h by h h x y yym h pp h c h ac, c v c h mpc h h xpc. Mv, xc “hk” h by g cg pc h h hv gc h h vc. w h cmmh pc x. i h b pb. i h b c pb: h h p p h h h b ccb c. th, h gg cy ac Pm, h xpc pp yym h xp: “vc” “ mg” “pp ” “ phbg pbc.”

w hk x h b vb bh cc m h cpy.11Bh hv h pcv vg: cc x c c hypk h x, h h cpy x pv g cy p cmp mb c. sc bh hv h vg, bhh b vb.

th q h h pp h x. ixg hghy12pc k, g xg m pc g. ixg q xpc xp. w m by xg xp h

g x c b cy c by cmp. thy hv

INDEX



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pg y. a pgmm h h g pg m, h h g g m mhg mg. wh vgac, h PCo’ k b mk h .i m h v h pc pcy b chg,h c b p h v pc g

pcy m b q.

th x q h v b b c. i hy b17 k y h b b Pm, hy k vy g m b c: hy vby k c pc m mmpc cc. Mv, hy bjc h y Pmypc h b k h pcy b -g, v b vg pcy.

wh pc pc hch h v b bjc18 pp cy m Pmy c h bg b

b p m xpy h h g. oh jc ch C h u Kgm hv v -ck pc ch

b. a hv , v b chg yhg bc:hy mpy p h xg bc m ccb m.

s h pp pc h g k. f, h v19 b h b cmp, h b xm by cmm m gxp. w gg h hy mgh b h Ch Pmy C,h sc-G, h P h l Cmm Jgpp by h ay-G. th k b cy h h b chg h bc h , b mpy p m

ccb m. th b h c b b Pm, pc c cmm. th k h c cmm b h h chg h cyxp h h v p h b ppy . i h cmmcmm h h b b p, b p bck h H, b m hv cv h g h 20 gy h H p gv . sch c b mv

by y mmb.

th pc, bv, chv h c g h h20pc vy py c, y h Pm h pp

ppy c h cm.

21 th n Z lg wb v h bgg 2008.i mk g vb ccy chg m b m by h C. acc ac vb h b vy c. th b pv cc g hmm cp pb h mm p.th p m h b’ h vg. Cy hac h b “c”: h c chckg b b h hpp. wh h jb h ac h b bm c. th chckg pc c “c”. th cy y bg pbh ac h cpy. th l Cmmc h h h b bg h pbh g cc m.

THE

NEW ZEALAND

LEGISLATION

WEBSITE AND

HARD COPY



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Hv h l Cmm bv h p h b b h22b bg, h m mp pc ac pbh hcpy. sm hv, y hv, p pc hcpy. H cpy m hg b . i g ppc h v chm ac c phyc pg;

ch h h cgv vg g m ppg. wh b pg ’ cpy ac m h b b m pp, b vy ccmc. s h l Cmm h v h pbc ac Pm h cpy h c .

th pg by h PCo ac cpg mm h b 23mp ym g m. f mb y pac b vm. a pv m Bk h, b h PCo vy g pbh p ac vpmph, h h bg hm vm.

th l Cmm bv h h pg vc h c 24 g h vb m . w bv h PCo h hvg p mk chg h pg: h cc bv k pg mk. th b , hv,h p h cpy g --. i h g h n Zlg wb h h g. i y gh p--. s hcpy p cy hv h b, vm , chck h mm h hv b c h p.Hv, h p m chgy hchmy pv h h h p h cpy: p m.

n chgy pb cmmc p p mh b p-- cp ac, b vm ac, - b. th, p c k pch cm vm p--h-m ac pc bjc1. Cm hv pym h, b bv h b g pp py x h vv vc.

25 th l Cmm bv h g b q c h pc pg v b, p h mk

g vb ccy, pv cc g bc. B h hk b bg gh j h pv, b h g ac Pm. thy c h ac rg Pbc ac 1989, hrg (dc) ac 1989 h ip ac 1999.th cg h Pmy C oc (h s dg Cmp ac 1920) cy bg v: c h v h

b cmp h b c pcm hc , h c b h cmp pc g.th h pv b ac Pm b pc.th appx h p c lg B. th b h bpc pcpy xmp h h pp v p

b xc pc v h ac g g gvc h cmm h p h q g.

A NEW

LEGISLATION

ACT



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26 w hv c h q cc, h y pchby b cmb g ch c hchc b g gc ccg bjc m. evy bcm g p h g c, y mm h y h ppp pc h c. i h

u s hy hv c h k. sch c c b y cmphv c h k h x ep. i mpyc bgg gh ac Pm.

th l Cmm, h g h h h c, hk 27 y mbk ch v. i b vy c chv bh pc v cmp. i h p h cmm hh h pc v h b cmp h pby cch b v.

28 i h c h p cv mb h m. f xmp,

cmm h pp mm ac b xvy chg h pcp ac, pb p h pcp ac g, h h m . lg mm hv bpb mkg my ac mch ch b h hyh b. thy cy mbg c p hg.

th p xp cc b mm ac h x29 h bcm p h pcp ac. wh h pcp ac p h mm hv b py p h .thy c “k”. thy c y b vk, h c h bg g gh. w cmm h-x mm b y h by cy.

30 s h h h p mpy h h vyhg pb mk m y, m b mb. l x h pbc. th pbc h b h pmc m. o ac mch m vb – hy c

b v, , h n Z lg wb. i vy mp mk h m h vby, h h ac c b y, vg . ac Pm m mmp cm. i h hy b ccb. tkg h

pcc c h cmm h p mpv h ccby ac n Z.

CODIFICATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CONCLUSION



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CHAPTER 1: Summary

Summaryof recommendations

R1 f h b , h cpy v ac h c bpc m vb b c h pbc.

R2 a cc hc n Z ac, cg h “hg”, h b cp gy pb m pbcyvb .

i h h mm m, h hc ac h b cp PdfR3m g opc Chc rcg (oCr), m vb b v k m h n Z lg wb.

i h g m, c h b gv cpg h hc acR4 m h b h g h n Z lg

wb h h ch h h b c b pc hc c ac.

R5 th gvm h g x n Z’ ac bpc h y.

th x h b vb h cpy ccy.R6

th pcv c b hvg h PCo pc x, gR7 ccg h k cmmc x, h b xp.

th x h b cy p cc m. a h cpy vR8h b pc c vy y. H cp h bvb v p m, b h mg h hgh pcc c h h m vy.

i cmmc x pp h g x, h pby hR9pg c h b cy mg. o cmm h hPCo h b pb pg h x.

R10 th c ym h PCo pg v h cpy hc h b .

rp h b vb p m b h R11b h h p-- v ac, h vm ac pc pc.

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6



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th ym hc c h c .R12

w cmm h q bck.

Pc p h b k h k c, xmp,R13 pv pp pv, hpg pc.

wh pg , bh cc h cpy m, h hR14 b hc p cc mk h chg h chp.

R15 th PCo h k pgmm v, h m

hch mk h m ccb h chgg h bc.

th PCo h hv y p h g, pcmR16 h pv bjc v.

wh v cmp h b c by cmm cmpg hR17Ch Pmy C, h sc-G, h P h lCmm jg pp by h ay-G, chgg y h p h , mg p.

th v b, c c, h b p by h m PmyR18

pc cb h chp.

i b vv chg bc pcy b bjc h mR19pmy pc.

i h c h pc v pv h bR20 h g q, hy h b pp p hgh hmm mb s (rp) B.

th pb h pp g h h bR21h, pp mg ac mk b -chg chg

h ac, h ac h gy b p cmpy pc.

R22 th ppc cc h b c ch m pgmm v h b cmp y cmp.

R23 th h b lg ac cmbg h pv hip ac 1999, ac rg Pbc ac 1989, rg(dc) ac 1989, s dg Cmp ac 1920( m qv), cg pv gv c hcmm c h p. a b h k pp h p. (th b cv y).

CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 9



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CHAPTER 1: Access to legis lat ion

Chapter 1Access to legislation

IN TH IS CHAPTER, WE CONSIDER

the nature and extent of the state’s obligation to ensure that Acts of·

Parliament are accessible to its citizens; and

what is required to full this obligation, and ensure that Acts are available,·

navigable and clear.

The scope of this report1

i m pcp y g ym h h m b ccb1.1 h pbc. igc h xc bc vy pm

k h . th pmp b ppb h vb ccb . th h h ’ccby. i h b cv, c b h pbc k h . lck vby h bg chck gg h by h c hmv.

th n Z, k h eg, v m m h 1.2c. th cmm h h b b p by h Jg hpc cg c. n Z h h egh cmm

h vp y. My mp , xmp,mch h cc , m cmm . n-y h

g c jgm m y by hxp x , h vc y, k h cmm

. lg, h y ac Pm h v m g g m h hy ac Pm, h hm c n Z. i h g c pp h cmm

mpc. i h m m m. i c vyhgh cmm c mch m b. Pm gy pb h ac Pm y. ry, h vm ac ch cmpg yh b 700 800 pg pbh

1 Gy Pm’ cc pp “l rm h l Cmm a 20 Y – w n ty l H” (cc pp 18, n Z C Pbc l, Vc uvy wg, Mch 2006), y v c h n Z C Pbc l,wg, 30 Mch 2006, h c h l Cmm pjc.

THE

OBLIGATION



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ch y. i 2005 h mb pg 2,062; 2006, h

3,308 pg. i 2007 h 5,083 pg pg v vm– vm 2,855 pg k p by h icm tx ac 2007.th v h h g y.

a h m – cmm , ac Pm g1.3 g – q ccby. th p cc y hac Pm. th m b y pcc c m h h c gc. w ckg h v v bm hh pjc h x by ac Pm c h c , ch g g, h c ch , h cmm . Hv, cg hm h pjc

b g kg. f y h ccby h cmm g g m m.

What does accessibility mean?

wh y h m b ccb, h m? th m h 1.4 h v mg h cx.

f, c vby h pbc. i h , h gvm1.5m pmg ac. i h amc j l f, pbc, mk vb h c py, h h h xpc bv, v y hch mp c m g ym c mcy.2 a g g 1651, Hbb :3

To rule by Words, requires that such Words be manifestly made known; for else they

are no Lawes: For to the nature of Lawes belongeth a sufcient, and clear Promulgation,

such as may take away the excuse of Ignorance…

th bg q, h cpy, h ac Pm b1.6p m vb pch b c, vb pc k pbc b. i h m vm q h ac

b ccy ccb. w h c h yp ccby vlblt.

th c mg ccby vv bg b h v1.7 h cy cy. th c h by k h v pc g x h pc, kg h k , bg h h h v h bjc. i h

bjc c hgh v ac, h c mpccby. w h c h c mg ccby vgblt.

2 l l f The Morality of Law (rv 1969, Y uvy P, n Hv l) 39.

3 thm Hbb Leviathan (P a Ck, l, 1651) Ch XXXi o h Kgm G byn, vb v Pjc Gbg, Vcv, 2002 hp://.gbg.g/k/M_Pg (cc15 spmb 2008). f h c, tmhy a-M Public Access to Legislation andthe Democratic Process (pp h a ecc Gvc Cc, C Pbc Pcy,uvy Mb, 2004).


C H A P T E R

1

C H A P T E R

2

C H A P T E R 3

C H A P T E R

4

C H A P T E R

5

C H A P T E R

6

C H A P T E R

7

C H A P T E R

8

C H

A P T E R

9



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th h ccby vv h , c , bg b1.8 h . i h xp p cy cmpc bc y, h b k h x h h gh bg. w h c h mg clt. l f g “ mk b” h y hch h mp mk

mgh mcy.4

l ov aym c :1.9 5

it is … vitally important that legislation should be expressed in language that can

clearly be understood and … in a form that makes it readily accessible. Edmund Burke

observed that bad laws are the worst form of tyranny. But, equally, well-intentioned

laws that are badly drafted or not readily accessible are also a form of tyranny.

B pcg xm h h n Z bg1.10 mk h ccb h h , h m hpmy q.

Accessible to whom?

i m c hv b pp h h pv y 1.11 Jg, h g h hm h pmy c.i mch b h ac Pm ( g ) c by g mb pp h y

hv g g. M h C vp vc g; Mmb Pm h g mv hgh hH rpv. th gy h g

cy by. a by h H l scCmm h C:6

The scrutiny of legislation is fundamental to the work of Parliament. Parliament has

to assent to bills if they are to become the law of the land. Acts of Parliament impinge

upon citizens in all dimensions of their daily life. They prescribe what citizens are

required to do and what they are prohibited from doing. They stipulate penalties,

which may be severe, for failure to comply. They can have a signicant impact not

only on behaviour but also on popular attitudes. Subjecting those measures to rigorous

scrutiny is an essential responsibility of both Houses of Parliament if bad law is to be

avoided and the technical quality of all legislation improved. Parliament has a vital role

in assuring itself that a bill is, in principle, desirable and that its provisions are t for

purpose. If Parliament gets it wrong, the impact on citizens can on occasion be

disastrous; and history has shown examples of legislation that has proved clearly unt

for purpose.

th c c b ppy pm b c.

4 f, bv, 2.

5 l ov aym “a Jc V M lg” (1993) 14 s lr 1, 2. s Pmy C oc Public Access to Legislation, A Discussion Paper for Public Comment(wg, 1998) 6-8.

6 H l sc Cmm h C Parliament and the Legislative Process (14h rp s 2003-04, H l, l, 2004,) V 1, 8. avb

hp://.pbc.pm.k/p/200304/c/c/173/17302.hm (cc 16spmb 2008).


http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldconst/173/17302.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldconst/173/17302.htm


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My h pp g h jb. Pp h k h1.12g v h c mk cc c g; mpy c

b v mpym g; h my gvmpm, my hm gy , k cy h h

g h h pm m; h c h cc h g qy c gvm g;7 cmpy c c cmpy c pg g. a h my pp ac Pm h pbm hc hm h p v: c h ghb my hmcg h fcg ac 1978; mc c my hmcg my hp g. w cv vbm m cmmy c pbc b mphg h y pp b b cc h .8 lgdc m mch-cc g h c “b-”

. th b- “y’ ”.9 i , h n Z

lg wb, hch xp m h x chp, chmh cv vg v 30,000 q v; v 1.8 m h; m 1.2 m pg v g.

Mv, n Z h mcc mh mkg . am 1.13 b pg hgh Pm c cmm hmmb h pbc c mk bm. i hy mk hbm cvy, hy b b y h b hhch hy cc, b h g h m my c.10

n Z h m cmmm ccby h1.14g pp h b. accby yg pcp hu n Cv h rgh P h db, hpc c ac 9.11 th cv ccby cgccby m, c, g. im, pph b j y h cz, c h cvy pcp cy. i mp mmb h cx h

7 f c, h lc Gvm ac 2002, lc Gvm oc im Mgac 1987, lc Gvm (rg) ac 2002, lc ec ac 2001.

8 l dch, Mg Cmmy l C (bm, 12 nvmb 2007); l G,dg svc rc lb, tg Cy lb (m bm, 12 nvmb2007); a G, wh Cmmy l C (bm, 20 nvmb 2007).

9 i h y g 31 Mch 2008, m h hgh g ac h empym r ac2000 h Hy ac 2003; g ch h ec (ey Chh C)rg 1998 bg m.

10 th gm “ ” p: h y, pbhg h pcp ac h h b’pjc mm h h h ac vy k h h mm p.

11 th cv p by h u n G amby dcmb 2006 g by n Z 30 Mch 2007. th dby (u n Cv h rgh P h db) ac 2008 cm c spmb 2008 b c h cv.


C H A P T E R

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ccby m m h b vby – j mkg mvb by b m cy bccb n Z.12

i c h y b h h c g x by1.15

g c. th y, c, h by b gp h cc vy pc g. sm ac chc h hch hy g c. o ppy

g, xmp, ky chc m k “ ”, “m”. th my b h g h gh hch h ac q h b , h n Z B rgh ac 1990 h ip ac 1999 bg pm xmp. th my b cc pg h ac’ pv. o ac pv y h c h h pbm. th h k g vc. wh , h, h g h b ccb y pp, m h g hy h b b g

g g h gh bg, h ckggh hy my mm h g c m y p h gh bg.13 w h h b c yg pp b g m p h ch ccm.14 th hp b b v g h cmmy bpp’ g gh bg, h h b b pp b m pcpy mmb mcc cy.15

Availability

th y bg mk g vb. th ac 1.16

rg Pbc ac 1989 pv h h Ch Pmy C, h c h ay-G, m g h pg pbc cp vy ac c by Pm.16 th ay-Gmy m m m gv c h m hch ac bp pbh.17 th ay-G m m m m,

by c h Gazette, g pc h cp ac vb pch by mmb h pbc;18 h Ch Pmy C,

12 P dcky, oc dby i (bm, 13 nvmb 2007).

13 i R v Royal (1993) 10 CrnZ 4 (HC), Pg J h p h g g c cy m c h bh v cc cc pc by. nh, h bch h cc’ gh “g c” c24() h n Z B rgh ac 1990 pv h h cc h cc y.

14 th ccm, 2007, ch pc cvc czhp, b h b xp hgh v yg hm h h xpc c.

15 th cmm h C iqy Cmm, ch by H. P d, 2005 (C agm Cmm “iqy rv n Z’ exg

C agm” 10 ag 2005 aJHr i.24a).16 ac rg Pbc ac 1989, 4.

17 ib, 7.

18 ib, 9.

THE

FULFILMENT

OF T HE

OBLIGATION



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h c h ay-G, m mk cp h ac vb pch h pc.19 th g h ac pp . i ac:20

to provide for the printing and publication of copies of Acts of Parliament(g)

and statutory regulations; and

to ensure that copies of Acts of Parliament and statutory regulations are(h)

available to the public….

th p q. B ac Pm c b b vb,1.17h pbc k h x. evy k h Pm h Parliamentary Bulletin pbh by h hy Pm.i c c “th pg g” h ck h pg b hgh h g h h , h bg h hch h b bcm ac Pm. “th pg g” vb h Pm b,21 p h Bulletin, hch vb m h lg dc b22 m c .

My ac cm c m m h cm, m c pv pcyg h hy cm c y p hmkg cc. wh ac c ch pv, hch c b q m hh, h, h cc m. th m b h mkg pbh hGazette b pbh h b b.

wh ac Pm h b c, p vy h1.18cpy vb by pch B Gvm Bkhp hky .23 lg dc pbh , hch p ky vb v h PCo b.24 My g, pcy b,bcb h cp h ac. thy vb y cm, hgh h ac pcy g h pbc pcmy k g. a h ch c y, h ac p h y b pbh hcv vm. thy pp hvm gy h hch hy p.25 th vm vb pch m x mh h xpy h cy. th c h h cpygh ac Pm g

g h c g ccby. Cp c b m pbh by y.26

ecc b n Z ac vb, bh Cd roM1.19

hgh mb b. sm pv by pv m hh h . thy c v h n Z ac. thcmmcy vb cc pckg chb b m b p .

19 ib, 10.

20 ib, g .

21 n Z Pm b hp://.pm.z (cc 16 spmb 2008).

22 lg dc hp://.gc.c.z/ (cc 15 spmb 2008).

23 a h vb h PCo b: hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/g/.hm (cc 15 spmb 2008).

24 PCo b hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/ (cc 15 spmb 2008).25 smm vy g ac pbh p vm vm – xmp h icm tx

ac 2007.

26 Cpygh ac 1994, 27.


C H A P T E R

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C H A P T E R 3

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http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/


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th p hm ch m mmb h pbc. th cc cc pv by h . th PCo’ Pbc acc lg(“Pal”) Pjc, g mpv h y hch n Z g m vb h pbc, cmp Jy 2008.27 i h vvh mpm XMl-b g pbhg ym h

h PCo, h pv h n Z lg wb.28

th b pv cc ac, g, b, sppmy oPp v 16 Jy 2008. th g h b c. th PCo h bg pc “cg” h g, hchvv chckg mk h cc v g h b cc. i xpc k h y. wh hpc h b cmp, pp h h ac h b cq c . th vv ac Pm.29

f c h n Z lg wb v h1.20g chp.30

Navigability

i gh h ac b vb . th h b b 1.21h v pv h ac h cy pb.i n Z h pc mm c v v ac.i y c v pv. Cy n Z hv c bjc x g. Hv, ch y,h PCo pbh vm Tables of New Zealand Acts and Ordinances,and Statutory Regulations, and Deemed Regulations in Force. i ac( g) c n Z phbc .

i b h h x, hgh h c m c-cg. Pvy, cc v h tb vb h lg dc b, c b ch v hPCo b. fm 31 Mch 2008, h PCo h h cc v31 c h b p by h h n Z lgwb. th b h n Z lg wb pcphbc g g c, by pc yp, h , pbc,

c, pv, pvc mp ac. th b cy p h g m h b k cy h v g.o h cmmc pbh, lxnx, pbh bjc x.

a h , h bc cmphv c bjc x c cy.

27 im h hy h Pal pjc c b h PCo b hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/ (cc 15 spmb 2008).

28 n Z lg b hp://.g.gv.z/ (cc 15 spmb 2008).

29 up-- m h c pc c b h PCo b h p :/ / .pc.p m . gv .z/ h n Z lg b

hp://.g.gv.z/ (cc 15 spmb 2008).30 s Chp 2: th n Z lg wb lg sym.

31 th xcp h h h m g (h pvy k by h v h tb) c b vb h PCo b.




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th pc mm c pbm vg.1.22ac Pm m gy. i, m Pm,h mb mg ac gy xc h mb pcp ac.i 2005, xmp, h 126 ac p. o h, xc himp sppy appp ac, y 14 pcp ac. th g

mjy mm n Z h k x mm,hch mk h x h pcp ac. n c ,xg c pc (k “” mm, hh mm p ac h h x h pcp ac.)32 u h ym x mm, mg ac mk h h ; h h pcp ac h

h h mm k h pc h c h h. i ccmpc h g ac Pm h h c h vc bq mm . th pbhg mBk h pc by vg bcb c y gch pcp ac by pc kg m p pv

h p, g p pp h h m v.n ac bcb h vc. ev m b .u ac h chck ac h mm h pcp ac hy cg. ev h ac , my b -- by h m c.th xpc c cy, c h xpc.

Mch m ac my b p ( cmp) by h PCo, pbh1.23 p cpg mm m p h h p.th pcc v m c 5 h s dg Cmpac 1920, hch pv h h b Cmp dpm hPCo h h h c h dpm b:

as and when directed by the Prime Minister or the Attorney-General,(a)

to compile, with their amendments, statutes, amendments whereof have been

enacted, and to supervise the printing of such compilations.

th ac rg Pbc ac 1989 mp y pbh h1.24cmp p.33 a p hy, h cmpp ac, hch pbh p vm. 34 i 1979, h pc bg pbhg p ac

b vm, b h pcc h b c. rp mch-

m mch- ac pbh vy. th mb p, h vm p pg, pc ch y h gcyc c h rp s c. th b 12,000pg p pc ch y, hch b 1,200% c mh mb pg p h pc b h b vm c. th c h g c bg p pg.35 th b p vm, bg 1979, mb42 vm h vm c h m p-- p my

32 f c mm, : dv r “th Pp lg: rp Cmm app by h l P h Cc” (HMso, l, 1975) Cm 6053.

33 ac rg Pbc ac 1989, 4(3)(c).34 th hpp 1931 1957.

35 w h p b pc 2008 bc h rp u h b c cg h lg sym c.


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ac Pm. My hm hv b m hvg bpbh h vm Bk h vm hbcb. Bk pv b-vm p .

Hv, h h n Z lg wb , h pmy1.25

c h PCo rp u h c h b gh p h b.36 th rp u kg h h b pgvy c, hch pc kppxmy h y.37 th rp u pc m

h cpy p g h c p, g h pg pgmm h h c pgmm pb.Hv, b mp bc c pg g h c. a cqc ky b h h cpyp b pc g h p.

th n Z lg wb pv p-- “cc p”1.26

cy. th mm pg g h vyqck. th PCo m ac h v kg y ry, rg h y c h Gazette, b h y hy bcm vb h H rpv. C ac rg p h mm pb hmm c m. amm c h hk.38 i mm h b c m, b y cp h pcp cm, mg k m h pcpcm h mg g. th PCo’ m mk h mgvb h v kg y h pbc h mg g h b. th h vb, cc m, h p--

v ch ac h mm cp cy h x.ecc ac h x hv vg v h h cpy ym.

Clarity

n Z h y bg mk ac Pm1.27b. sm v jc . th, h i C,ac 4, sc 20 :

every Act … shall be plainly worded avoiding as far as practicable the use of

technical terms.

th Q lgv s ac 19921.28 39 q, mghh g cmp h m gv pcp, m hh h g mbg cy c pc y.

36 oc c g Chp 2: th n Z lg wb lg sym.

37 PCo a rp svy hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/g/p.hm (cc

15 spmb 2008).38 PCo “M b h n Z lg wb” hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/p/

g.hm (cc 15 spmb 2008).

39 Q lgv s ac 1992, 4(3)(k).




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i n Z h qv y qm. Hv h1.29l Cmm ac 1985 pv h h c hCmm : 40

to advise the Minister of Justice and the responsible Minister on ways in which the law

of New Zealand can be made as understandable and accessible as is practicable.

th ac pv h mkg cmm h Cmm m:1.30 41

have regard to the desirability of simplifying the expression and content of the law,

as far as that is practicable.

i hc h c, h l Cmm h pbh m 1.31p p g42 gv m.43 th PCo, hch y h g n Z, k vy y h g b b pb. i V sm cy pv h cmm mb bjcv, cg:44

to improve access to legislation by ensuring … that legislation is drafted as clearly and

simply as possible.

i h p, n Z ac y h m1.32cmph c y, y p. lg c cmm, h gg bc. achm b.Mv h c my ac gc y.

i c m, h c hv b by m.1.33

Format

sc 2000, ac hv b pbh mch m -y m.1.34th yp c h b chg; c hg bv h by h c; h b mg mbg h c,bc pgph m cy; g h mk ’ y hgh h ac. th m, hch p mch ch c, mch m -y h

b h c.

Structure

ac , h m p, h gc hm c,1.35h pc h m bg g ch.

40 l Cmm ac 1985, 5(1)().

41 ib, 5(2)(b).

42 n Z l Cmm Legislation Manual: Structure and Style (nZlC r35, wg, 1996).43 n Z l Cmm The Format of Legislation (nZlC r27, wg, 1993).

44 PCo “V sm” hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/cp/v.hm (cc 15spmb 2008).


C H A P T E R

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Language

achm (ch “h”, “h” “”) g 1.36 g p egh h h c, g m hcy. Pcy h c ac m ky b by pp

c, h gg mch m gh h b h c.

Aids to understanding

M ac c g. sm g ac bg h1.37 vv p h mm h h v c h ac.sm ac xmp, ch gm. a p m h m ch h h v pgph.

th hv b gc vc p g, m ac 1.38gy p h pc. Hv, p h vc, h

n Z bk h m my ac h mch ccb y. wh hy m m m, h mx c h gy.

1.39 th, h, h y hch h n Z cy bg mk ac ccb h pbc. B h pbm.l chp h pbm c h c b mpv m.

CONCLUSION



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Chapter 2The New ZealandLegislation Website

and LegislationSystem

IN TH IS CHAPTER, WE

set out the scope, objectives and technical specications of the PCO’s now·

completed Public Access to Legislation (PAL) project;

describe the ofcialisation process of the New Zealand Legislation Website·

that is now being undertaken and the legislation that will eventually need

to be passed, to make the website an official source of New Zealand

legislation;

discuss the searching capability and user interface of the New Zealand·

Legislation Website;

consider the future possibilities of the Legislation System; and·

consider the comparative advantages and disadvantages of hard copy and·

electronic access to Acts.

th h bg mk vb. i h m cx,2.1 b b gg h h b y m h bg yhgh h pp c. ecc chgy h pg g. w v cmp g. ecc chgy g, h pc, p m mmby mpvgcc g. My cmpb jc hv k vg cc chgy h pp. wh h cmp h Pbc acc lg (Pal) pjc, h pjc’ m gg, n Z hcgh p h h h jc hg h p ccchgy gv cz g cc g.


C H A P T E R 3

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CHAPTER 2: The New Zealand Legis lat ion Website and Legis lat ion System

2.2 th cmp h Pal pjc g vc ccby g. th pjc k by h Pmy C oc, cb h h oc h Ck h tx dg u hi rv dpm.45 th pjc cmp Jy 2008;h n Z lg wb v 16 Jy 2008. th pjc

vv h mpm XMl-b y-g g,pg, pbhg pg ym h h PCo, h“lg sym”,46 h pv h n Z lgwb.47 th b pv cc g, vg cc g bh HtMl Pdf m.

a b xp h chp, h Pal pjc h h 2.3 bk bg cp - g b.48 th p p g pb g chgy mpv cc h .ecc c b ch by p ch g, mp y h p m c. th cc chgy cy mpvg.

th lg sym h b cmp g gvm2.4vm m, xp. i mp c b h vm. th lg sym pv pm phch c b b h v mpv cc g.

2.5 th Pal pjc cv h g h h PCo pb g pbhg. i c b, ac, y g, sppmyo Pp (soP). th pjc cp pv cc mg, by, H, cv. 49 f h h chp, h m “g” g h h h cp h Pal pjc, c h n Zlg wb.50

2.6 th Pal pjc g mpv h y hch n Z g m vb h pbc. th m h pjc pvpbc cc p-- g bh p cc m.th pjc h cm h n Z lg wb, hch pv cc cc v g. th pjc mpm XMl-b g, pg, pbhg pg ym.

45 uy n Z lm (uy) h PCo’ mpm p h pjc.

46 o 2007 pp h h “Pal ym”. n h h Pal pjc h bcmp, h PCo h h “lg sym” p h mgy h.

47 o 2007 pp h b h “Pal wb”. n h b h b ch h “n Z lg wb” h Pal pjc h , by h m.

48 i h pp h m “ bk” h xg by cy c.49 Hv, h b h my cv c ch

c ac , ch, m p h lg sym b.

50 w h b pb xp h lg sym c h c h .

COMPLETION

OF THE PAL

PROJECT

SCOPE OF THE

PAL PROJECT

OBJECTIVES OF

THE PAL

PROJECT



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th h GPo c h C g cc hh pch pmy pg, c hp h GPo’ cc gv . a h gvm’ cc gv h h GPo, h pv c vp cmphv b n Z g. s Pbhg

( p lxnx) Bk (p h thm Cp) bh v h bck-cp n Z ac y g, pc h cmmcy vb b g.57

a mp cmp h Pal pjc cq m pv c2.11pbh, Bk, cc b n Z g, gv dcm typ d.58 th h h m h b h lg sym.

2.12 u h c , h y cp n Z g h hvc h h p pbh h hy h

n Z Gvm, pv by c 16C 16d h ac rg Pbc ac 1989.59 oc h cx m h hcp g c b pc c vc h ch h p. th pp ac gy p p.n cc v n Z g hv c .

th ch h n Z lg wb Jy 2008 h 2.13 h . n h cc v g hb, cp g p m h b, hv c .Hv, mp bjcv h Pal pjc h h n Zlg wb vy pv cc official v

n Z g.

th pch b g vb v h n Z2.14lg wb. Hv, h b pc by h PCo,

b by cmmc pbh. th y h h b hgh cccy. Bh h lxnx Bk b cy hgh h PCo hm k g

g. Hv, h pch b pc by -cgcy cmmc h h c pp. th b h g h m chckg pc h h PCo mpy, h hy h n Z Gvm, h pg pbhg h cp

n Z g gv p. oc v gm h c mg pcc h c m b cc.

57 l “impvg Pbc acc lg: h n Z expc” bv, 53, 3.

58 G l “impvg Pbc acc lg: h n Z expc (s f)” (l v

h i 2003, 5h Cc Cmp l v h i, uvy tchgy,syy uvy n sh w, syy, a, 26-28 nvmb 2003) 6.

59 th c h ac rg Pbc ac 1989 by h evc ac2006, 216 ch 2, h cm c by cc 1 ag 2007, sr 2007/190.

OFFICIALISING

THE

LEGISLATION

DATABASE



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The “ofcialisation” process

exv qy c pc cy b h b h h2.15PCo cq m Bk p h Pal pjc c b m vb c v n Z g. th PCo h m

“c” cb h qy c pc. oc ch xc h p c by c 17C h ac rgPbc ac 1989. th c h PCo cmp mk c chg p cm, ch chg pc

y, h c b p m y c h c gv g pcc.

th c pc bg h n Z lg wb2.16 v. oc bg c by h PCo rp u. a hg, h PCo b pv xc h c

b cmp, b c m h k h y.

i mp h h h PCo h m c 2.17pc h lg sym b: “c” ccp m “bcmg c c g”.th m cy pc h . th n Z lg wb bcm c c n Z g y c g h c p. oc cmp h qy c ph m b k h h b b bcm c

g c, h g mk c c c b pm p.

Legislation with “semi-ofcial” status

th n Z lg wb b c h 2.18bv g p mk c gv c. Hv,v b h pg ch g, c cm h b b b b g hvg “m-c” . t yp cm h cgy. th cgy c h ac y g h c m h n Zlg wb ch. sch g hv b pbh g h lg sym, h h hvg b cq

m Bk. th m cc c b pc bh hc p cp h ac y g h ccc v h n Z lg wb. th m h b c h c y h cc v hc p v. th y c b h h c pv hv c h ac rg Pbc ac1989. th c cgy m-c g c h ac y g h hv b cq m Bk h hv c

b c by h PCo rp u. s, xmp, h w ac 2007(2007, n 36) scc (Hmc) ac 2007 (2007, n 95).

“sm-c” cm b vy ghb m h h2.19c cm h n Z lg wb bc hy

hv h n Z C am, C, h pg. th C


C H A P T E R 3

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am pp y h h HtMl v h Pdf v. lgcq m Bk y c b h C am.th b bcm c ac by ac, g by g.th c pgmm cy h xpy g. th 2007ac, h h xcp h icm tx ac 2007, hv b c

h rp u mg hch ac c x.

th PCo , m m h , pm g mk h2.20n Z lg wb c c n Z g.th b ppp y c h b h b c.th lg B pp h p gg ppppv mk h b c c n Z g.

The PCO’s Printing and Reprinting Programme under the Legislation System

n h h n Z lg b h b ch, h PCo 2.21

h b c pbh c p p g ccc h h PCo’ pg pgmm.th pgmm b c- h h PCo’ pgmm cgh n Z lg wb.

uc “cc p” ac y g 2.22vb h n Z lg wb, bc c pcpac pcp y g h b kp p-- hmm cp hm.

2.23 u h n Z lg wb c cc g ccy

bh by bg by chg. i pb b gphbcy by , by g yp. f c, hg pc b c ch b gvm, c, pv mmb’

b. th c h m h mb b b by chg vy c b, b c m y, b m m y.

lg chb. u h k h h gv2.24m h hy kg my p h m cg pv.th cc g h b c b ch ppg v ch . th g ch c c, , y

(c, m, c) v. th v my, q pcy hh hy k c, m, mv m. th vc ch c h g ch y , c c mb yp ac b.sch pcy h v ac, g b h b .

The user interface of the New Zealand legislation website

u b h ch b h n Z2.25lg wb cb bv by vgg hgh ch h b. th p cc h b

hmpg,60 m hch c pc mb h pg by cckg

60 n Z lg wb Hmpg hp://.g.gv.z/ (cc 15 spmb 2008).

BROWSING

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hypk. u h h ch h cc g hb hv chc qck, g vc ch. a h mgg, “qck ch” h m mp h h ch m, “g” “vc” ch m pcc.

Accessing versions of legislation by date

a mp m h Pal pjc pv pbc cc p--2.26c g bh p cc m. a p-- cmp h bk vb v h n Z lg wb.th h lg sym gy cmp h ac y g h c h h b v, b soP b h H h m. o h , h bc y m m hc m.61 th cc gm h ac, g, b, soP , pcpac g p by mm. ech m mm

cp pcp cm, h lg sym g v, cc p, hch ccb h b.

th lg sym b cy g m h m2.27 v b mv. M h p vk b hb, v cc p. B soP b v hy c h. th m h hlg sym c cmp c h ac h cmph bk, g b soP, ch p mm h g v . th Pal pjc c bck-cp p vk ac g. B b p hc

m v m v b p, h v h .

u h n Z lg wb c cc v g2.28h h b. thy m vg y h c v m g. Hv, h b pv h by chv g by . i pb h g v g h , , b, c h . th v pc m g pc p m y vb

by bg h v h m h n Z lg wb g h h q .62

61 th b v 16 Jy 2008, b 4 spmb 2007 h c- hcm – p v ac rg b 4 spmb 2007 c h b. s n Z lg wb “ab: wh h b?”

hp://.g.gv.z/b.px#hpv (cc 15 spmb 2008).

62 f xmp, h Jc ac 1908, hch h m pbc x v p h cv vb. th tm eac b m phc h pc p m chg: “tm lg – tm’ C lg o”

hp://.h..gv./x.3p (cc 15 spmb 2008).


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2.29 th cmp h Pal pjc gc vc ccby g. th ch h n Z lg wb hlg sym yg g gvm vm m, xp. Hvg m h vm, mp mk h m h lg sym, h b, pm h v mpv cc g. i mp b hpb h p p .

sm p vpm h lg sym n Z2.30lg wb mgh c:

amc c;· 63

P mc c;· 64

P m chg;· 65

P v pv bjc m hg (v,·pg h h ) h h h ac phbc chgc ;

a cc bjc m x, h k h g h b;·

a hc cc gv m cg H, ·, h New Zealand Gazette ;66

icv m, g m cy m·h n Z lg wb;

a g gv m (cg m g) g h· h a Cp ty’ lg rg h frg lgv im (frli) a, hch ch cc c h mkg gv m, “-gzg”;67

“a c” v ac hg h hy b c by b· b h H (h h cy h h lg sym p, b b y cv b h v y pbh h b);

V b hg h hy b c by mm·pp soP. th c c h c y gvm soP

b mmb’ soP.68

63 th h eac ym tm: b.

64 th h i ym C, hch h pv h m m hm v c p h . s hp://..cm///gcm/pjg.hm (cc 15 spmb ap 2008).

65 th h eac ym tm. s hp://.h..gv./b/c.3p (cc 15 spmb 2008).

66 th w Gphc s vc pv cc hc cc h k h us. i ch gv chg k cm y py. i h k c p v ac; x ac y c; v gv hy m,ch b , p, j, h Cg rc; c . s hp://.hm.cm/cm//c//gph.p (cc 15 spmb 2008).

67 aCt lg rg hp://.g.c.gv. (cc 15 spmb 2008); f

lgv im db Hm Pg hp://..gv./ (cc 15 spmb 2008).

68 th by pvg h y jc vy mpv by mg h cpc. th vy pb “ c” v vy pb cmb ppsoP b cmp h m p-pp h qg y k h PCo.

POSSIBILITIES

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w h h h p hv cb c mpc2.31 h PCo bc h mc h lg sym.

2.32 wh h vby g h n Z lg wb,q my b h cy c pbhg ac h cpy.

i h C pvc, n Bck, cc pbc h m.69 i h pvc, h cp g vb y p m b: m p by h lgv svc Bch h oc h ay G, b h pm p g .B vm g p pbc , b h cp p h lby Pm (C) h n Bck lgvamby chv pp. th pbc - ac h c. th h ppy b cc cmm, h h m b.th m v h pbc c h b c.

Advantages of electronic publication

th b h cc pbc h vg v h cpy.2.33

acc cc m v h n Z lg wb .·H cpy m b p , xcp h pbc b.

Pc c vv cc ac h h cpy.·

th cc v c b pmpy gy p.·th n Z lg wb y c h cv ac, p-- h h mm. H cpy k

g, m cmbm, . H cpy p y bcm --.

ecc ac c b cc pp p cmp m·yh, v hm. H cpy q cc by, h h b, pp p, mb vm.

Advantages of hard copy

Hv, h cpy y vg v cc v.2.34

My m c cmb m c h·m h p pg, pcy h g c x vv.th g g m c hgh h g m pp.

lg m q hgh cgv p m h . lg p · h mg. rch h h h cgv vg g m m p pg.

Cx vy mp g pg ac. i ·-ccp h m p pv ac h gh h“chm” h ac h. i m g ppc h chm c p pg, h h pg m c. th c b ck cx ppcvb h . Mv, my ac c c-c,

69 Jh Kg QC “ecc Pbc n Bck lg, Yy, ty tm” (cc pp, Cmmh ac lgv C, l, spmb2005) hp://.pc.gv./cc/c/ac_KgQC_nBck_2007.p (cc15 spmb 2008).

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c, hch q c v m c h.wh m chgy g p, hg mppg c, my h g pg mch hcg hm. ev c-c hypk, y y jmp bck h g hypk.

i g h yg h h pc h h cc · cmp, xmp mg, h h h h cc hcc ac.

f my, h cpy x m hp h cc x ·ch g.70

sm m ky m pv cc m h · h cpy.71

Feedback from submitters

a mb bm g h h cpy h h vg m2.35

h “bh cc h cpy ”.72 sv bm g hhy ac p-- h cpy h cmpc.73 th n Z l lb’ ac h:74

Complex questions can require the simultaneous use of a number of statutes, or seeing

specic ones readily in their entirety spanning a period of time, in order to get the full

sense of their history trails, developments, relationships with each other, meaning,

interpretation and structure. An online version does not satisfy that need: using

hardcopy is the only practical method.

i m v, h nZQa Ch lg av bm h:2.36 75

When one has to look at multiple provisions within an Act and across a number of

Acts, and in the absence of multiple computer screens to see the multiple provisions

in one snapshot, it is easier to use hard copy. One could print off all the provisions to

compare them together, but even with that, being able to do multiple checks of other

provisions for context, and for multiple checks of other provisions that affect the

provisions being looked at, it is easier using hard copy.

There might well be a point where the technology can nd a good substitute for a

reader’s interleaved ngers in hard copy statute books, or for having in front of the

reader piles of statutes opened at particular pages with other pages clearly marked,

but from my experience I do not see that we are at that point yet.

Clearly the electronic versions are far superior in so many ways, but there are the odd

practical issues like those mentioned above where hard copy still has a benet.

70 s Chp 5: ixg, p 5.55.

71 s p 2.36 b.

72 n Z l lb’ ac (bm, 20 dcmb 2007) 4. a pph byack dc l scy lby Cmm (bm, 3 dcmb 2007).

73 n Z l lb’ ac (bm, 20 dcmb 2007); ack dc lscy lby Cmm (bm, 3 dcmb 2007); wg dc l scy Pbcl Cmm (sbm, 19 nvmb 2007); a Bcg (bm, 10 nvmb 2007);

d J wh, Ch excv, aCC (bm 26 ocb 2007); Ch lg av, nZQa(bm 23 ocb 2007).

74 n Z l lb’ ac (bm, 20 dcmb 2007) 4.

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a cy h, by bm, h m2.37pv cc cm h h cpy. th wg dcl scy Pbc l Cmm h:76

Committee members can recite examples of errors made by junior lawyers as a result

of using electronic versions of Acts to locate a particular statutory provision, and then

missing other relevant provisions. In the Committee’s view, the importance of reading

a hard copy of a statute to gain a proper understanding of the relevant statutory

scheme cannot be overstated. The variance in age of Committee members made no

difference to their views on this issue.

sv bm m b pbc b m cmmy2.38 c. thy mph h cc cc v h n Zlg wb cy m h n Z c c cc g. th p m h h n Z lgwb h b ccb pbc b pp cm

ky h h hv cc. spk egh c gg ky b vg p gg g ccg g h b . th Mg Cmmy lC gg h h n Z lg wb h c m hg, ch c.

Why not just print if off?

i c b g h h vg h cpy c b b by h mp2.39xp h j pg h cc ac. th cmmy .B, gg by h bm bv, b hvg

h cpy vm vb:i ac g ( m vy g: h lc Gvm ac 2002· 492 pg, h icm tx ac 2007 2,855 pg) my m h p h pg h hy hk v hm. thc b h xp v ppc h chm h ac.

My ac, b ppy , q c h ac,· bh c hc. a c g c q c cm ac h. i c b m cy p v

g. M hv v bk p h b hm, g pg.

Cmp-p m h qy mpmc. i y · mpcc . a cqc, h ac my hv b p g. u c c p h g hg h cmp-p m, ch g - b g m ccg g ym, c, phbcy byac . B h m b v h b vmh c b y hv. B h cpy h b c m – hv, h cy h h cpy ky bcm-- b.77

76 wg dc l scy Pbc l Cmm (sbm, 19 nvmb 2007) p 6.

77 s bv, p 2.32.


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2.40 n b v c hv h pc. sm xpc cmp c b c h mm p h cpy. oh, h cmp -mbcg, m h ac g . a my g, v h pyxpc b cgy g cc h cc .

th n Z lg wb cpb c b hc v m. i m ky h, h hpp,bcp h h cpy ac . i b pg hy . i h hpp a. Y bv h h m pc

bh m, j bc h p pc b bc h cpy c b b m hg b h hcc v. th pch g h PCo “b-” ac hh h cy pcb m h cpy v. a chp xg, h amc g pbhg cmpy thm wp hgh m h cpy v h u s C

h x .78

th l Cmm’ cmm h h cpy h m2.41vb. a mcc gvm h p h h pph h g h hy cq hb. Hv, h hcc g h h cpy b v. w h y m b h h chp pg,79 b cc vby vv m cmpm, g h b bh .

w bv h ac, cg mg ac, h b p,2.42pbh, b pc p. th b vm

vc h c. th h b, cg bv, c hv pm c n Z’ gvp. i m cmp hc c. th y vby h m h hv bg mk mmy c chg h .

Hv, h pbc p cpg mm 2.43. i Chp 6 c h , g h v vm h cpy pg, mkg cmm.80

RECOMMENDATION

For the foreseeable future, hard copy versions of Acts should continue to beR1

produced and made available at a reasonable cost to the public.

78 Chp 5: ixg, p 5.43.

79 Chp 6: rpg.

80 s Chp 6: rpg, p 6.43-6.48.

CONCLUSIONS

REGARDING

HARD C OPY

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CHAPTER 3: Current problems with access ing s tatute law

Chronological ordering of Acts and reprinted Acts

i cmm h my h jc, n Z’ ac Pm3.4 chgcy. wh ac Pm c, hy p vy h cpy, gy h hch hy

p, vb y cm.81 a h chc y, h ac p h y b pbh

hcv vm. thy pp h vm h hchhy p. th chgc g h vm h bk c hp c pc ac hy y k ghyh ac hy kg h hy c. Hv, myccmc, k h ac hy kg h my hv b p. i h ccmc, chgc g pm vgby.

Pm c h p y pc ac. th g pc3.5 hy ac my b pm p b h.Hv, h pc b mv m q hac h b g h h bk b c vgby. th c y pc ac h h bk v h ac c y h h m hch Pm c p . th bk h vv h y c 1841. C pbmh ccby h gv pcc h h m gychg. th bk ccg bjc .ac cvg m bjc c b p vm hy p y. th mk c vg h bk –

kg h ac pc pc cv c c m h y h bk b h k.

rp ac m vgb.3.6 82 rp pbh y pmph m, hch h gy c h mb, mb pg, p pc ch y. th pmph m pc h b

Reprinted Statutes of New Zealand , hch pbh m 1979 c 2003.83 i vm c h m p--p my ac Pm.84 Bk pv h Bound

Reprinted Statutes .85 th p ac h h Reprinted Statutes of New Zealand Bound Reprinted Statutes gy g pp

. th ac h ch vm phbcy by h , bh ac h ch vm hv h ch h. My ac p mpy bc hy mch m cmm .sm hv b p mpy “” m h vm.

81 Hv, ac pcy g, h pbc pc my k g. sc g acc k g p pbh h m ac, m ac h p h gac my ccy b p .

82 wh ac h b mch m p by h PCo, h p cpgp-- mm. s Chp 1: acc lg, p 1.23.

83 th vm h vm 42. s Chp 6: rpg, p 6.15.

84 My h p ac hv b m hvg b pbh h vm Bk h vm h bcb.

85 th vm h Bound Reprinted Statutes pbh 2005 c p 2002 2003.



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i h g, p mpv vgby, b hy h hpcp ac h mm pc, hch cbvg .

i h b , hv, h h vm h p 3.7

h “ k”, ccg gh v ac h g .f c, vm 36 h Reprinted Statutes of New Zealand c ycv vm ac.86 Vm 30 cmp ac h h h cp c mp cm n Z ,87 h mp cm hmv.88 Vm 41 c p cm g,89 -cv m q h m pbc. rp g g ac, ch h lc Gvm ac197490 h icm tx ac 1976,91 mm cmp vm h Reprinted Statutes. B m h b xcp, h ReprintedStatutes mpy gp gh hchv ac p g h mp. sc h m h b vm p, ac p

vy ccg . th chc m bjc m h ym h.

Current aids to navigation of the statute book

th c ck h bk m vgby3.8 ppm by cy cv vg. a vg, ch x, c vg h bk bympg x gc – h c h x c, p, mk p h ck c h bk . th c bjc x h n Z bk. Hv, h

p v h vg.

th ch h3.9 Tables of New Zealand Acts and Ordinances, and Statutory Regulations, and Deemed Regulations in Force, hch h PCo pbh y.i ac ( g) c n Z phbc

86 i cc gh: h Cv ac 1987; Cv l rm ac 1987; evmac 1986; Hb ac 1950; Mä Pp (lk r) ac 1959; M fmg ac 1971;M rv ac 1971; n Pk ac 1980; n Z wky ac 1990; rv ac

1977; s Cv rv C ac 1941; wmk-ahy w sppy ac 1961; w ac 1955.

87 P i h vm cmp: h imp l appc ac 1988; Pvc oc ac1892; s rp ac 1907.

88 P ii h vm cmp: h mp ac c n Z, cg mpc ch : h ac sm 1700; B rgh 1688; Mg C 1297; s Mbgh 1267. i c h mp b g c n Z. P iii cmp h pvc ac c c.

89 i c: h ab h dh Py ac 1989; av Cm ac 1972; C CmC ac 1967; Cm ac 1961; Cm (iy Pc P, u n ac P, Hg) ac 1980; Cm t ac 1989; Cm Jc ac 1985;Hmx l rm ac 1986; i tm (emgcy P) ac 1987;i w Cm tb ac 1995; M ac Cm M ac 1992;

smmy Pcg ac 1957; Vcm oc ac 1987.90 rs v 20; rs v 25. th bh p by m c p h lc Gvm

ac 1974. M h ac h b p pc by h lc Gvm ac 2002.

91 rs v 12.


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. a m g c. th p tb c hch vm h n Z s syrg hv bcm b.

Pvy cmphv, cc v h tb 3.10

vb h lg dc b, c b ch v hPCo b. i p x-mhy, gy qy. fm 31Mch 2008, h PCo h h cc v c h bp by h h n Z lg wb. th b h n Z lg wb pc phbc g

g c, by pc yp, h , pbc, c, pv, pvc mp ac. i cy p, k h tb hch hvy b p m y. th g m h n Zlg wb k cy h v g, h h ccv h tb pv v k. th tb k h m g h PCo b; h c b vb.

i c k bg vg h n Z ac h h 3.11 h tb, h phbc ac h n Z lgwb. Y, h h tb c c m c-cg,hy b h h x. th phbc ac c b m c g pv g pc bjc ,

b gy y h ac hv h cy vy h bjc m. i pcc, ac’ m gv cmphv - c h c. a vg b y ac m y.

th bk h m vb h tb vb m h3.12n Z lg wb. i p h, h PCo 2008 cc vy gg m h p v h tb.92 th PCo h m h c pbhg h tb pm h b . th b v c h g hn Z lg wb h b m c c g.th PCo cg mkg Pdf v h tb vb h b.93

Cmmc pbh lxnx Bk bh pc w Ch 3.13h ac, c k vg . th b h h x.

thy ac phbcy by m pcy hch pvm ac h m c v ch ac b . thy qck c h k, c mk c g , h m h ac hy kg . Hv, my h PCo-pc Tables of New Zealand Acts and Ordinances, and Statutory Regulations,and Deemed Regulations in Force, h w Ch hp ach cy h bjc m gh.

92 th cg pg h vy 28 Mch 2008. PCo wb hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/g/b.hm (cc 15 spmb 2008).

93 Pmy C oc wb “svy u h tb” hp://.pc.pm.gv.z/g/bvy.hm (cc 15 spmb 2008).


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th cmmc pbh lxnx pc “c” bjc x.3.14Hv, h -pc, cmphv c bjc x h bc c cy. th pc cmmcy vbx h m bg mk ccb vgb. th cc ch c h n Z lg

wb pv gc vg h cc v ac. Hv, cc chg b cmphv bjc x.94

th c vg h bk m3.15ccmc. Hv, hy c vcm h vgc c by h gm h bk. th c vg h cmpy g h pbm.

Laws on one topic can be scattered

th cy v 1,100 ac c n Z. th p3.16c m h 80 vm ac 30 vm h ReprintedStatutes h c “v” ac.95 th h 25 vm Bk’

Bound Reprinted Statutes, my hch c h m p-- v m ac. th “v” ac n Z p mg ppxmy130 p vm. th c h vm vb hn Z lg wb. th y pc pc c b

c yh mg h ac. o h g bjc y cp h g ac, b h c hv ac cg mm ac. sch ac cy

hv b p h m y. th cm ky p

my y. th m h h pc bjc my p myp vm h bk. exmp h bjc bgc c m ac c b h bkg,96 h y qm ac g,97 h c

94 s Chp 2: th n Z lg wb lg sym, p 2.33.

95 a mb vm h n Z s hv bcm b (xcp pbc ac c pv c pv ac). th b vm c: h cvm cg h pvc ac c pbh h hy h cc h v pvc (h pvc ac c p rs V 30); vm “ecm h imp Pm” h pp by h cmm pp h rv s ac 1879 pbh by h gvm p 1881 (mp ac mp b g c b c n Z p rs V 30); h vm b 1981 (cg h 1931 1957 p vm); rs v2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 25, 19-1, 19-2; n Z s 1983 1987, V 3.

96 th bkg p h rv Bk n Z ac 1989; B exchg ac 1908;Chq ac 1960; Bkg ac rp ac 1995.

97 th h pc c h C ac 1986; ac rg Pbc ac1989; rg (dc) ac 1989 ip ac 1999.


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ppy,98 c,99 c gvm.100 Mv, m h h h p ac h , h b

b h ppc cy mc, cy c by h .

th p c cy. th bg k h p h 3.17

hghy m h m h pvh c hm h. th y p b h h h h h ac h v h h p; v h h

h c v, h my b h b . f xmp, h by y c h pch mgh c h Cm G ac 1993 m h mp h h h my h, h kg cc h P Ppy sc ac 1999, M Vhc s ac2003, dp tb ac 1988. th f tg ac 1986 mgh

b c. sch p m cmp, mg mp h hm h. H h cc h ch

c p g. a b c chp,101 pgmm v c gh gh ac pv mbjc m.

Hidden provisions

t cmpc m h, m pv c h ac h3.18 v hk k hm. f xmp, c 92 h Jcac 1908 bc cc ; c 105 h Cpygh ac1994 pvcy, h h cpygh, pv; h gvg h bk m h Mc l ac 1908. a p kg

h c pp m gg : c h Cm Jc ac 1985, c h ac cy h pp m “pp ” v h ch g hn Z lg wb pv .

98 th c ppy c g mb ac, cg h fh sb ac 2004; M rv ac 1971; t s, Cg Z, excvecmc Z ac 1977; d rg ac 1908; fh sb em rvgac 1991 (hgh h ac p by c 30(1) h fh sb ac 2004,

c 30(2) pv h c hv c pc y hch ppmmy b 25 nvmb 2004 h c h pbc h b);rc Mgm ac 1991; v c hb ac: ack Hb ac 1874;ack Hb Bg ahy d ac 1983; ack Hb fh G ac1875; Hb B dy l em rvg ac 1991; ok Hb ac 1932-33;tm Hb B ac 1876; wg Hb rv Cv B ac 1876;Hb rcm l s lg oc 1868; og Hb t lg oc1862; np Hb B ac 1874; np Hb B ac 1876; om Hb Bl ac 1874; thm Hb ac 1936.

99 f xmp, h ec l amm ac 1933; ec ac 1964; ec ac 1989;ec l ac 1949; iy tg ac 1992; M appchp tg ac 2000;n Z Cc ec rch ac 1972; n Z lby ac ac 1939;Pcc i Py ec f ac 1972; Pv sch C ig

ac 1975; ec s ac 2001.100 lc Gvm ac 1974; lc Gvm oc im Mg ac 1987;

lc ec ac 2001; lc Gvm ac 2002; lc Gvm (rg) ac 2002.

101 s Chp 7: rv.



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sv bm h mm ac cg bv pv,3.19h h j x mm, c gv “h” pv.th mm ac py h gh h vb, v hgh hy c b c c p .a xmp h h lg amm ac 1992. th ac pv

pc p pbhg pmy pp h hy Pm p pbhg cp ch pp. th ac m h lg ac 1908 ch h gv gc hac’ c. fh xmp h Jc amm ac 1972,h M dg amm ac 2005 hch mx xmm - pv, p pv ch c 38 h Hh amm ac 1993, hch bcm mp hg c g cm. a by bm:

Amendments that include stand-alone provisions can reduce accessibility. Users tend

to rely on the principal Act for substantive provisions, particularly where there are

reprint versions in either hard copy or electronic format. It is easy to forget thatprovisions may stand outside the principal Act, and the title of the amendment Act

may offer no guidance as to the substance of those provisions.

“H” pv y k hgh h c j c h 3.20c c h yg c j m, b , h pv g pc bjc . th pc h h pv c h

kh h h bk c m h vpv h c c vm. th h pv h m vg ch h Tables of New Zealand

Acts and Ordinances, and Statutory Regulations, and Deemed Regulations in Force

w Ch ac m. H pv b c hgh h y vg h hy ac .

“Comprehensive” reforms that do not completely replace existing Acts

ah vgby pbm h m h c h bk3.21pg m h m, ppy cmphv, mg ac h c y pc h pc. th m ac gv hmp mg g h pc pc pcgh pc, b y, m p h ac g h gp. f c, h ec ac 1989 y p h

ec ac 1964; h Pbc fc ac 1989 pv v yP 2 h Pbc fc ac 1977, hch h p h aoc; h lc Gvm ac 2002 pv m gm h lcGvm ac 1974; h fh ac 1996 pv mb pv h fh ac 1983; h Cm exc ac 1996 chh Cm l ac 1908. i y xpc m hm vv – hy my b h h m h hpv j c, b hy b b vk.

d h g mb ac c h c h hy c3.22c h bk, h pc h yvk pv, y ac , mm y , c

c pv h b h h pbm. th ccby .th bc x cc.


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Older Acts

a c , cy h qm ccby.3.23 102 ac h b c b ccb. a cbc ccby n Z h ac y

h mk cmph c y, y p. sgc hv b m by h PCo c-p h h l Cmm c y mpv h cy n Z y g.th l Cmm h pbh m p p ggg103 h c gv m.104 th PCo h mgc h . th PCo h ird (hch x g)k vy y h g h c b h pcc cy, p gg.i c m, cv g h mk ac c h

b by m. M ac p egh, mch c bc .

My ac mch m c . sm ac my hv3.24mm m y, hch my hmv b b, b hmg pv m q c. th Chb t ac1957 xmp h. i h y 50 y g m h vy gv g h mpv h y c h.th 50-y ac hvy m,105 m y m y. i y ac . i g c, my c vy g. i gg bc, chc cv. C c c 3 h ac, hch cc h

vg ppy h cc:Where any real or personal property has been or is hereafter acquired by or on(1)

behalf of any religious denomination, congregation, or society, or any body of

persons associated for any charitable purpose, and the conveyance or other

assurance of that property has been or is taken to or in favour of trustees to be

from time to time appointed, or any parties named in the conveyance or other

assurance, or subject to any trust for any such denomination or congregation or

society or body of persons, or for the individuals comprising the same,

the conveyance or other assurance shall not only vest the property thereby conveyed

or otherwise assured in the parties named therein, but shall also effectually vest

the same in their successors in ofce for the time being and the continuing trustees

(if any) jointly, or if there are no such continuing trustees, then in their successors

in ofce for the time being chosen and appointed in the manner provided or

referred to in the conveyance or other assurance, or in any separate deed

or instrument, declaring the trusts thereof; or if no mode of appointment is therein

provided or referred to, or if the power of appointment has lapsed, then in such

manner as may be agreed upon by such denomination or by a body constituted to

represent them, or by such congregation, society, or body of persons.

102 s Chp 1: acc lg, p 1.8.

103 n Z l Cmm Le gi sl at io n Ma nu al : St ru ct ur e an d St yl e (nZlC r35,wg, 1996).

104 n Z l Cmm The Format of Legislation (nZlC r27, wg, 1993).

105 i c, h m c p h ac 1979. th ac h b m c h p.

PLAIN ENGLISH

DRAFTING



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The said property shall be so vested without any conveyance or other assurance(2)

whatsoever upon the same trusts and with and under and subject to the same

powers and provisions as are contained or referred to in the conveyance or other

assurance, or in any separate deed or instrument upon which the property is held

so far as the same may at the time of vesting be subsisting and still capable of

taking effect, anything in the conveyance or other assurance or in any separatedeed or instrument to the contrary notwithstanding.

Nothing in this section shall restrict the effect of any appointment of new trustees(3)

or of any conveyance or other assurance or vesting of any property.

th J fmy Hm ac 1964 y ghy m c cy 3.25my m by g y. sc 4 h ac cc hm jc h h j my hm:106

[In any case where the husband and wife on whom land is settled as a joint family(1)

home are the registered proprietors, or either of them is the registered proprietor,

of additional land contiguous to the joint family home, and the husband and wife

or either of them could, on the cancellation of the settlement, resettle under this

Act the land originally settled together with the additional land, that additional

land may be settled as part of the joint family home without any cancellation of

the original settlement.

(1A) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, in determining whether on the

cancellation of the settlement the land originally settled together with

the additional land could be resettled under this Act, the registered proprietors

or registered proprietor of the additional land shall be deemed to be the settlors or,

as the case may require, the settlor, of the original settlement.]

In any such case, all the provisions of this Act that would have applied on the(2)

resettlement of all the land under this Act shall apply on the settlement ofthe additional land as part of the existing joint family home, except that for the

purposes of the second proviso to paragraph (d) of subsection (2) of section 9

of this Act,–

That additional land shall be deemed to have been settled by a separate(a)

settlement:

The date of the settlement shall, in respect of that additional land and any(b)

relative shares which are deemed to be included in the settlement, be the

date on which that additional land was actually settled.

[In any case where the land settled as a joint family home comprises or includes(3)

a leasehold interest in a at, if the [[husband and wife on whom the land issettled as a joint family home are the registered proprietors, or either of them is

the registered proprietor]] of an undivided share in the land which is the site of

or appurtenant to the at but is not included in the settlement, and if on the

cancellation of the settlement the [[husband and wife or either of them]] could

have resettled under this Act the land originally settled together with the said

undivided share in the land, that share shall, for the purposes of subsections (1)

and (2) of this section, be deemed to be additional land contiguous to the joint

family home.]

106 wh c 4 mh m by h J fmy Hm amm ac 1974, hmm hmv v 30 y . th l Cmm h cmm h hac b p pc: n Z l Cmm The Future of the Joint Family Homes Act (nZlC r77, wg, 2001) p 22.


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2

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[For the purposes of subsection (3) of this section, in determining whether on the(4)

cancellation of the settlement the land to which that subsection applies together

with the undivided share in the land could be resettled under this Act,

the registered proprietors or registered proprietor of the undivided share in the

land shall be deemed to be the settlors or, as the case may require, the settlor, of

the original settlement.]

My m h ac, pv h py m ac,3.26m y. thy h y c b vyc . fhm, h ac k h m,hy m by x mm m y. th mx g y c h ac, hch c b k.

o bm q hh h vy , yg h:3.27

Of the issues raised, variation in style is of least concern. It is a difcult issue to address

as developments in style are ongoing. There will always be differences in style unless

there is regular, across the board updating of the complete statute book. This issue initself would not merit any of the changes proposed by the paper.

Hv, h l Cmm g h gc . i h vpm y gg. B h cmphv v h bk 1908. th m h cy 100 y’h yc g hy cp h h bk – impac c, h p mch g. rp p c h.whh pb c gg yc ccyc ac, cy pb b h bg .a b c h Chp 7, ymc pgmm v

c g v h, g h g p, g h h bk, y h m m ac, b ccb.

Modern Acts

a bv, mb bm c h mb 3.28m ac c gv c g. sv ch h pmy pcc bg b p-by-p b hcmm h h H g cmpm g c .th pc cv c p pb h b h m b, v hgh g gv g q g mb p. a by bm:

Government bills are frequently drafted in only two parts or in very large parts

with numerous subparts. This response to the House’s procedures does little to

assist accessibility.

th l Cmm y g h h m.107

3.29 ah ccby pbm c ac h hv b mchm v g p. th sc scy ac 1964 ch ac.i h b m by v 70 p mm ac, h 44 y c

107 th lg avy Cmm h m h p: lg avy CmmSubmission from the Legislation Advisory Committee to the Standing Orders Committee (wg,ocb 2006) p 96.

MUCH

AMENDED

OLDER ACTS



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cm. th mm ac p y h pmyac p. i h b m m y c h, mm h my x mg ac p g y.108 sm 200 ac g hv cqy m h ac. ac k h sc scyac 1964 mm hvy m h hy cv h

pp p – h vm c bcm c c. th PCo cch hvy m ac p pgmm. th sc

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