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Welcome To Our

Presentation

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Parts Of Speech

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Group Member :

1.Manoj Adhikari

2.Mohimur Rahman

3.Jayanti Das Jaya

4.Tanjina Akhter

5.Shamima Yeasmin

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Background

In grammar, a part of speech is alinguistic category of words which isgenerally defined by the syntactic or

morphological behavior of the lexicalitem in question. Common linguisticcategories include noun and verb,among others. There are open wordclasses, which constantly acquirenew members, and closed wordclasses, which acquire newmembers infrequently if at all.

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The classification of words into

lexical categories is found from

the earliest moments in thehistory of linguistics. In the

Nirukta, written in the 5th or 6th

century BCE.

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Classification Of Parts of Speech :

1. Noun: a part of speech inflected for case,signifying a concrete or abstract entity

2. Verb: a part of speech without case

inflection, but inflected for tense, person andnumber, signifying an activity or process

performed or undergone

3.Adjective: an adjective is a 'describing'word; the main syntactic role of which is to

qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more

information about the object signified.

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4. Interjection: a part of speech expressing emotionalone

5. Pronoun: a part of speech substitutable for a nounand marked for person

6. Preposition: a part of speech placed before otherwords in composition and in syntax

7. Adverb: a part of speech without inflection, inmodification of or in addition to a verb

8. Conjunction: a part of speech binding together thediscourse and filling gaps in its interpretation.

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NOUN

Noun comes from the Latin nmen "name",

a translation of Ancient Greek noma.

Proper nouns and common nouns : A proper noun or proper name is a noun

representing unique entities (such as

London, Jupiter, Larry, or Toyota), as

distinguished from common nouns which

describe a class of entities (such as city,

planet, person or car).

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Countable and uncountable nouns : Count nouns are common nouns that can take a plural,

can combine with numerals or quantifiers (e.g., one,two, several, every, most), and can take an indefinitearticle (a or an). Examples of count nouns are chair,nose, and occasion.

Collective nouns : Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups

consisting of more than one individual or entity, evenwhen they are inflected for the singular. Examplesinclude committee, herd, and school (of fish). Thesenouns have slightly different grammatical properties

than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases thatthey head can serve as the subject of a collectivepredicate, even when they are inflected for thesingular.

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Concrete nouns and abstract nouns : Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that

can, in principle at least, be observed by atleast one of the senses (for instance, chair,apple, Janet or atom). Abstract nouns, on theother hand, refer to abstract objects; that is,

ideas or concepts (such as justice or hatred).While this distinction is sometimes exclusive,some nouns have multiple senses, includingboth concrete and abstract ones; consider,for example, the noun art, which usually

refers to a concept (e.g., Art is an importantelement of human culture) but which canrefer to a specific artwork in certain contexts(e.g., I put my daughter's art up on the fridge).

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Noun phrases : A noun phrase is a phrase based on a noun,

pronoun, or other noun-like word (nominal)

optionally accompanied by modifiers such as

adjectives.

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Pronoun

Personal pronoun: stand in place of the names ofpeople or things.

Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing

acts on itself. English example: John cut himself.

Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocalrelationship. English example: They do not likeeach other.

Possessive pronouns are used to indicatepossession or ownership.

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Demonstrative pronouns distinguish theparticular objects or people that are referred

to from other possible candidates. Englishexample: I'll take these.

Indefinite pronouns refer to generalcategories of people or things. English

example: Anyone can do that.

Interrogative pronouns ask which person orthing is meant. English example: Who didthat?

Relative pronouns refer back to people orthings previously mentioned. Englishexample: People who smoke should quit now.

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Adjective

Attributive adjectives :Attributive adjectives arepart of the noun phrase headed by the noun they

modify; for example, happy is an attributive

adjective in "happy people".

Predicative adjective :Predicative adjectives arelinked via a copula or other linking mechanism to

the noun or pronoun they modify; for example,happy is a predicate adjective in "they are happy"

and in "that made me happy."

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Absolute adjective : Absolute adjectives donot belong to a larger construction andtypically modify either the subject of a

sentence or whatever noun or pronoun theyare closest to; for example, happy is anabsolute adjective in "The boy, happy with hislollipop, did not look where he was going.

Nominal adjective : Nominal adjectives actalmost as nouns. One way this can happen isif a noun is elided and an attributive adjectiveis left behind. In the sentence, "I read twobooks to them; he preferred the sad book, but

she preferred the happy", happy is a nominaladjective

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Verb

Intransitive :The verb only has a

subject. For example: "he runs", "it

falls".

Transitive : the verb has a subject

and a direct object. For example:

"she eats fish", "we hunt nothing".

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Adverb

Adverb of time : When.

Adverb of manner : How.

Adverb of cause : As, since.

Adverb of place : where.

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Preposition

Prepositions are a grammatically distinctclass of words whose most centralmembers characteristically express spatial

relations or serve to mark varioussyntactic functions and semantic roles Inthat the primary function is relational, apreposition typically combines withanother constituent to form a prepositional

phrase, relating the complement to thecontext in which the phrase occurs.

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as a modifier to a verb

as a modifier to a noun as a modifier of an adjective

as the complement of a verb

as the complement of a noun as the complement of an adjective or

adverb

as the complement of another

preposition

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Conjunction

a conjunction is a part of speech thatconnects two words, sentences, phrasesor clauses together. A discourse

connective is a conjunction joiningsentences. This definition may overlapwith that of other parts of speech, so whatconstitutes a "conjunction" must bedefined for each language. In general, a

conjunction is an invariable grammaticalparticle, and it may or may not standbetween the items it conjoins.

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Interjection

an interjection or exclamationis a word used to express an

emotion or sentiment on thepart of the speaker. Filledpauses such as uh, er, um arealso considered interjections.

Interjections are typicallyplaced at the beginning of asentence.

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An interjection is sometimes

expressed as a single word or non-sentence phrase, followed by a

punctuation mark. The isolated

usage of an interjection does not

represent a complete sentence inconventional English writing. Thus,

in formal writing, the interjection will

be incorporated into a larger

sentence clause. It also can be areply to a question or statement.

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